乳腺导管内乳头状瘤病的MR影像学表现

目的 分析乳腺导管内乳头状瘤病(BIDP)的MR表现特征,探讨MR对该病的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的18例乳腺导管内乳头状瘤病的MR影像学表现,包括病变形态学、信号强度、肿块内部强化特征及动态增强曲线类型.并将大体病理所见与MR表现相对照.结果 18例BIDP中肿块性病变15例,其中13例为单发肿块,2例为多发肿块.平扫去脂T2WI呈均匀稍高信号8例,高信号2例,混杂稍高信号5例;病灶圆形边缘光滑7例,卵圆形边缘光滑1例,分叶状边缘不规则1例,分叶状边缘毛刺4例,沿导管走行方向分布多发结节及肿块2例.增强内部均匀强化5例,不均匀强化5例,边缘强化5例;强化曲线为Ⅱ型8例,Ⅲ型7例.18例BIDP中2例为段样非肿块样病灶,去脂T2WI呈稍高信号,增强内部不均匀强化,其中1例合并乳头内陷,强化曲线均为Ⅲ型.18例BIDP中1例呈全乳腺非肿块样病灶,去脂T2WI呈稍高信号内见手指样低信号延伸至乳头,增强内部特征呈网状树枝状强化,强化曲线为Ⅱ型.结论 MRI对发现与定位BIDP病灶及术前评估具有重要意义.     

乳腺恶性肿瘤磁共振征象分析

目的 探讨乳腺恶性肿瘤的MRI平扫及动态增强扫描白影像特点。材料与方法 27例乳腺恶性肿瘤行MRI平扫,其中12例行动态增强扫描,结合手术病理结果,分析乳腺恶性肿瘤的形态、信号、强化特点以及与病理类型的关系。结果 27例患者中平扫15例具有不规则形态、T2WI不均匀高信号、周边有毛刺等典型恶性征象,余12例需行动态增强扫描者,7例呈“快进快出”方式强化。浸润性小叶癌T2WI信号较低,强化不明显,呈不典型表现;粘液腺癌及叶状囊肉瘤肿块较大,周边毛刺不明显,强化呈“快进慢出”方式,表现亦不典型。结论 MRI平扫结合动态增强扫描是诊断乳腺恶性肿瘤的有效方法。     

动态增强MRI鉴别乳腺良恶性病变的价值

目的：探讨动态增强MRI对乳腺良恶性病变的鉴别诊断价值。方法：对147例经手术病理证实的乳腺疾病患者行MRI平扫和动态增强检查。分析比较乳腺良恶性病变的MRI征象。包括形态学、内部信号及其动态增强特征等，计算病灶峰值增强率Emax，峰值时间Tmax，最大强化速率Slope max，并根据病变最高强化区ROI测量值，绘制病灶的时间-信号强度曲线。结果：147例患者共计病灶152个。其中恶性87个，良性65个。分析比较病变的形态学及动态增强表现，发现乳腺良性病变多呈类圆形或分叶状．边缘光整，无毛刺、边界多清晰，强化均匀或伴有内部分隔等，动态强化参数Emax多大于90％，Tmax多大于240s。Slopemax。多大于3％／s；恶性病变则多为不规则形。边缘可伴毛刺，与周围结构分界不清，强化不均匀，病灶常呈环形强化，导管样强化，Emax多大于90％，Tmax多大于240s。而Slopemax多大于3％／s。时间-信号曲线类型恶性病变多表现为Ⅱ或Ⅲ型，良性病变则多为Ⅰ或Ⅳ型。结论：乳腺MRI不仅提供了病灶丰富的形态学信息，而且还通过动态增强进一步揭示病变的血流动力学特征，从而有助于对乳腺病变作出准确的定性诊断，更有效地鉴别诊断乳腺良恶性病变。     

乳腺恶性病变的钼靶X线及磁共振表现对照研究

目的:探讨乳腺恶性病变的钼靶X线和MRI表现及与病理结果的关系.方法:回顾性分析38例经穿刺或手术病理证实的乳腺恶性病变的钼靶X线、MRI表现,并与病理结果对比分析.38例中乳腺浸润性导管癌21例,导管原位癌11例,黏液癌3例,腺样囊性癌2例,髓样癌1例.结果:乳腺恶性病变主要表现为乳腺结构及局部血管异常,肿瘤多呈星芒状、蟹足样,边缘多毛刺状、不光滑.钼靶X线示病灶内部密度不均匀,钙化点数量较多,多呈沙粒样,可成簇生长,也可弥散在腺体的一个区内.主要MRI表现为病灶T1WI多呈低、等信号,T2WI多为混杂信号,增强扫描呈明显不均匀强化.结论:钼靶乳腺摄影操作简单,准确性较高,是乳腺恶性病变的首选检查方法.MRI能清楚的显示乳腺内病变的细微结构,提高诊断准确性.     

腮腺嗜酸细胞癌的MRI表现(附4例报告)

目的初步探讨腮腺嗜酸细胞癌的MRI表现特点。方法回顾性分析经病理证实的4例腮腺嗜酸细胞癌患者的MRI表现。结果 1例位于浅叶,3例位于深叶;1例肿瘤呈结节状,边缘棘突样改变,3例形态不规则,呈分叶状,其中2例肿瘤边界不清,1例边界清楚;4例肿瘤T1WI上均呈低信号(2例信号均匀,2例信号不均匀)、T2WI信号不均匀(2例T2WI呈较低信号,2例抑脂T2WI呈稍高信号);2例肿瘤内见流空血管影;3例行MRI增强扫描,病灶呈轻中度强化。结论腮腺嗜酸细胞癌在MRI上有一定的表现特点,认识其表现有助于鉴别诊断。     

乳腺少见恶性肿瘤的MRI诊断

目的:探讨乳腺少见恶性肿瘤的MRI表现及特征。方法:回顾性分析11例经手术病理证实为乳腺少见恶性肿瘤的MRI特征。观察病灶信号、形态、最大径线、边缘、ADC值、增强扫描实性成分TIC类型,以及腋下有无肿大淋巴结。结果:4例乳腺恶性叶状肿瘤,呈分叶状,伴不同程度出血、坏死及囊变,2例可见裂隙征,DWI为高信号,ADC值(0.6~1.1)×10-3mm2/s,TIC为Ⅱ、Ⅲ型。4例乳腺黏液腺癌,其中单纯型2例,以囊性为主,实性成分较少,T1WI呈稍高信号,压脂T2WI呈高信号,DWI为高信号,中心ADC值分别为2.2×10-3mm2/s、2.4×10-3mm2/s,边缘结节样实性成分ADC值为1.2×10-3 mm2/s,边缘实性部分TIC为Ⅱ型;2例混合型,以实性为主,部分区域呈囊样改变,T1WI呈等、稍高信号,T2WI呈等高信号,ADC值囊性区较高为2.0×10-3 mm2/s,实性区较低为0.8×10-3mm2/s,TIC为Ⅱ型或Ⅲ型。2例乳腺髓样癌,信号较均匀,边界清晰,DWI为高信号,ADC值0.8×10-3 mm2/s,动态增强扫描早期外围强化更明显,呈环形强化,逐渐向中心强化,TIC为Ⅱ型。1例淋巴瘤,形态不规则,无分叶,与周围组织分界不清,少量坏死,DWI为高信号,ADC值为0.9×10-3mm2/s,强化明显且均匀,TIC为Ⅲ型。结论:乳腺少见恶性肿瘤的MRI表现具有一定特征性,通过对病灶形态、信号、DWI、ADC值及TIC综合分析,能提高其诊断准确率。     

乳腺黏液腺癌的MRI表现与病理对照

目的 分析乳腺黏液腺癌的MRI表现,并与病理对照.方法 回顾性分析9例经手术病理证实的乳腺黏液腺癌的MRI表现,结合其病理分型(6例混合型,3例单纯型)及黏液含量进行对照研究,分析比较平扫MRI表现(形态、信号特点、边界)及其动态增强方式(强化程度、时间信号强度曲线).结果 9例乳腺黏液腺癌的MRI的表现如下.(1)形态学:分叶状6例,类圆形1例,不规则形2例.(2)信号特点:T2WI均呈高信号,T1WI低信号4例,等信号5例;内部信号均匀6例,不均匀3例.(3)边界:边界清晰7例,仅2例混合型部分边界不清.(4)动态增强方式:多呈轻中度强化,时间-信号强度曲线呈I型(持续强化型)4例,II型(平台型)3例,IV型(无或轻度强化型)2例.(5)3例单纯型细胞外黏液含量＞75%,混合型瘤体内黏液含量低于25%.瘤体内含大量的细胞外上皮性黏液,T2WI上信号强度明显增高.结论 乳腺黏液腺癌的MRI表现有一定特征,但需与浸润性导管癌、髓样癌、纤维腺瘤等进行鉴别.     

乳腺化生性癌的MRI表现及临床病理特点

【摘要】目的：探讨乳腺化生性癌的MRI影像特征及临床病理特点。方法：回顾性分析我院经病理证实的11例乳腺化生性癌患者的临床病理及MRI影像资料。结果：11例患者MRI共显示有12个病灶,呈类圆形6个、卵圆形4个、分叶状2个;边界清晰或大部分清晰9个,边界不清3个;T1WI上病灶实性成分均呈等信号,3个病灶内部可见斑片状高信号,7个病灶内部可见斑片状及裂隙状低信号;T2WI上病灶实性成分呈等信号（6个）或稍高信号（6个）,其内均可见裂隙状及斑片状高信号,其中1个病灶边缘可见大片状高信号。动态增强扫描显示病灶呈不均匀强化7例,呈厚壁环形强化2个,呈薄壁环形强化3个（其内可见分隔）;时间-信号强度曲线呈廓清型10例、平台型2例。11例中出现淋巴结转移5例。结论：乳腺化生性癌具有特征性的MRI表现,提高对本病的认识,可以减少对本病的误诊。     

不典型肝内胆管细胞癌合并脓肿的影像诊断要点

目的探讨不典型肝内胆管细胞癌合并肝脓肿的影像表现特征和诊断要点。方法回顾性分析1例经手术病理证实为肝内胆管细胞癌合并肝脓肿病人的临床资料、影像表现特征并复习相关文献。结果 MDCT平扫显示巨大不规则肿物,累及肝左叶及部分右前叶,肿物呈分叶状,内部密度不均,邻近血管无受侵、肝包膜无凹陷征;增强CT检查动脉期显示肿物呈多结节融合状,病灶边缘及内部各结节呈明显环形强化,门静脉期及平衡期肿物强化仍较明显。肝脏MRI平扫肿物呈不规则形稍长T1、稍长T2信号影,于DWI序列上显示不均匀较明显高信号,增强扫描表现类似于增强CT表现,另于MRI增强扫描门静脉期及平衡期可见肿物内局部区域呈分房状表现,增强程度更明显。结论不典型肝内胆管细胞癌合并肝脓肿兼具两种病变的影像表现。正确诊断需结合临床、实验室检查、超声表现并注重影像表现的细节信息。     

磁共振成像动态增强技术鉴别青年乳腺癌的研究

目的探讨磁共振成像(MRI)动态增强技术对青年乳腺癌的诊断价值,以期提高青年乳腺癌的检出率。方法回顾分析58例经手术病理证实的青年女性乳腺疾病的MRI影像检查资料,包括恶性病变42个,良性病变27个。比较青年乳腺良恶性病变的MRI各种征象,包括形态学及血流动力学特点,计算病变的早期强化率,绘制时间-信号强度曲线,探讨这些指标的诊断价值。结果青年乳腺良性病变多呈类圆形或分叶状,边缘光整,无毛刺,边界清晰,强化均匀,时间-信号强度曲线多为Ⅰ型;恶性病变多呈不规则形结节或肿块,边缘不规则或呈星芒状,边界不清,强化不均匀,部分呈典型环形强化或填充型环形强化,时间-信号强度曲线多为Ⅲ型。早期强化率在青年良恶性病变之间的差异无统计学意义,时间-信号强度曲线类型分布则有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 MRI动态增强技术能满意地显示青年乳腺病变的形态学特征和增强的血流动力学特点,是诊断青年乳腺癌的有效方法。     

Independent component analysis for the examination of dynamic contrast-enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging data: preliminary study

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: An application of independent component analysis (ICA) is reported for the detection and characterization of breast lesions in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. The ICA technique, which uses a novel statistical algorithm to separate mixed signal sources of unknown nature, enables the extraction of spatial and temporal features of dynamic MRI data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six patients with confirmed lesion diagnosis (three with malignancy and three with benign condition) participated in this study. T1-weighted MRI covering both breast volumes was dynamically acquired in every 90 seconds after the bolus injection of contrast media using three-dimensional fast low-angle shot sequence (3-D FLASH). RESULTS: With the application of the ICA, differential signal responses were delineated from benign and malignant lesions, and areas with high temporal correlations with the extracted signal components were selectively visualized. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that ICA allowed for an identification of lesion morphology and lesion-specific dynamic enhancement patterns.     

A wide variety of dynamic contrast-enhanced MR appearances of breast cancer: pathologic correlation study

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to elucidate the characteristic magnetic resonance (MR) appearance of breast cancers, as well as, its variations and to investigate the pathology providing different patterns of dynamic-MR appearances. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-two women with cancer underwent mastectomy (52 tumors resected) and had MR imaging at our institution between April 2001 and March 2004. MR images of T1WI, T2WI, dynamic-MRI and contrast-enhanced T1WI were obtained and evaluated. Dynamic-MR images were correlated with pathological findings. RESULTS: Common MR appearance of breast cancer was a focal mass either with irregular or spiculated margins with similar signal intensity on T1WI as and similar to higher signal intensity on T2WI compared to the normal mammary gland. On static contrast-enhanced T1WI, apparent enhancement was typically observed. On dynamic MRI, tumor-rim-enhancement on an early phase image and washout enhancement pattern on dynamic images, both characteristic for breast cancer, were observed, however, the prevalence of them was relatively low, which could be explained by the variation of histopathology among breast cancer nodules. CONCLUSION: In diagnosing breast masses on MRI, as well as the common and characteristic findings of breast cancer, the variations of MR findings and their underlying histopathology should also be considered.     

预饱和脂肪抑制技术在乳腺MRI检查中的临床应用

目的 探讨预饱和脂肪抑制技术在乳腺MRI检查中的临床应用价值。资料与方法 对58例乳腺疾病患者进行常规MRI平扫、脂肪抑制MRI平扫和脂肪抑制动态增强MRI扫描，对比分析SE TlWI、FSE T2WI、脂肪抑制SE T1WI、脂肪抑制FSE T2WI和脂肪抑制SE T1WI增强扫描5种图像对病变的检出情况及病变形态和内部信号的显示效果。结果 (1)对病变的检出，脂肪抑制增强扫描明显优于平扫各图像，检出率达100％，平扫各图像对病变的检出无显著性差别，其中以脂肪抑制T2WI为最好，检出率为93．1％，脂肪抑制T1WI最差，检出率为85．06％；(2)在病变形态的显示上，虽然脂肪抑制T2WI效果较好，但与常规T2WI相比并无显著性差别，而脂肪抑制的增强扫描则明显优于平扫各图像；(3)在病变内部信号的显示方面，脂肪抑制的平扫(包括T1WI、T2WI)明显优于常规平扫，而脂肪抑制的增强扫描明显优于平扫各图像。结论 乳腺MRI平扫中脂肪抑制的应用对病变的检出及内部信号的显示具明显优势，以脂肪抑制T2WI效果更好；在脂肪抑制基础上进行动态增强扫描不仅对病变强化的形态学特征显示良好，明显提高病变的检出率，而且能准确判断病变强化程度，观察病变血流灌注的动态变化过程．明显提高了MRI对乳腺疾病诊断的准确性，因此预饱和脂肪抑制技术在乳腺MRI增强扫描中的应用具有重要价值。     

乳腺肿瘤MRI序列联合运用与微血管密度的对照研究

目的：探讨同一次检查中T2WI首次通过灌注成像及T1WI动态增强成像的联合应用在鉴别乳腺良恶性肿瘤方面的价值,并对所有病灶进行免疫组化CD34染色计数微血管密度进行评分,评价其相关性。方法：37例乳腺患者经手术或穿刺病理证实分为良恶性两组,经过MRIT2WI首次通过灌注成像后进一步行T1WI动态增强成像,对灌注及动态增强各参数进行分析,并与手术后病理图像及免疫组化结果对照。结果：乳腺肿块37例,乳腺癌21例,乳腺良性病灶16例,应用T2WI首过灌注成像,良恶性组早期信号强度丢失率之间重叠很少,敏感性为90%,特异性为75%;较T1WI动态增强组（敏感性47.6%,特异性为68.7%）提高;恶性组最大信号强度下降率与微血管密度MVD有明显正相关性（r=0.502,P〈0.05）,最大信号强度下降时间与微血管密度无明显相关性。良性组最大信号强度下降率、最大信号强度下降时间与微血管密度均无明显相关性。结论：乳腺癌T2WI灌注成像表现与病理特征相符,在乳腺癌血管生成的评价方面有重要价值。联合T2WI首次通过灌注成像及T1WI动态增强成像能够提高乳腺肿瘤的诊断特异性。     

3.0T磁共振动态增强在乳腺浸润性导管癌诊断中的应用价值

目的 探讨MR动态增强在乳腺浸润性导管癌诊断与鉴别诊断中的应用价值.方法 17例乳腺浸润性导管癌,均采用3.0T MR扫描仪及乳腺专用线圈行常规MR平扫和动态增强检查.所有病例均经手术病理证实,分析比较病灶的MRI信号强度、形态学以及血流动力学特点.结果 17例17个乳腺浸润性导管癌均表现为肿块型,T_1WI呈低信号影(8/17)或等信号影(9/17),T_2WI呈高信号影(14/17)或等信号影(3/17).形态学表现:病灶不规则形及分叶状占82.4%(14/17);病灶边界不清楚(12/17)、边缘不光滑(15/17),其中毛刺征或星芒征7例.病灶增强后多表现为不均匀性显著强化(10/17)或环形强化(5/17);在最大信号强度投影(MIP)图上有82.4%(14/17)的病灶周围可见血管纠集征.血流动力学表现为所有病例早期强化率均＞90%;88.2%(15/17)的病灶强化峰值＜3 min;时间-信号强度曲线以Ⅱ、Ⅲ型为主,Ⅱ型35.3%(6/17),Ⅲ型58.8%(10/17).结论乳腺浸润性导管癌MR动态增强影像学表现具有一定的特征性,有助于本疾病的诊断与鉴别诊断.     

鼻道、鼻咽恶性黑色素瘤的MRI诊断

目的 分析鼻道、鼻咽恶性黑色素瘤的MRI表现,探讨其诊断要点.方法 回顾性分析经病理证实的8例鼻道、鼻咽恶性黑色素瘤的MRI特征及临床资料,所有患者均行MR平扫、增强及动态增强检查.结果 肿瘤位于中鼻道1例,鼻咽部2例,鼻腔、上颌窦及同侧筛窦5例.5例可见明显骨质破坏并侵犯邻近结构,累及翼腭窝3例、颞下窝2例、眼眶4例、前颅底2例、咽旁间隙1例.MRI表现:3例直径＜2 cm,呈类圆形肿块,T1WI为高信号,T2 WI为低信号,呈明显均匀强化.5例直径＞3 cm,不规则肿块,MRI表现为混杂信号,T1WI以等、低信号为主,其内有斑片状高信号;在T2WI,1例以等低、信号为主,4例以稍高信号为主,增强扫描呈轻度不均匀强化.动态增强扫描时间-信号强度曲线平台型、流出型各4例.结论 鼻道、鼻咽恶性黑色素瘤MRI信号特征与肿瘤大小相关.肿瘤较小时T1WI呈高信号,T2WI呈低信号;肿瘤较大时MRI信号混杂,轻度不均匀强化为其特征.     

3.0T磁共振在乳腺检查中的初步应用

目的:探讨3.0T磁共振利用体部相控阵线圈进行乳腺检查的临床应用价值.方法:36例乳腺疾病患者中隆乳术后26例,乳腺癌6例,乳腺良性病变4例,均行常规MR T1WI、T2WI和压脂序列T2WI,17例行动态增强扫描,13例行扩散加权成像,并与术后病理结果进行对照分析.结果:36例乳腺疾病患者均能显示显示乳腺结构及邻近组织情况,图像清晰无变形.22例聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术后患者,注入物于T1WI呈稍低信号、T2WI呈高信号,在脂肪抑制T2WI上显示最清晰,呈均匀高信号;4例角鲨烯注射液隆胸术后,注入物在T1WI和T2WI上呈小颗粒状脂肪信号影.6例乳腺癌于DWI上呈明显高信号,动态增强曲线呈早期信号快速上升,中晚期信号强度逐渐降低表现;4例发现腋窝淋巴结转移.4例乳腺良性病变,动态增强曲线呈逐渐上升改变.结论:3.0T磁共振结合体部相控阵线圈可显示隆胸材料的性质和分布,常规MRI扫描结合DWI和动态增强扫描对乳腺良恶性病变的鉴别诊断有重要临床价值.     

肝脏特异性磁共振对比剂——菲立磁的临床应用初探

目的 探讨菲立磁增强MRI检查对肝脏疾病的临床应用价值。材料与方法 对22例经CT或MRI检查确定或怀疑有肝病变者进一步行菲立磁增强MRI检查,分别测量增强前后肝脏、病变及背景噪声的T2WI信号强度（SI）,计算增强前后肝脏及病变的信噪比（SNR）、对比噪声比（CNR）。结果 增强后肝脏的SI、SNR明显降低（P＜0．01）;恶性病变的SI、SNR变化不明显（P＞0．05）。囊肿、血管瘤增强后T2WI SI下降不明显。增强后病变－肝脏CNR比增强前明显增高（P＜0．01）。增强后0．5小时与3小时相比肝脏SNR以及CNR无差异（P＞0．05）。增强后病变的检出数量增加,而且其边界、大小显示更清楚。结论 菲立磁增强磁共振扫描可显著降低肝脏T2WI SI,而对恶性肿瘤T2WI信号的影响不明显,显著提高了恶性肿瘤－肝脏的CNR。因此,它对恶性肿瘤的检出及定性诊断具有临床意义。     

Dynamic high-spatial-resolution MR imaging of suspicious breast lesions: diagnostic criteria and interobserver variability

OBJECTIVE: Our study was undertaken to develop diagnostic rules and to assess the reproducibility of dynamic and morphologic parameters for the characterization of suspicious breast lesions using dynamic high-spatial-resolution MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-seven patients with suspicious mammographic or palpable findings underwent preoperative contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the breast using a three-time-point method of acquisition. Each lesion was prospectively analyzed by two independent radiologists for morphologic and visual dynamic enhancement characteristics. A classification and regression tree was used to examine the optimal order, cutoff points, and combination of imaging parameters to build a diagnostic rule separating benign from malignant lesions using histopathology findings as the standard of reference. Kappa statistics were used to determine observer variability. RESULTS: Among 23 benign and 34 malignant lesions (12 invasive, three ductal carcinoma in situ, and 19 mixed cancer), margin morphology (p = 0.001) and enhancement pattern (p = 0.001) were the most significant MR imaging findings for lesion characterization. Focal mass lesions were classified as malignant when spiculated margins or both the washout enhancement pattern and "nonsmooth" margins were present. Interobserver agreement was almost perfect for washout pattern and substantial for margin assessment. In the limited population tested retrospectively, the diagnostic rule yielded a sensitivity and positive predictive value of 97% each and a specificity and negative predictive value of 96% each. CONCLUSION: The washout enhancement pattern combined with lesion margin assessment on dynamic contrast-enhanced high-resolution MR imaging of the breast allows reproducible lesion characterization and may be a highly specific diagnostic tool.