彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图在移植肾排斥反应中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图在检测移植肾排斥反应中的应用价值。方法对46例肾移植受者术后进行了彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图检查。根据检测结果将46例肾移植术后受者分为3组,移植肾正常组(30例)、急性排斥组(9例)和慢性排斥组(7例),并与超声引导下肾组织穿刺的病理检查结果进行比较。结果16例急、慢性排斥反应的患者移植肾动脉搏动指数及阻力指数均高于移植肾正常组;急性排斥组肾脏长径及肾皮质厚度明显大于移植肾正常组;慢性排斥反应时肾皮质厚度、肾脏长径、宽径均小于移植肾正常组。结论彩色多普勒血流显像及多普勒能量图对移植肾血流灌注及排斥反应判断有独特的优点,搏动指数、阻力指数以及肾皮质厚度可作为有无移植肾排斥的指标之一。     

彩色多普勒超声在肾移植后排斥反应诊断中的应用

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声在移植肾排斥反应监测中的应用价值。方法 对68例肾移植患者采用彩色多普勒超声进行监测，观察移植肾的结构及体积、肾皮质厚度、肾动脉内径、血流灌注情况、血流动力学参数。结果术后随访最长者达4年，45例移植肾功能正常，未发生排斥反应者，其移植肾在彩色多普勒超声下表现为边界清晰，肾内结构清楚，皮、髓质界限分明，血流丰富。13例发生急性排斥反应者，彩色多普勒超声下可见移植肾明显肿大，肾实质血流信号稀少，叶间动脉呈断续闪烁状，弓形动脉几乎无血流信号。10例发生慢性排斥反应者，彩色多普勒超声下可见移植肾体积缩小，皮质变薄，肾皮质与肾髓质界限不清，肾内血管分枝稀疏，血管树不连续，弓形动脉及小叶间动脉往往不显示，为低速高阻血流。血流动力学参数显示，发生急性排斥反应者的肾动脉阻力指数及搏动指数明显增高，舒张期峰值流速减低；发生慢性排斥反应者的肾动脉内径明显缩小，收缩期峰值流速及舒张期峰值流速明显减低，血流灌注量明显减少，阻力指数及搏动指数明显升高，与肾功能正常者比较，差异均有统计学意义。结论对于肾移植患者的术后监测，彩色多普勒超声具有独特的优点，无创、便捷，其所测得的移植肾形态学数据和血流动力学参数对排斥反应的判断具有重要参考价值，可作为肾移植术后的常规峪测手段。     

彩色多普勒超声联合核素动态显像在肾移植术后的应用

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声、核素动态显像在肾移植术后早期并发症诊断与鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法：收集肾移植术后肾功能恢复不佳且行彩色多普勒超声和核素肾动态显像检查的患者59例,分为3组：急性排斥反应组18例,加速性排斥反应组12例、急性肾小管坏死组29例,同时收集术后肾功能恢复良好的正常组20例,分别统计上述4组彩色多普勒的阻力指数（RI）、移植肾体积、血流分布,分析彩色多普勒在鉴别诊断中的价值。计算核素肾动态显像的指标：灌注相内1min时腹主动脉放射性计数与移植肾放射性计数比值（K1min/A1min）,功能相20min时膀胱/移植肾放射性计数比值（B/K）,分析其诊断价值。结果：彩色多普勒检查指标中,当移植肾体积增大、血流减少、阻力指数升高均提示移植肾病变,以阻力指数较敏感,但特异性不高。根据核素肾动态显像指标的计算数据,K1min/A1min比值联合B/K比值在诊断排斥反应与肾小管坏死方面准确性较高,分别达到96.7%和89.7%;K1min/A1min〈4和B/K〈1提示排斥反应,K1min/A1min≥4和B/K〈1提示肾小管坏死。结论：彩色多普勒联合核素动态显像对于肾移植术后排异、急性肾小管坏死、移植肾功能延迟恢复的诊断与鉴别诊断具有很好的临床价值,二者联合应用,互补长短。     

彩色超声在移植肾急性排斥反应和急性肾小管坏死鉴别中的应用

目的 :探讨彩色超声检查在肾移植术后急性排斥反应和急性肾小管坏死鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法 :回顾性分析 5 86例临床资料完整的肾移植病例术后彩色超声检查结果并结合临床症状、生化指标及病理检查结果 ,分为正常对照组、急性排斥组 (AR组 )和急性肾小管坏死组 (ATN组 )进行分析。结果 :①AR组长径、皮质厚度明显大于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,ATN组与对照组之间差异无统计学意义。②AR组尚可见到肾锥体增大、膨隆、回声减低等二维声像图变化。③以动脉血流阻力指数 (RI)≥ 0 .7为标准 ,AR组和ATN组RI值明显高于对照组 ,AR组和ATN组之间差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。④经有效抗排斥治疗AR组RI值平均 1周左右先于二维声像变化恢复 ,二维声像图变化平均于 4周左右恢复 ,而ATN组RI值平均在 3周左右恢复正常。结论 :彩色超声在移植肾急性排斥反应和急性肾小管坏死鉴别中具有良好的应用价值。     

多普勒能量图监测移植肾急性排斥

为探讨彩色多普勒能量图（ＣＤＥ）在监测移植肾急性排斥中的应用价值，对７１例移植肾作ＣＤＥ及常规彩色多普勒血流成像（ＣＤＦＩ）等检查，其中２２例经临床及病理证实发生了急性排斥（ＡＲ）。结果表明：根据ＣＤＥ可以诊断急性排斥，其灵敏度比ＣＤＦＩ高。若ＣＤＥ与ＣＤＦＩ结合，则诊断ＡＲ的准确性更进一步提高。多次ＣＤＥ检查动态观察移植肾可预测ＡＲ的转归和监测抗排斥的效果。认为ＣＤＥ检查是目前肾移植术后较实用的一种监测手段。     

彩色多普勒超声对糖尿病肾病患者肾血流的观察分析

目的:应用彩色多普勒超声检测肾动脉相关血流动力学指标.方法:对87例糖尿病肾病(DN)Ⅲ期患者与35例DN(Ⅰ、Ⅱ期病人)行二维及多普勒肾动脉血流检查.以血、尿β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)和尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER)作为早期肾损害指标.结果:DN早期肾损害的患者肾血流多普勒频谱特点是:肾段动脉、叶间动脉的舒张期末最低流速减低(Vd)、阻力指数(RI)增高.当叶间动脉RI>0.65时,早期肾功能指标出现异常,预示肾功能将出现早期损害.结论:彩色多普勒超声肾血流测定是早期诊断和预测DN早期肾损害的简便易行、可靠的方法.     

肾移植术后耐激素急性排斥反应的诊治体会

目的 总结肾移植术后耐激素的急性排斥反应(steroid-resistant acute rejection,SRAR)的诊治体会.方法 对32例SRAR患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.所有患者经临床表现、移植肾彩色多普勒超声(彩超)检查、移植肾穿刺病理活组织检查(活检)诊断为SRAR并分型.确诊后采用抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(...     

糖尿病早期肾损害的彩色多普勒超声研究

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声肾血流测定对诊断糖尿病早期肾损害的价值。方法：以尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）作为早期肾损害指标,对60例糖尿病患在26例正常人行彩色多普勒超声肾血流检查,结果：小叶间动脉收缩期峰值流速（Vs),弓状动脉及小叶间动脉舒张末期流速（Vd)的减慢是糖尿病患最早出现的肾内血流动力学改变;有肾脏早期损害的糖尿病患肾血流频谱参数特点是肾内弓状动脉,小叶间动脉的Vs和肾内各分支动脉的Vd明显减低,肾内各分支动脉的阻力指数（RI）明显增高,RI与糖尿病患肾功能损害程度相关。结论：彩色多普勒超声肾血流检测是早期诊断糖悄病肾损害的简便,可靠的方法。     

彩超诊断下肢深静脉瓣膜功能不全的研究

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声显像(CDFI）在下肢深静脉瓣功能不全性疾病(DVI)诊断中的意义。方法 用CDFI检查DVI患者及正常对照组下肢殷、眶静脉血流状况，综合二维超声、频谱图像、彩色多普勒血流图等进行分析。结果 两组血流速度、管径、瓣膜区返流等指数均有极显著性差异(P＜0．001）。结论 CDFI对DVI的诊断有重要价值。     

三维彩色多普勒超声监测移植肾的临床研究

目的　探讨三维彩色多普勒超声成像 ( 3D CDU)在移植肾术后监测中的图像特征及临床价值。　方法　应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪和三维彩色多普勒图像处理工作站 ,采用磁场空间定位自由扫查系统对同种异体移植肾患者 34例进行三维图像获取 ,脱机后进行肾脏结构及血流的三维图像重建与显示。　结果　正常移植肾 3D CDU血流呈珊瑚状 ,立体分布于整个肾实质 ,信号均匀、对称、完整 ;发生急性肾小管坏死时移植肾血流信号明显稀疏 ;发生急性排异反应时移植肾血流信号呈斑块状或短棒状 ;血管栓塞时 ,栓塞血管的供血区域血流信号完全消失。 34例 3D CDU表现均与患者临床或病理结果吻合。　结论　三维彩色多普勒超声成像新技术具有信息量更丰富 ,动、静脉血流显示更完整、直观、立体感强且灵活多样等优点 ,是对二维超声成像的一种有意义的补充和完善。     

应用彩色超声波监测移植肾血流变化的临床价值

通过对５１８例肾移植患者连续７６１次彩色超声波结果进行了回顾性分析，从６项超声指标中，比较了功能正常的移植肾与排斥，急性肾小管坏死，肾积水和环孢素肾毒性血液动力学变化。并提出了肾移植排斥时除阻力指数升高与舒张末期最小速度／血管内径，血流收缩期最大速度比值下降外，移植肾血流速度减慢，血流量减低。     

Kidney allograft biopsy: a valuable tool in assessing the diagnosis of acute rejection

In order to determine the value of an isolated renal percutaneous biopsy in renal allografts with acute rejection, we studied 17 allograft nephrectomies, in which the histological degree of acute rejection of each of 30 Tru-cut cylinders, were compared with the histological degree of acute rejection diagnosed in 6 large fragments of each kidney considered as a whole. An accurate histological degree of acute rejection was made in 366 cylinders (71.8%). One hundred twenty-nine kidney cylinders (25.3%) were considered of a minor histological degree of acute rejection and 15 cylinders (2.9%) of a higher histological degree. We conclude that percutaneous renal allograft biopsy provides a representative picture of acute rejection histopathology but must be evaluated with other clinical and biochemical data for a correct clinical management.     

Role of duplex imaging and fine needle aspiration cytology of renal allografts in monitoring response to anti-rejection therapy

The role of duplex imaging and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in monitoring the response to anti-rejection therapy was investigated in 14 of the 22 rejection episodes which occurred in 30 renal allografts recipients. In 9 of these 14 episodes of rejection, with good resolution, both resistive (RI) and pulsatility (PI) indices decreased by significant proportions (p less than 0.05). The FNAC scores also fell significantly with anti-rejection therapy. In 5 other episodes of rejection where the graft continued to deteriorate there was no significant fall of RI and PI (p greater than or equal to 0.2). In a small group of patients, both FNAC and Doppler predicted rejection. In conclusion, both duplex imaging and FNAC have a role in selection and optimal modulation of drugs in the treatment of acute renal allograft rejection.     

Prediction of renal allograft function with early Doppler ultrasonography

INTRODUCTION: Doppler ultrasonography (USG) is an useful, noninvasive diagnostic tool for the management and follow-up of the transplanted kidney. However, it is believed that the value of Doppler USG is limited to discrimination of acute rejection episodes. We tested whether early Doppler USG findings were predictive of 1-month and 1-year allograft functions in noncomplicated renal transplant recipients (RTRs). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Resistive index (RI) and pulsatile index (PI) values obtained by doppler USG within the first week of transplantation were correlated with allograft function at 1 month and 1 year in 45 (10 women, 35 men, mean age: 27 years) noncomplicated cases. Patients with complications during the first posttransplant year were not included. RESULTS: There was a negative correlation between both RI and PI with creatinine clearance values at 1 month and at 1 year posttransplant. There was a significant decline in allograft function among cases with either RI > or = 0.7 or PI > or = 1.1. Patients with impaired allograft function have higher RI and PI values. CONCLUSION: Renal allograft survival is influenced by many factors. However, no reliable simple parameter has been identified to predict long-term outcome. Doppler USG performed during the early transplantation period with calculation of RI and PI may have a predictive value to forecast early and long-term outcomes of noncomplicated kidney transplants.     

Careful clinical monitoring in comparison to sequential Doppler sonography for the detection of acute rejection in the early phase after renal transplantation

Abstract Acute rejection is the most frequent cause of early graft failure. There is unanimity that Doppler sonography is a helpful method for the detection of complications after kidney transplantation. In the past, the indication for renal biopsy relied mainly on clinical assessment, although this assessment has not been standardised. Therefore, we conducted this prospective study to compare the value of sequential Doppler measurements with a standardised clinical rejection score, based on renal function, weight gain, graft swelling and tenderness. Fifty‐eight patients (37 males, 21 females, mean age 46 ± 12 years) after kidney transplantation were consecutively enrolled into the study. Doppler investigations were obtained within the first 24 h after transplantation, followed by an interval of 48‐72 h. At the same time, a clinical examination was scored by a transplant physician blinded to the Doppler results. Clinical score and Doppler results, both were referred to the histological results of renal biopsy. In 24 out of 58 patients 25 acute rejections occurred. In seven patients, acute rejection was superimposed on primary graft failure. The cut‐off levels for rejection were set at RI ≥ 0.80 and PI ≥ 1.70 based on receiver‐operator curves using data from 663 Doppler examinations. Sensitivity and specificity was 72 % for RI, and 72 % and 74 % for PI, respectively. The calculation of the intraindividual increase (ΔRI ≥ 3 %, ΔPI ≥ 10 %) did not improve these values. The clinical score revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 82% and 87 %, respectively. The combined analysis of Doppler indices and clinical score showed a sensitivity of 96 % with a specificity of 66%. Careful clinical monitoring alone using a clinical score is an appropriate procedure with which to decide about renal biopsy. Our data show that Doppler sonography should be performed within the first 24 h after transplantation to evaluate graft perfusion and baseline values. Afterwards, it should be used when clinical signs of rejection occur to underline the decision for renal biopsy even in borderline cases.     

The use of duplex Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate renal allograft dysfunction

This study evaluated the utility of duplex Doppler sonograms (DS) and the resistive index (RI) in the identification and differential diagnosis of various causes of renal allograft dysfunction. The efficacy of DS and RI was studied either during acute episodes of allograft dysfunction or during periodic posttransplantation longitudinal analyses. The unique features of each renal allograft results in poor correlative value for single isolated measurements of RI. We observed that the highest RIs were in ATN and that an RI of 0.9 was not specific for acute vascular rejection. Also, an RI of 0.9 was rare in acute cellular rejection. RI could not distinguish acute rejection, chronic rejection, CsA toxicity, or obstruction, although the mean RI was significantly different from normal in these groups. Serial studies of RI did document a change at the time of a clinical event compared to baseline. It is concluded that RI is not specific to any one clinical entity.     

Loss of corticomedullary demarcation on magnetic resonance imaging: an index of biopsy-proven acute renal transplant dysfunction

A prospective study of 19 cadaveric renal allograft recipients with suspected graft rejection was undertaken to compare the histological findings of the renal transplant biopsy with the results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). All 19 patients underwent a biopsy of the transplant allograft. Biopsy results included acute cellular rejection, acute vascular rejection, chronic vascular rejection (CVR), and acute tubular necrosis (ATN). Recipients of cadaveric renal allografts with normal function served as controls. The control showed distinct corticomedullary demarcation (CMD) on T1-weighted imaging. In contrast, CMD was absent or diminished in all the patients with suspected allograft rejection. Unfortunately, the loss of CMD did not correlate with a specific biopsy diagnosis. Patients with biopsy evidence of acute and chronic rejection or ATN demonstrated loss of CMD with similar image patterns. In conclusion, MRI is capable of detecting renal allograft dysfunction, but does not permit the determination of a specific cause.     

Role of duplex Doppler sonography in diagnosis of acute allograft dysfunction—time to stop measuring the resistive index?

Measurement of vascular resistive index (RI) by duplex Doppler sonography (DDS) has been proposed as a non-invasive technique to detect the presence of acute rejection in renal allograft recipients. Our aim was to evaluate the clinical utility of this technique. From 107 patients we reviewed 159 biopsies that were performed from 1993 to 2001 for the investigation of acute allograft dysfunction. Histological findings were correlated with RI measurements by contemporaneously performed DDS. The majority of biopsies were carried out within the first 3 months post-transplantation (111/159). Sixty-eight biopsies showed acute rejection, 91 biopsies had findings other than rejection (acute tubular necrosis, CyA toxicity, recurrent GN). Using a threshold mean RI value of 0.9, the test had a specificity for acute rejection of 89%, but a sensitivity of just 6%. If the threshold was lowered the sensitivity rose, but specificity declined sharply. Average RI in the rejection group was not higher than in controls (0.73+/-0.11 vs 0.74+/-0.11, respectively). We conclude that measurement of RI by DDS does not contribute to the diagnosis of acute allograft dysfunction.