非扩髓带锁髓内钉固定联合皮瓣修复治疗ⅢB型胫骨开放性骨折

目的探讨一期治疗ⅢB型胫骨开放性骨折的方法。方法自1999年2月～2002年2月收治16例ⅢB型胫骨开放性骨折患者,年龄19～47岁,平均27岁。皮肤软组织缺损面积为4.5cm×3cm～14cm×6cm。术前预防性使用抗生素,进行彻底清创,用非扩髓带锁髓内钉固定骨折,皮瓣或肌皮瓣转移(移植)覆盖创面。对4例伴骨缺损的患者采用自体髂骨进行植骨。结果随访6～14个月,平均9个月。所有皮瓣均成活,未出现深部感染。14例骨折在6个月内愈合,有2例在术后10个月内愈合。按Johner-Wruch标准判定功能恢复结果,优14例,良2例。结论非扩髓带锁髓内钉固定联合皮瓣修复治疗ⅢB型胫骨开放性骨折效果较好。     

四肢严重开放性骨折创面的一期修复

四肢严重开放性骨折其特点是除骨折以外还伴有广泛的皮肤软组织缺损、骨膜剥离、骨外露,甚至神经血管的损伤。自2000年1月~2005年3月,笔者收治严重开放性骨折所致皮肤软组织缺损伴骨外露56例,急诊彻底清创复位,外固定结合有限内固定恢复骨折力线后应用各种皮瓣一期修复外露创面     

I期皮瓣或肌皮瓣移植在Ⅲ型Pilon骨折中的应用

目的：探讨Ⅰ期皮瓣或肌皮瓣移植应用于Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的可行性。方法：Pilon骨折12例，男9例．女3例；年龄21-61岁，平均39．2岁。按照Ruedi和Allgower分型，所有病例均为Ⅲ型；按开放性骨折Gustilo分型，Ⅲa型4例，Ⅲb型8例。常规骨折内固定前彻底清创后，内固定置入后常规再次放止血带彻底清创，特别是创缘要彻底清除失活组织。根据缺损面积大小常规行局部皮瓣，筋膜瓣及腓肠肌内侧头肌皮瓣转移修复术使创面彻底覆盖。结果：12例随访6-36个月，平均18个月，按照Mazur等制定的踝关节症状与功能评价标准进行评估，优6例，良3例。可2例，差1例。术后无皮瓣或肌皮瓣坏死和感染并发症发生，局部皮肤边缘有2例坏死，经换药后治愈，未行Ⅱ期清创缝合术。结论：合理彻底的清创，特别是广泛彻底地清除失活软组织和被污染的游离骨块是I期闭合创面的前提条件。Ⅰ期皮瓣或肌皮瓣移植应用于Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的软组织修复具有治疗周期短、踝关节功能恢复佳等优点。     

膝关节部开放性骨折的治疗

作者近5年收治15例膝关节部开放性骨折,均一期清创内固定,经8个月～5年随访,关节功能优5例,良5例,可3例,差2例.讨论中强调彻底清创,骨折内固定时应保证关节面的平整对合,并一期修复其它软组织损伤,关节内放置待续冲洗引流管,对防治膝关节的感染起到重要作用,早期功能锻炼有利于膝关节功能的恢复.     

膝关节部开放性骨折的治疗

作者近５年收治１５例膝关节部开放性骨折，均一期清创内固定，经８个月－５年随访，关节功能优５例，良５例，可３例，差２例，讨论中强调彻底清创，骨折内固定时应保证关节面的平整对合，并一期修复其它软组织损伤，关节内放置持续冲洗引流管，对防治膝关节的感染起到重要作用，早期功能锻炼有利于膝关节功能的恢复。     

海水浸泡后开放性骨折的治疗

目的总结海水浸泡伤口开放性骨折治疗结果,探讨海水浸泡开放性骨折的有效治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2003年2月至2010年3月收治的43例海水浸泡开放性骨折病例,男22例,女21例;年龄16～57岁,平均38.7岁。统计治疗效果、骨折愈合率及伤口感染率,并与文献报道相比较。结果 43例中,伤口一期愈合36例,浅表感染5例,骨折深部感染2例(感染率16.3%),二期截肢1例。34例骨折一期愈合,5例延迟愈合,4例不愈合。结论海水由于其高渗、碱性、富含特异细菌,伤后不能较快接受清创手术等特点给治疗造成困难。早期彻底清创、保护软组织、合理应用内固定是治疗成功的关键。     

LISS钢板治疗胫骨干复杂开放性骨折

目的探讨LISS钢板治疗胫骨干复杂开放性骨折的疗效。方法对25例胫骨干复杂开放性骨折病例,GustiloⅢa型彻底清创后一期行LISS钢板联合封闭式负压引流,创面置管持续冲洗、创面用封闭式负压引流材料覆盖,接负压封闭式引流,GustiloⅢb型彻底清创后一期行外固定架固定,5—7d更换VSD材料,二期行LISS钢板固定骨折并植皮或行皮瓣转移术修复皮肤缺损。结果25例骨折24例骨性愈合,GustiloⅢa型19例行游离皮瓣及游离肌皮瓣,GustiloⅢb型4例行游离肌皮瓣转移术,2例行背阔肌皮瓣转移术。1例合并糖尿病发生软组织感染。结论在彻底清创的前提下VSD联合LISS钢板治疗GustiloⅢa、Ⅲb型胫骨干开放性复杂骨折是一种安全、有效的方法。     

股二头肌长头肌皮瓣修复胭窝神经血管损伤伴软组织缺损

目的探讨股二头肌肌皮瓣修复胭动脉损伤并胭窝软组织缺损的临床疗效,为胭窝处神经、血管损伤伴软组织缺损寻找较佳手术术式。方法2009年10月-2010年10月,应用股二头肌肌皮瓣转移治疗膝关节开放伤,并胭动脉、胫神经损伤,胭窝广泛软组织缺损的患者11例,术中注意保护皮瓣远端血管蒂部。术后股二头肌肌皮瓣完全覆盖组织缺损,为血管、神经修复提供了良好的组织基床,并以膝关节HSS评分检测疗效。结果转移后的肌皮瓣全部成活,2例皮瓣远端部分坏死,经二期清创、植皮,创面愈合,血管通畅,肢体成活。随访6个月～3年,平均（18±1）个月,膝关节屈曲功能未见明显减弱,HSS评分为（77±5）分。结论股二头肌长头肌皮瓣转移是治疗胭动脉损伤并胭窝广泛软组织缺损较为理想的方法．     

开放性胫腓骨骨折合并软组织缺损的临床治疗

目的 探讨开放性胫腓骨骨折合并软组织缺损的临床治疗效果.方法 开放性胫腓骨骨折合并软组织缺损128例.骨折部位:胫腓骨上段29例,中段37例,下段59例,多段3例.骨折类型:Gustilo Ⅱ型56例,Gustilo Ⅲ A型32例,Gustilo Ⅲ B型35例,Gustilo Ⅲ C型5例.入院后施行急诊清创,骨折复位后应用外固定支架固定50例,钢板螺钉内固定48例,交锁髓内钉内固定28例,克氏针内固定加石膏外固定2例.软组织缺损一期修复,应用局部转移皮瓣修复10例,带血管蒂皮瓣修复40例,带血管蒂肌瓣修复40例,应用游离皮瓣、肌皮瓣修复38例.结果 移植组织瓣术后成活良好108例,移植组织瓣部分坏死20例.骨折愈合114例,愈合时间平均6个月,骨折不愈合14例.根据下肢负重是否疼痛,关节活动度以及恢复工作等指标评价术后下肢肢体功能,优良率为83%.结论 胫腓骨开放性骨折合并软组织缺损经急诊清创、骨折复位固定术后,一期创面显微外科修复可获满意的疗效.     

Masquelet技术联合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部骨、软组织复合缺损

目的探讨应用Masquelet技术联合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部骨、软组织复合缺损的疗效。方法应用Masquelet技术联合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣治疗9例足部骨、软组织复合缺损患者。入院后行清创克氏针临时固定及负压封闭引流技术处理创面,创面新鲜清洁后骨水泥填充骨缺损并腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣覆盖软组织缺损,皮瓣成活、愈合好、无感染后行植骨钢板内固定治疗。结果 9例患者均获得随访,时间9~40个月。腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣均成活。植骨均获骨性愈合,时间3~8个月。患者足踝部关节功能均恢复满意。骨折愈合后6个月按AOFAS踝-后足功能评分评定为70~97分,其中优2例,良5例,可2例。结论采用Masquelet技术联合腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复足部骨、软组织复合缺损效果优良。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.