Detection of anti-bovine β2-glycoprotein I antibody in sera from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome

We studied and characterized anti-bovine ₂ I antibodies (aB₂-GPI) in sera from patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) by ELISA. Bovine ₂-glycoprotein I ₂-GPI was purified by heparin affinity and DEAE ion-exchange chromatography, and identified on immunoblots using a monoclonal antibody against human ₂-GPI and by amino acid sequence analysis. aB₂-GPI levels in the sera from 36 APS patients were measured by ELISA using purified bovine ₂-GPI as an antigen. The mean±standard deviation level of aB₂-GPI was 17.4±22.0 units in the 58% of APS patients who were positive. There was a significant correlation (P=0.003) between aB₂-GPI and anticardiolipin antibody (aCL) levels. aB₂-GPI from the sera of patients with APS was inhibited by bovine ₂-GPI itself. Purified IgG from the sera of patients with APS showed that bovine ₂-GPI was capable of acting as a cofactor for aCL. Purified bovine ₂-GPI was useful antigen for conventional ELISA. aB₂-GPI may contribute to the further development of aCL analysis and to the understanding of the pathogenesis of APS.     

A new plasmidic cefotaximase in a clinical isolate of Escherichia coli

Summary Escherichia coli GRI was isolated from an ear exudate of a newborn. The strain was highly resistant to cefotaxime (MIC 128 mg/l). Resistance to cefotaxime and the majority of -lactam antibiotics was readily transferred to anEscherichia coli recipient strain. Both the wild type and the transconjugant strains are different in their resistance phenotype from TEM-3 -cefotaximase producers by higher MICs to the majority of -lactams and lower MICs to ceftazidime. The isoelectric point of the cefotaximase ofE. coli GRI was 8.9 in comparison with 6.3 for TEM-3. Thus, the enzyme produced byE. coli GRI represents a new plasmidic (plasmid pMVP-3) broad spectrum -lactamase (CTX-M) which may not be closely related to either the TEM- oder SHV-family of extended broad spectrum -lactamases.

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Eine neue plasmidische Cefotaximase in einem Escherichia coli Stamm. Escherichia coli

Zusammenfassung GRI wurde aus dem Ohrexsudat eines Neugeborenen isoliert. Der Stamm war hoch resistent gegenüber Cefotaxim (MHK 128 mg/l). Die Resistenz gegenüber Cefotaxim sowie den meisten übrigen -Laktamantibiotika war leicht übertragbar auf einen anderenEscherichia coli Stamm. Sowohl derE. coli Wildtypstamm als auch die Transkonjuganten unterscheiden sich in ihrem Resistenzmuster von den TEM-3-cefotaximase produzierenden Stämmen, und zwar durch höhere MHK-Werte gegenüber der Mehrzahl der -Laktamantibiotika, jedoch niedrigeren MHK-Werten für Ceftazidim. Zudem ist der isoelektrische Punkt der neuen Cefotaximase vonE. coli GRI mit 8,9 gegenüber 6,3 für das TEM-3 Enzym deutlich verschieden. Deshalb liegt mit dem vonE. coli GRI produzierten Enzym eine neue plasmidische (Plasmid pMVP-3) -Laktamase (CTX-M) mit erweitertem Breitspektrum vor. Sie unterscheidet sich sowohl von den bisher beschriebenen Enzymen der TEM- als auch denen der SHV-Gruppe.

     

Functionalβ-adrenergic receptors in breast cancer cells

Summary Usingl-[³H]dihydroalprenolol ([³H]DHA), a potent-adrenergic antagonist, we demonstrated in breast cancer cells the presence of-adrenergic receptors with high affinity (K _d 1–9 nM) as shown by Scatchard analyses. Natural and synthetic agonists inhibited the [³H] DHA binding in the following order of potency:l-isoproterenol=l epinephrine > > >l-norepinephrine, identical to the well-established order of potency for these compounds in producing-adrenergic responses. We verified that these compounds actually stimulated cAMP production in breast cancer cells. At the present time, the pathophysiological significance of-adrenergic receptors remains unclear. In view of the importance of cAMP in lactose production and in tumor growth mechanisms, it seems to be important to characterize the-adrenergic receptors in breast cancer cells in more detail and study their possible involvement in breast tumor growth.Abbreviations used DHA dihydroalprenolol - -AR -adrenergic receptor     

The antigenicity of human hemoglobins

Summary The correlation of the antigenicities among native hemoglobins and their subunit chains were investigated by the absorption of antisera and the combination of urea added immunoelectrophoresis with double diffusion. Alphachain showed identity with Hb-F but partial identity with -chain and Hb-A. Beta-chain showed identity with Hb-A but -chain and Hb-F showed partial identity with this chain. Gamma-chain showed identity only with Hb-F and its antigenicity was considered as being different from those of - or -chains.The lines of -, -and -chains were reconfirmed from the facts that the appearance of them depended always on the existence of anti-Hb-A or anti-Hb-F antibodies in the absorbed antisera and the minor component lines of

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Zusammenfassung Die Zusammenhänge der Antigenität zwischen nativen Hämoglobinen und deren Unterketten wurden mit der Absorption der Antiseren und der Kombination der Harnstoff-Immunelektrophorese und Doppeldiffusion untersucht. Die -Kette zeigte Identität mit Hb-F, aber nur partielle Identität mit der -Kette und Hb-A. Die -Kette war in ihrer Antigenität mit Hb-A identisch, die -Kette und Hb-F waren teilweise identisch mit der -Kette. Die -Kette zeigte die Identität mit Hb-F; es wird angenommen, daß ihre Antigenität verschieden von der -oder -Ketten ist.Für das Auftreten der Linien der -, - und -Ketten müssen Anti-Hb-A-oder Anti-Hb-F-Antikörper in den absorbierten Antiseren vorhanden sein, außerdem fusionieren die schwächeren Linien der Doppeldiffusion nicht mit irgendwelchen Linien der Unterketten. Auch gereinigte - oder -Ketten wurden zur Feststellung ihrer Linien benutzt.

     

17β-Estradiol Attenuates Quinolinic Acid Insult in the Rat Hippocampus

A number of studies have shown that 17-estradiol has neuroprotective properties. In this study the neuroprotective effect of 17-estradiol against quinolinic-acid-induced neuronal damage was investigated. Ovariectomized rats were separated into three groups of five animals each. Rats received daily subcutaneous injections of either olive oil or 17-estradiol in olive oil for 7 days prior to and following a single intrahippocampal injection of 1 mol quinolinic acid in 2 L phosphate-buffered saline. The brains were removed and the hippocampi either sectioned and stained for microscopic examination or used in glutamate receptor saturation binding studies. Glutamate receptor displacement binding studies were also performed using concentrations of 0.05 nM–5 M 17-estradiol or quinolinic acid. The results show that 17-estradiol protects hippocampal neurons from quinolinic-acid-induced neurodegeneration by competing with quinolinic acid to bind to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. This would result in a decrease in intracellular free-calcium influx and resultant neuronal swelling.     

Differential interleukin-1 receptor antagonism on pancreatic beta and alpha cells. Studies in rodent and human islets and in normal rats

Summary The monokines interleukin-1 and - have been implicated as effector molecules in the immune-mediated pancreatic beta-cell destruction leading to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Here we investigated the effects of interleukin-1 receptor antagonism on insulin and glucagon release of rat, mouse and human islets exposed to recombinant human interleukin-1, and on interleukin-1 induced changes in blood glucose, serum insulin and serum glucagon levels in Wistar Kyoto rats. The interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reduced the co-mitogenic effect of interleukin-1 on mouse and rat thymocytes with a 50% inhibitory concentration of 10- and 100-fold molar excess, respectively. Complete inhibition was obtained with a 100–1,000-fold molar excess. However, at a 100-fold molar excess the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist did not antagonise the potentiating effect of interleukin-1on rat islet insulin accumulation during 3 and 6 h of exposure or of interleukin-1-induced inhibition of insulin release after 24 h. In contrast, interleukin-1-stimulated islet glucagon release was completely antagonised by a 100-fold molar excess of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. A 10,000-fold molar excess of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist was needed to antagonise interleukin-1 stimulatory and inhibitory effects on rat beta-cell function in vitro. A 100-fold excess of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist could not counteract interleukin-1 effects on mouse and human beta cells, excluding species difference in the efficacy of the human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. An anti-mouse interleukin-1 receptor type I antibody completely abolished interleukin-1 effects on isolated mouse islets. A 10–100-fold molar excess of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist antagonised interleukin-1-induced fever, hypercorticosteronaemia and hyperglucagonaemia, but not interleukin-1-induced reduction in insulin/glucose ratio in normal rats. In conclusion, our results suggest that antagonism of interleukin-1 effects on beta cells requires higher concentrations of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist than those necessary to block interleukin-1 action on islet alpha cells and other interleukin-1 targets in vitro and in vivo. This may contribute to the understanding of the specificity of the immunological beta-cell destruction leading to insulin-dependent diabetes.     

Acyclovir monotherapy versus acyclovir plus beta-interferon in focal viral encephalitis in children

Summary Severe focal viral encephalitis is most commonly caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), but other viruses may act as etiologic agents as well. Acyclovir (ACV) is the standard therapy for HSV encephalitis, but the mortality of 28% and defect healing rate of about 35% are still unsatisfactory. Furthermore, ACV has virtually no effect on other pathogens of viral encephalitis, except for varicella-zoster virus (VZV). It is well known that -interferon (-IFN) has a broad antiviral spectrum, and it has been demonstratedin vitro that -IFN in combination with acyclovir has synergistic inhibitory effects on HSV. To investigate if the combination of ACV with and without -IFN might also be of significance for the treatment of severe viral encephalitis, we performed a retrospective study. A case record form was sent to all 278 West German children's hospitals. The response rate was 78%. A total of 301 patients were reported, of whom 214 received specific antiviral therapy with either ACV alone (n=179) or ACV plus -IFN (n=35). No overall differences between ACV monotherapy and the combination therapy were observed. However, in a subgroup of 41 patients (ACV n=30, ACV plus -IFN n=11) who had low-density areas of the temporal lobes on cranial computed tomography scans, compatible with severe focal encephalitis, sequelae due to defect formation and mortality were significantly (p=0.014) reduced in patients who had received combination therapy.These data are the first indication that combination treatment with ACV and -IFN may be of advantage in patients with focal viral encephalitis and should be controlled in a prospective trial.

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Acyclovir allein oder kombiniert mit Beta-Interferon bei fokaler Virusenzephalitis

Zusammenfassung Die schwere fokale virale Enzephalitis wird meist durch Herpes-simplex-Viren verursacht, aber auch andere Viren kommen ätiologisch in Betracht. Die Standardtherapie der Herpes-simplex-Enzephalitis ist Acyclovir (ACV), wobei die Letalität von 28% und Defekt-Heilungsrate von 35% immer noch unbefriedigend ist. Darüberhinaus hat Acyclovir mit Ausnahme von Varizella-zoster-Virus (VZV) keinen Effekt bei Enzephalitiden durch andere Erreger. -Interferon (-IFN) hat ein breites antivirales Spektrum und hatin vitro in der Kombination mit Acyclovir eine synergistische Wirkung gegen HSV.Wir führten deshalb eine retrospektive Studie mit der Fragestellung durch, ob die Kombination von ACV und -IFN in der Behandlung der viralen Enzephalitis einen therapeutischen Vorteil gegenüber der Monotherapie mit ACV erbringt. Hierzu wurde ein Fragebogen an alle 278 westdeutschen Kinderkliniken versandt. Die Rücklaufquote betrug 78%, 301 Patienten wurden mitgeteilt. 214/301 Patienten erhielten eine antivirale Therapie, wobei 179 mit ACV-Monotherapie und 35 mit der Kombinations-therapie (ACV plus -IFN) behandelt wurden. In der Gesamtgruppe der behandelten Patienten wurden keine Unterschiede hinsichtlich Morbidität und Letalität zwischen der Mono- und der Kombinationstherapie beobachtet. In einer Untergruppe von 41 Patienten allerdings (ACV n=30, ACV plus -IFN n=11), die in der cranialen Computertomographie hypodense Zonen in den Temporallappen aufwiesen (vereinbar mit fokaler Enzephalitis), war die Defekt-Heilungsrate und die Letalität in der Patientengruppe mit Kombinationstherapie signifikant niedriger (p=0,014) als mit ACV-Monotherapie. Diese Beobachtung könnte ein erster Hinweis sein, daß eine Kombinationstherapie bei der fokalen viralen Enzephalitis einen therapeutischen Vorteil bringen könnte und sollte in einer kontrollierten prospektiven Studie geprüft werden.

     

Oestradiolund Progesteron-bindende Receptoren sowie 17β-Hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase in Endometriumcarcinomen der Frau vor und nach Gestagen-Behandlung

Zusammenfassung Gegenstand der vorliegenden Untersuchung war die Bestimmung der spezifischen Aktivität der cytoplasmatischen, mikrosomalen, mitochondrialen und nuclearen 17-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (17-HSD) sowie der Konzentration der spezifischen cytoplasmatischen Oestradiol und Progesteron-bindenden Receptorproteine im Endometriumgewebe des Menschen. Die im normalen Gewebe erhaltenen Werte wurden korreliert mit dem Cyclusstadium, die der Endometriumcarcinome in Beziehung zum Differenzierungsgrad des Tumorgewebes gesetzt. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß der Gestagen-Therapie auf die 17-HSD-Aktivität und den endogenen Steroidhormon-Receptorgehalt geprüft.Es zeigte sich, daß in allen subcellulären Fraktionen die 17-HSD-Aktivität in der Sekretionsphase um den Faktor 10 höher lag als in der Proliferationsphase. Die endogene Oestradiol-Rezeptorkonzentration war durch hohe Werte in der frühen Proliferationsphase und niedrige während der Sekretionsphase charakterisiert; die Progesteron-Receptorkonzentration verhielt sich dazu gegensinnig.In Endometriumcarcinomen korrelierte die 17-HSD-Aktivität mit dem Differenzierungsgrad des Tumorgewebes: relativ hohe Werte in hochdifferenzierten, dagegen niedrige in undifferenzierten Tumorformen. In bezug auf den endogenen Steroidhormon-Receptorgehalt war das Tumorgewebe durch niedrige Progesteron-bei hohen Oestradiol-Receptorkonzentrationen gekennzeichnet. Auf Gestagengabe reagierten die hochdifferenzierten Tumorformen mit einem deutlichen Anstieg der 17-HSD-Aktivität und einer Zunahme des Progesteron-Receptorgehalts.

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Effect of gestagen therapy upon estradiol- and progesterone-receptor-level and 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human endometrial adenocarcinoma

Summary Oestradiol was converted to oestrone about ten times more rapidly by subcellular fractions of normal human endometrium of the secretory phase than by tissue of the proliferative phase. In subcellular fractions of endometrial carcinoma the 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-HSD) activity decreased with decreasing differentiation of the tumour. Most of the 17-HSD activity was located in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of both normal and neoplastic endometrium. After treatment of patients with gestagens only the well differentiated carcinomata significantly increased in 17-HSD activity demonstrating that the hormonal stimulus leads to similar effects on the 17-HSD activity as in normal endometrium.Furthermore quantitative aspects of the in vitro binding of ³H-oestradiol and ³H-progesterone to receptor components from normal endometrium and endometrial carcinoma cytoplasmic fractions have been studied. In normal tissue the number of cytoplasmic binding sites for both oestradiol and progesterone varied dramatically during the menstrual cycle: number of oestradiol binding sites were highest during the proliferative phase and fell during the secretory phase; for progesterone sites the contrary was the case. In all endometrial carcinomata high oestradiol binding activity was observed. In contrast the number of progesterone sites in the tumours was related to the state of differentiation, which paralled the progestional sensitivity of these tumours.

     

Role of β-Adrenergic Receptor Subtypes in Lipolysis

In vitro lipolysis stimulated by low (-)-isopre-naline concentrations (30 nM) in epididymal white adipo-cytes from Sprague-Dawley rats was inhibited at least 60–80% by the specific ₁-antagonists LK 204-545 and CGP 20712A (1 M), suggesting that at these low (10 nM) concentrations of (-)-isoprenaline lipolysis was primarily (80%) but not solely mediated via ₁-adrenergic receptors. Low concentrations (100 nM) of (-)-noradrenaline and formoterol also confirmed a role for ₁-adrenergic receptors in mediating lipolysis at low concentrations of these agonists. At higher agonist concentrations, ₃-adrenergic receptors were fully activated and were the dominant -adrenergic receptor subtype mediating the maximum lipolytic response, and the maximum response was not affected by the ₁-antagonists, demonstrating that the ₃-receptor is capable of inducing maximum lipolysis on its own. Studies of lipolysis induced by the relatively ₂-selective agonist formoterol in the presence of ₁-blockade (1 M CGP 20712A) demonstrated the inability of the ₂-selective antagonist ICI 118-551 to inhibit the residual lipolysis at concentrations of ICI 118-551 1 M. Higher concentrations of ICI 118-551 inhibited the residual formoterol-induced lipolysis competetively, but with low affinity (500-fold lower than its ₂-adrenergic receptor pA ₂, 7.80 ± 0.21), suggesting that formoterol was not acting via ₂-adrenergic receptors. These data are consistent with ₁-adrenergic receptors playing an important role in lipolysis at physiological but not pharmacological concentrations of catecholamines and that ₂-adrenergic receptors play no obvious direct role in mediating -adrenergic receptor agonist-induced lipolysis in vitro. Finally, racemic-SR 59230A, unlike the pure (S, S)-isomer (a ₃-selective antagonist), was found to be a non-selective antagonist at the three -adrenergic receptor subtypes, showing that the other enantiomers have different selectivity.     

Estrogen Receptor Beta mRNA Expression in Normal and Adenomatous Pituitaries

Estrogen (E2), acting via its nuclear receptors, has been implicated in tumor development and growth, particularly in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. E2 also modulates anterior pituitary hormone production and is a potent cell mitogen. Until recently, the actions of E2 were thought to be mediated by a single estrogen receptor (ER) isoform (ER), and currently little is known of the pathophysiological relevance of the ER isoform. The presence of ER mRNA has been demonstrated by RT-PCR in the normal human pituitary, although expression of ER mRNA in human pituitary tumors has not been described. We have used semiquantitative RT-PCR to determine the relative levels of expression of ER mRNA in normal human pituitaries, non-functioning pituitary adenomas and GH-secreting tumors. ER mRNA was detected in normal pituitaries and all pituitary tumors examined. The ratio of ER mRNA to -actin mRNA expression was significantly reduced in non-functioning pituitary tumors (NFTs; 0.92 ± 0.09; mean ± SE; n=23) compared with findings in normal pituitaries (1.56 ± 0.21; mean ± SE; n=5; p<0.05 Student's t-test). Studies of ER protein expression are required to determine the functional significance of reduced ER mRNA expression in NFTs.     

Pharmacological evidence for beta3 adrenoceptors in the control of rat gastric acid secretion

The effect of the ₃-adrenoceptor agonist BRL37344 on gastric acid secretion evoked by different secretory stimuli was investigated in anaesthetized rats with lumen-perfused stomachs in comparison with the ₂-adrenoceptor agonist clenbuterol. Intravenous injections of BRL37344 (1–10 mol/kg) and clenbuterol (0.01–1 mol/kg) dose-dependently reduced 2-deoxy-D-glucose-induced acid secretion, with BRL37344 about forty times less potent than clenbuterol. BRL37344 (0.1–3 mol/kg) inhibited pentagastrin-induced acid output, whereas clenbuterol was effective only at high doses (10–100 mol/kg). The inhibitory effect of BRL37344 on pentagastrin-induced acid secretion was not modified by the nonselective –adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol, but it was prevented by bupranolol, a ₃-adrenoceptor antagonist. Furthermore, neither BRL37344 (10 mol/kg) nor clenbuterol (100 mol/kg) modified the acid secretion induced by histamine. These data suggest that ₃ adrenoceptors have an inhibitory role in the control of rat gastric acid secretion induced by indirect stimuli.     

Synergistic interactions between interferonβ and carboplatin on SK-MEL 28 human melanoma cell growth inhibition in vitro

Carboplatin and interferon (IFN ) were tested alone and in combination for their anti-proliferative activity on the human melanoma cell line SK-MEL 28 in vitro. Cells were incubated for 4 days in the presence of carboplatin (0.1 mM and 0.1 M) and interferon (5 pM and 5 nM) and cell growth inhibition was determined by the sulphorhodamin B assay. The antiproliferative effects of the drug combinations were analysed using Berenbaum's hyperplane theorem to determine additive, synergistic and antagonistic effects. IFN was found to be 10 000 times more active in inhibiting cell growth of SK-MEL 28 cells than carboplatin on the basis of IC₅₀ values (IFN: IC₅₀=1.24 nM, carboplatin: IC₅₀=18.2, M). The addition of IFN at 0.5 nM reduced the IC₅₀ value of carboplatin 18.0-fold; with IFN at 0.05 nM a dose reduction of 1.84 was measured. At the carboplatin: IFN molar concentration ratios of 2000:1 and 6000:1, interaction indices (I) of 0.66 and 0.83 were determined respectively, indicating synergistic interactions between the two drugs. At higher carboplatin: IFN molar ratios (20 000:1 and 60 000:1) an additive interaction was observed (I=1.07 and 1.20). However, further in vitro studies with serveral melanoma cell lines are necessary to evaluate the potential effectiveness of the drug combination of carboplatin and IFN for eventual clinical utilisation.     

Modulation of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, and TGF-β secretions by alveolar macrophages under NO2 exposure

Activated alveolar macrophages (AMs) secrete interleukine (IL)1, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-), and transforming growth factor- (TGF-), whose inflammatory and fibroblast-activating characteristics may play a role in the maintenance of pulmonary inflammatory processes and subsequent fibrosis. Human AMs were transferred to a gas cylinder and exposed to NO₂ in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 ppm in synthetic air for 30 min at 37°C. AMs were fixed on a polycarbonate membrane and placed on culture medium. A culture was established, with the exposed AM (nonstimulated or stimulated with 1 g/ml lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), and the remaining cells were used to determine the cytokines. IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8 were quantified by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (ELISA kits). TNF- was determined with a sandwich ELISA, using the biotin-streptavidin system. NO₂ exposure of nonstimulated AM did not result in changes in IL-1, IL-6, TNF-, and TGF- release, compared to the situation with control experiments. Exposure for 30 min to NO₂ induced a significant decrease of LPS-stimulated IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF- (p < .05). The release of TGF- was not significantly affected by NO₂ exposure. Cytotoxicity of AM was checked by trypan blue exclusion, with values ranging from 1.3 to 3.0%. NO₂ exposure of LPS-stimulated AM resulted in a functional impairment of AM after NO₂ exposure regarding IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-. Neither the spontaneous nor the stimulated release of TGF- were influenced by NO₂.     

TNFα, IL-1β and IL-6 plasma levels in neutropenic patients after onset of fever and correlation with the C-reactive protein (CRP) kinetic values

Summary Cytokines, especially tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) play an important role in the genesis and progression of the septic shock syndrome. We performed a study monitoring levels of these three cytokines in ten neutropenic oncology patients in whom an infectious syndrome was suspected. A comparison was made with a population of nine non-neutropenic patients on the intensive care unit. Unfortunately the results of this study do not allow specific profiles to be established for each cytokine in the populations studied. Levels of IL-6, TNF and IL-1 were not statistically higher in the non-neutropenic patients when compared with the neutropenic group. However, the highest IL-6 levels were observed for four non-neutropenic patients, three of whom died. High levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), haptoglobin and fibrinogen were found, reflecting the inflammatory status of each patient. CRP levels were higher in the non-neutropenic patients and correlated with IL-6 levels, indicating the importance of CRP determination in this group of patients.

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TNF-, IL-1, und IL-6 Plasmaspiegel bei neutropenischen Patienten nach Fieberbeginn und Beziehung zur Kinetik der CRP-Werte

Zusammenfassung Zytokine, vor allem Tumornekrosefaktor alpha (TNF-), Interleukin-1 (IL-1) und Interleukin-6 (IL-6) spielen eine große Rolle in der Entstehung und Progression des Syndroms des septischen Schocks. Wir haben diese drei Zytokine bei zehn neutropenischen onkologischen Patienten mit Verdacht auf Infektion untersucht. Neun nicht-neutropenische Patienten einer Intensivpflegestation wurden als Kontrollen herangezogen. Leider erlauben die Ergebnisse dieser Studie keine spezifischen Profile für das jeweilige Zytokin in der untersuchten Patientengruppe. Im Vergleich zu nicht-neutropenischen Patienten fanden sich bei den neutropenischen Patienten keine signifikant höheren Spiegel von IL-6, TNF- und IL-1. Die höchsten IL-6 Spiegel wurden bei vier nicht neutropenischen Patienten gemessen. Drei von ihnen starben. Entsprechend dem Entzündungszustand bei den Patienten waren die Spiegel von C-reaktivem Protein (CRP), Haptoglobin und Fibrinogen hoch. Bei den nicht-neutropenischen Patienten wurden höhere CRP-Spiegel gemessen, sie korrelierten mit den IL-6 Spiegeln und weisen auf die Bedeutung der CRP-Bestimmung bei diesen Patienten hin.

     

Entwicklung neuer Antiöstrogene vom Typ des 3,3′-Dihydroxy-α,β-diäthylstilbens und ihre Prüfung am DMBA-induzierten,hormonabhängigen Mammacarcinom der SD-Ratte

Zusammenfassung Die Verlagerung der phenolischen OH-Gruppen des Diäthylstilböstrols in die 3,3-position (trans-3,3-Dihydroxy-,-diäthylstilben, Verb. Nr. III) führt unter Erhaltung der Rezeptoraffinität zu einer starken Abnhme der östrogenen Wirkung. III hemmt in vitro die östradiol-Rezeptor-Wechselbeziehung kompetitiv und antagonisiert in vivo bei der Maus die uterotrope Wirkung des Östrons. In Versuchen am DMBA-induzierten, hormonabhängigen Mammacarcinom der Ratte kommt es, unter III-Einwirkung dosisabhägig zu einer starken Abnahme von Tumorgröße und-zahl, die durch die antiöstrogenen Eigenschaften von III bedingt, ist. Der Austausch der ,-ständigen Äthylreste in III durch andere Alkylketten führt zu keiner weiteren, Steigerung der antiöstrogenen und tumorhemmenden, Wirkung.

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Abkürzungen trans-4,4-DES trans-4,4-Dihydroxy-,-diäthylstilben (Diäthylstilböstrol DAB 7) - I trans-3,3-Dihydroxy-,-dimethylstilben - II cis-3,3-Dihydroxy-,-diäthylstilben - III trans-3,3-Dihydroxy-,-diäthylstilben - IV trans-3,3-Dihydroxy-,-di-n-propylstilben - V trans-3,3-Dihydroxy-,-di-n-butylstilben - VI trans-2,2-Dihydroxy-,-diäthylstilben - DCC Dextran Coated, Charcoal - DMBA 7,12-Dimethylbenz-[a]-anthracen - TRIS Tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethan - EDTA Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure - E2 Östradiol - ³H-E2 Östradiol [2,4,6,7-³H]; 90–115 Ci/mmol (New England Nuclear, Dreieichenhain/Frankfurt) - PPO 2,5-Diphenyloxazol - Dimethyl-POPOP p-Bis-2-(4-methyl-5-phenyl-oxazoyl)-benzol - K _d Dissoziationskonstante des Östradiol-Rezeptor-Komplexes - K _i Dissoziationskonstante des Inhibitor-Rezeptor-Komplexes - SDS Natriumdodecylsulfat - TCA Trichloressigsäure Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft, und dem Verband der Chemischen Industrie-Fonds der Chemischen Industrie — danken wir für die Förderung dieser UntersuchungenFrau G. Braun und Frau J. Garamvölgy danken wir für ihre wertvolle MitarbeitEin Teil der Untersuchungen wurde im Institut für Pharmazie, und Lebensmittelchemie der Universität München durchgeführtHerrn Prof. Dr. Heinrich Thies zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet     

Changes in the hydroxyproline,hexosamine and sialic acid of the diabetic human and β, β′-iminodipropionitrile-treated rat retinal vascular systems

Summary The retinal vasculature has been isolated from nondiabetic and diabetic post mortem human eyes by controlled trypsin digestion. Chemical analysis demonstrated increases in the hydroxyproline and hexosamine contents in diabetes. There was no general increase in the sialic acid content. These results have been related to histological preparations of sectors of the same retinas. Administration of, -iminodipropionitrile to rats caused a retinopathy characterised by endothelial cell proliferation, increased PAS-positivity and microaneurysms. Chemical analysis of retinal vascular systems from, -iminodipropionitrile-treated rats revealed increases in hydroxyproline, hexosamine and sialic acid contents.

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Änderungen des Gehaltes an Hydroxyprolin, Hexosamin und N- azetyl- Neuraminsäure in den Netzhautgefäen von menschlichen Diabetikern und mit , Iminodiproprionitril behandelten Ratten

Zusammenfassung Die Netzhautgefäße wurden post-mortal aus diabetischen und nichtdiabetischen Augen mit Hilfe einer kontrollierten Trypsin-Behandlung gewonnen. Bei der chemischen Analyse fand sich ein Anstieg des Hydroxyprolin- und Hexosamingehaltes in den diabetischen Augen. Der N-azetyl-Neuraminsäuregehalt war im allgemeinen nicht erhöht. Diese Resultate wurden in Beziehung gebracht zu den histologischen Befunden, die an den einzelnen Sektoren der gleichen Retina erhoben wurden. Verabreichung von, -Iminodiproprionitril an Ratten bewirkte eine Retinopathie unter den Zeichen einer Wucherung der Endothelzellen, verstärkter PAS-Anfärbbarkeit und Mikroaneurysmen. Die chemische Analyse der Netzhautgefäße von mit, -Iminodiproprionitril behandelten Ratten zeigte einen erhöhten Gehalt an Hydroxyprolin, Hexosamin und N-azetyl-Neuraminsäure.

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Variations de l'hydroxyproline, de l'hexosamine et de l'acide sialique dans les systèmes vasculaires rétiniens de l'homme diabétique et du rat traité par le , -iminodipropionitrile

Résumé Le système vasculaire rétinien a été isolé, par digestion trypsique contrôlée, après la mort, à partir d'yeux humains de non-diabétiques et de diabétiques. L'analyse chimique a révélé l'augmentation du contenu en hydroxyproline et en hexosamine, dans le diabète. Il n'y avait pas d'augmentation générale du contenu en acide sialique. Ces résultats ont été rapprochés des préparations histologiques de portions des mêmes rétines. L'administration de, -iminodipropionitrile à des rats provoquait une rétinopathie caractérisée par une prolifération des cellules endothéliales, une PAS-positivité augmentée et des microanévrismes. L'analyse chimique des systèmes vasculaires rétiniens des rats traités par le,-iminodipropionitrile, a révélé l'augmentation du contenu en hydroxyproline, en hexosamine et en acide sialique.

     

β-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity in normal mucosa,muscle layer,adenocarcinoma, and polyp of the colon

-Endorphin-like immunoreactivity was detected in the mucosa and muscle layer of normal colon, adenocarcinomas derived from the colon mucosa, and colon polyps which were histologically confirmed to be adenoma without a focus of carcinoma or with in situ carcinoma. The contents of -endorphin-like immunoreactivity in adenocarcinomatous tissue (11.94± 1.77 pmollg wet wt) and colon polyps without focus of carcinoma (10.71 ±1.50 pmollg wet wt) were found to be significantly higher than those in the mucosal layer (6.86± 0.64 pmollg wet wt) and muscle layer (8.30 ±0.68 pmollg wet wt) of normal colon. These data suggest that the production of -endorphin-like immunoreactivity is specifically increased in some adenocarcinomas and adenomatous polyps and may be related to the alteration of bowel habits. Gel exclusion chromatography of - endorphinlike immunoreactivity revealed three peaks corresponding to -endorphin, -lipotropin, and an immunoreactive form between the two. In the mucosal layer and muscle layer of the colon, a broad major peak was eluted at the position of -endorphin, and minor peaks were eluted at the position of -lipotropin and between -endorphin and -lipotropin. In adenocarcinoma and polyp, the peak size corresponding to authentic -lipotropin was greater than that of -endorphin. This study demonstrated that -endorphin-like immunoreactivity existed at a high concentration in some colon adenocarcinomas and polyps whose elution patterns were different from those of normal colon tissue.     

Presence of Two Signaling TGF-β Receptors in Human Pancreatic Cancer Correlates with Advanced Tumor Stage

Transforming growth factor- (TGF-)signal transduction is mediated via specific cellsurface signaling TGF- receptors, most notably thetype I ALK5 (TR-I_ALK5)and the type II(TR-II). We evaluated TR-I_ALK5 andTR-II expression in 41 human pancreatic cancertissue samples and correlated these findings withclinical data of the patients. Northern blot analysisindicated that, in comparison with the normal pancreas,pancreatic adenocarcinomas exhibited 8.0-fold and4.5-fold increases (P < 0.01), respectively, in mRNAlevels encoding TR-I_ALK5 andTR-II. In situ hybridization showed that both TR-I_ALK5 mRNAwere highly expressed in the majority of pancreaticcancer cells. Immunohistochemical analysis ofTR-I_ALK5 and TR-II revealedpositive immunostaining in 73% and 56% of the tumors, respectively. Both receptorswere concomitantly present in 54% of the pancreaticcancer samples. The presence ofTR-I_ALK5 or TR-II and theconcomitant presence of TR-I_ALK5 and TR-II in the cancer cells was associatedwith advanced tumor stage (P < 0.01). These findingsshow that in many human pancreatic cancers, increasedlevels of the two signaling TRs are present. The presence of the signaling TRs inadvanced tumor stages indicates a role in diseaseprogression.     

Glycosaminoglycano-Hydrolasen im menschlichen Serum

Zusammenfassung Von 200 klinisch gesunden Probanden wurden — in 6 Altersgruppen — die Normalwerte der Serum-Glykosaminoglyzanohydrolasen: Hyaluronidase, -Glukuronidase und -Azetylglukosaminidase ermittelt. Dabei fand sich eine hohe Enzymaktivität der 3 lysosomalen Enzyme im Säuglingsalter und eine Abnahme der Enzymaktivität in der Altersgruppe: 1–15 Jahre. Während die Hyaluronidase zwischen 1 und 80 Jahren etwa gleiche Aktivitäten zeigte, fand sich bei der -Glukuronidase und der -Azetylglukosaminidase ein deutlicher Aktivitätsanstieg mit höherem Lebensalter, der jedoch nur bei der -Azetylglukosaminidase die Enzymaktivität in der ersten Altersgruppe erreichte.Für die -Azetylglukosaminidase wurden pH-Optimum, optimale Substratund Enzymkonzentration bestimmt.

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Summary In the serum of 20 healthy persons, devided into 6 different age-groups, enzyme activity of Hyaluronidase, -Glukuronidase and -Acetylglucosaminidase was determined. High enzymatic activities of the three lysosomal enzymes was found in the first year of life where upon the enzyme activity dropped between twenty and thirty years. Hyaluronidase activity remained relatively constant between twenty and eighty years. In contrast -Glukuronidase and -Azetylglukosaminidase activity increased with advancing age. While -Glukuronidase of aged persons nerver reached the level of the first year activity, the values for -Acetylglucosaminidase can be equivalent in very old and very young persons.In the specific case of -Acetylglucosaminidase pH-optimum, optimal substrate and enzyme-concentration was determined.

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1 m U=freigesetztes Phenolphthalein bzw. Phenol je 1 ml Serum und Min bei 37°C.

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Mir Unterstützung der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft.     

Serum concentrations of resistin-like molecules β and γ are elevated in high-fat-fed and obese db/db mice, with increased production in the intestinal tract and bone marrow

Aims/hypothesis Resistin and the resistin-like molecules (RELMs) comprise a novel class of cysteine-rich proteins. Among the RELMs, RELM and RELM are produced in non-adipocyte tissues, but the regulation of their expression and their physiological roles are largely unknown. We investigated in mice the tissue distribution and dimer formation of RELM and RELM and then examined whether their serum concentrations and tissue expression levels are related to insulin resistance.Methods Specific antibodies against RELM and RELM were generated. Dimer formation was examined using COS cells and the colon. RELM and RELM tissue localisation and expression levels were analysed by an RNase protection assay, immunoblotting and immunohistochemical study. Serum concentrations in high-fat-fed and db/db mice were also measured using the specific antibodies.Results The intestinal tract produces RELM and RELM, and colonic epithelial cells in particular express both RELM and RELM. In addition, RELM and RELM were shown to form a homodimer and a heterodimer with each other, in an overexpression system using cultured cells, and in mouse colon and serum. Serum RELM and RELM levels in high-fat-fed mice were markedly higher than those in mice fed normal chow. Serum RELM and RELM concentrations were also clearly higher in db/db mice than in lean littermates. Tissue expression levels revealed that elevated serum concentrations of RELM and RELM are attributable to increased production in the colon and bone marrow.Conclusions/interpretation RELM and RELM form homo/heterodimers, which are secreted into the circulation. Serum concentrations of RELM and RELM may be a novel intestinal-tract-mediating regulator of insulin sensitivity, possibly involved in insulin resistance induced by obesity and a high-fat diet.