肾病综合征型妊娠高血压疾病43例临床分析

目的探讨肾病综合征型妊娠期高血压疾病的临床特点和治疗。方法对中山市陈星海医院2000年6月-2006年6月收治的肾病综合征型妊娠期高血压疾病患者43例（按终止妊娠时孕周分为A组：孕周≤33w 12例,B组：33^1/7-36w17例,C组：≥36^1/7 w14例）及其新生儿46例进行回顾性分析,观察指标包括患者临床表现、治疗方法、并发症及预后、围产儿结局。结果肾病综合征型妊娠高血压疾病除具有妊娠期高血压疾病的特点外,主要表现为大量蛋白尿（〉3.5g/24h）、低蛋白血症（〈30g/L）、高度水肿及高脂血症,可出现严重并发症。治疗以综合治疗为主,并适时终止妊娠。围产儿结局较差,各组比较B组较A、C组好（P〈0.05）。结论肾病综合征型妊娠高血压疾病病情严重,围产儿预后不佳,应选择病例予综合治疗,并要严密监测母婴情况,适时终止妊娠可改善母婴预后。     

妊高征82例临床分析

目的探讨妊高征的临床特点。方法回顾分析82例妊高征发生的一般情况,以及66例单胎中重度妊高征并发症,新生儿新生儿窒息、围产儿死亡与孕周、新生儿体重、分娩方式的关系。结果重高征发生以9至1月份发生率最高,常见的并发症有产后出血、胎儿生长受限、新生儿窒息。中重度妊高征以孕36~37 6w组、新生儿体重≥2500g的新生儿窒息率、围产儿死亡率最低,几组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.01)。剖宫产比阴道分娩新生儿窒息率、围产儿死亡率均低,2组比较无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论适龄、适时妊娠可以减少妊高征的发生,中重度妊高征应选择在孕36~37 6w,估计胎儿体重≥2500g时终止妊娠较合适。     

妊娠高血压综合征患者不同尿蛋白排泄状态下血浆蛋白和血脂代谢特点

目的探讨妊娠高血压综合征（PIH）患者不同尿蛋白排泄状态下血浆蛋白和血脂代谢特点，了解血浆蛋白和血脂代谢紊乱与尿蛋白的关系。方法将125例PIH患者根据24h尿蛋白定量分成3组：轻度蛋白尿组30例，尿蛋白0．1～0．5g；中度蛋白尿组59例：尿蛋白0．5～4g；重度蛋白尿组36例：尿蛋白≥4g。同时选择无妊娠合并症的健康孕妇43例作为正常妊娠组。检测总蛋白（TP）、清蛋白（ALB）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、高密度脂蛋白（HDL—C）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL—C）。结果3组血浆蛋白和血脂水平与对照组比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．01），且重度蛋白尿组血浆蛋白水平显著低于轻、中度蛋白尿组，而血脂水平显著高于轻、中度蛋白尿组。结论PIH患者随着蛋白尿程度不断加重低蛋白血症、高脂血症表现也越来越突出，应加强血浆蛋白和血脂监测，及早干预并纠正以保证母婴健康。     

母体HBV传染性与宫内感染的探讨

目的探讨母体HBV传染性与宫内感染的关系.方法于1999年12月～2002年6月,将我院HBsAg阳性孕妇122例,分为3组:HBIG组49例;拉米夫定组45例;对照组28例.HBIG组孕妇自孕28w起肌内注射HBIG 200U,每4w一次至分娩;拉米夫定组自孕28w始每日口服拉米夫定100mg直至分娩后4w;对照组未予用药.三组孕妇均于孕28w用药前及分娩前行血乙肝两对半及HBV DNA定量检测,新生儿出生后24h内予HBIG 100U注射,并予HBVac 0,1,6方案接种,新生儿出生后24h内免疫接种前采静脉血检测血乙肝两对半及HBV DNA定量.结果孕28w时孕妇不同的HBV DNA水平其宫内感染率差异无显著性(P ＞0.1);而胎儿宫内感染率随着孕妇分娩前血清HBV DNA含量的增加呈增高趋势(P＜0.01).结论宫内感染的发生率与孕妇孕期HBV传染性相关,孕期高病毒血症(即HBVDNA≥108copies/ml)与宫内感染显著相关.     

重度妊娠高血压疾病终止妊娠时机及分娩方式探讨

目的 探讨重度妊娠高血压疾病(重度妊高征)患者终止妊娠的时机与方式.方法 对218例重度妊高征患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,观察孕产妇并发症及新生儿窒息率和围产儿病死率.结果 ＜34周分娩的新生儿窒息率、围产儿病死率均明显高于34～36周与＞36周者(P＜0.01),各孕周间孕产妇并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);与剖宫产组比较,阴道分娩组新生儿窒息率、围产儿病死率及孕产妇并发症均显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 重度妊高征终止妊娠的最佳时机为36周后,剖宫产是终止妊娠的最佳方式.     

妊高征合并胎儿发育迟缓患者分娩方式与围产儿预后-20年回顾分析

目的为了探讨妊高征(PIH)合并胎儿宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)患者分娩方式对围产儿预后的影响.方法回顾性分析近20年来在我院分娩的355例PIH合并IUGR患者分娩方式与围产儿预后的关系.结果355例IUGR围产儿,死亡24例(67.6‰),新生儿窒息75例(21.13%).其中阴道分娩组(n=230)围产儿死亡22例(95.7‰),新生儿窒息56例(24.35%);剖宫产组(n=125)围产儿死亡2例(16‰),新生儿窒息19例(15.2%).两组围产儿死亡率差异有显著意义(P=0.008),新生儿窒息率差异无显著意义(P=0.06).剖宫产组中,急诊剖宫产组(n=64)围产儿死亡2例(31.25‰),新生儿窒息15例(23.44%);择期剖宫产组(n=61)国产儿无死亡,新生儿窒息4例(6.56%).两组围产儿死亡率差异无显著意义(P=0.493),新生儿窒息率差异有显著意义(P=0.017).阴道分娩组围产儿死亡的主要原因为胎儿宫内缺氧,而剖宫产组为孕妇严重并发症.结论分娩方式是影响PIH合并IUGR围产儿预后的关键环节.控制PIH病情,减少孕妇并发症,胎儿适时脱离宫内缺氧环境,对改善围产儿预后致关重要.     

双胎妊娠围生儿预后相关因素分析

目的　探讨双胎妊娠新生儿窒息、围生儿死亡的相关因素。方法　回顾分析 2 5 5例双胎妊娠新生儿Apgar评分、新生儿窒息、围生儿死亡与孕周、新生儿体重、分娩方式的关系。结果　双胎妊娠孕 37～ 39+ 6w组Apgar评分最高、新生儿窒息率最低 ,≥ 2 5 0 0g组Apgar评分最高 ,新生儿窒息率、围生儿死亡率最低。孕周、新生儿体重 4组比较差异均有非常显著性(P <0 0 1)。剖宫产组比阴道分娩组Apgar评分高 ,新生儿窒息率、围生儿死亡率均低 ,2组比较Apgar评分、围生儿死亡率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。 2组比较新生儿窒息率差异有非常显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　双胎妊娠估计每个胎儿体重≥ 2 5 0 0g时 ,宜选择 37～ 39+ 6w终止妊娠为宜。加强孕期、围生期保健 ,积极防治各种并发症 ,适当放宽剖宫产指征 ,避免早产 ,减少低体重儿出生 ,是降低双胎围生儿死亡率、改善其预后的重要措施。     

肾病综合征型妊娠期高血压疾病临床分析

目的探讨肾病综合征型高血压疾病的发病特点及对孕妇和胎儿的影响。方法回顾性分析9例肾病综合征型高血压疾病(肾病组)和52例重度子痫前期(对照组)的临床资料。结果NSP占分娩总数的0.024%,占重度子痫前期的14.75%。肾病组血浆白蛋白、胆固醇、围产儿死亡及FGR发生率两组均有极显著性差异(P<0.01),两组之间收缩压、总蛋白、肌酐、尿素氮的差异有显著性(P<0.05)。但是发病孕周、终止妊娠周数、病程、发病年龄、舒张压、腹水及重度水肿的发生率无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论肾病综合征型妊娠期高血压疾病对母婴影响大,适时终止妊娠可减少妊娠期并发症和围产儿发病率及死亡率。     

妊高征病人血清β-hCG及血管内皮生长因子的测定及临床意义

目的为探讨血清血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-hCG)在妊娠高血压综合征(妊高征)发病中的作用及二者在妊高征发病中的相互关系.方法:采用放射免疫方法测定30例正常妊娠妇女(对照组)及35例妊高征(轻度8例、中度14例及重度13例)患者(妊高征组)分娩前及新生儿脐静脉血VEGF与β-hCG水平.结果:(1)妊高征组孕妇血VEGF为(15.694±2.187)(μg/L),正常妊娠组孕妇血VEGF为(18.803±2.050)(μg/L),妊高征组与正常妊娠组比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).轻、中度及重度妊高征患者血VEGF分别为(16.359±0.389)(μg/L)、(14.562±0.653)(μg/L);VEGF水平与妊高征病情严重程度呈负相关(r=-0.352,P＜0.05).(2)妊高征患者血β-hCG为(1860.357±36.436)(mIU/ml)明显高于正常妊娠组(1611.163±62.341)(mIU/ml),差异有显著性(P＜0.05);且重度妊高征患者血β-hCG(1985.872±82.861)(mIU/ml)明显高于轻、中度(1769.583±42.352)(mIU/ml)(P＜0.05);(3)两组患者血清VEGF与β-hCG之间存在负相关(P＜0.05,r=-0.311);(4)两组患者新生儿脐静脉血VEGF、β-hCG之间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论孕妇血VEGF、β-hCG可反映妊高征病情的严重程度,可能成为妊高征的检测指标之一;VEGF与β-hCG在妊高征的发生发展过程中可能存在调节抑制.     

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症致早产的原因分析

目的分析妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症导致早产的原因。方法回顾性分析我院2014年1月-2017年1月间收治的114例妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症孕产妇,对其临床资料进行统计,并结合国内外文献报道,分析妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症导致早产的原因。结果研究期间我院产科共接收7231例分娩,其中ICP患者共114例1.6%,ICP围产儿中共有24例23.5%早产儿;产妇年龄(以35岁为分界点)、产次、皮肤是否瘙痒以及是否合并糖尿病与ICP围产儿发生早产在统计学上没有关联性,而发病时间(以孕34w为分界点)、是否合并高血压以及ICP的分度与ICP围产儿发生早产在统计学上有关联性;发病时间孕34w、合并高血压以及重度ICP三者回归系数均为正数,且OR值大于1,这表明发病时间孕34w、合并高血压以及重度ICP是ICP围产儿发生早产的高危因素。结论妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症致围产儿早产的高危因素为发病时间孕34w、合并高血压以及重度ICP,临床上若发现有此指证,应引起重视。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.