16例AIDS病人治疗前后CD_4~+T淋巴细胞绝对计数及病毒载量结果分析

目的 评价高效抗逆转录病毒疗法(HAART)对新疆艾滋病(AIDS)病人的疗效.方法 对16例用HAART治疗5-24个月的AIDS病人,通过观察其临床症状改善情况,检测病毒载量、CD4 T淋巴细胞绝对计数,对现行治疗进行初步评估.结果 16例患者在HAART治疗5-24个月后,临床症状明显改善,14例患者病毒复制得到有效抑制,病毒载量在检测线以下,CD4 T淋巴细胞绝对计数均值平均升高(188.5±60.9)个/mm3.结论 HAART治疗对新疆HIV感染者/AIDS病人疗效显著,能降低机会性感染,提高生存质量,并在一定程度上维护免疫功能.     

HAART治疗20例艾滋病患者疗效评估

目的评价高效抗逆转录病毒疗法(Highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART)对我国艾滋病(AIDS)患者的疗效。方法对20例接受免费HAART治疗1~2年(平均18个月)的HIV-1感染的晚期患者进行横断面调查,检测HIV-RNA病毒载量、CD4 T淋巴细胞绝对计数、HIV特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)应答、常规生化检验和临床指标观察。结果所有观察对象在HAART治疗1~2年(平均18个月)后,临床症状明显改善:大部分患者病毒复制得到有效抑制,80%患者血浆中HIV-RNA载量在检测水平以下,CD4 T淋巴细胞绝对计数平均356.9±155.7/mm3,其中8例(40%)大于400/mm3;CTL应答频率和效应在每个蛋白区都有应答,对Nef蛋白应答较为突出。结论HAART治疗对我国HIV/AIDS患者疗效显著,能提高HIV-1感染者的生活质量,降低机会性感染,并使部分免疫功能重建,具有较高的安全性和耐受性。     

高效抗逆转录病毒疗法对艾滋病合并HCV感染儿童肝功能与病毒载量的影响

目的观察艾滋病合并HCV感染患儿高效抗逆转录病毒疗法（HAART）治疗后肝功能、病毒载量、CD4^＋T细胞变化特点,探讨艾滋病患儿合并HCV感染对HAART治疗效果的影响。方法选择艾滋病患儿合并HCV感染者19例为研究组,单纯艾滋病患儿64例为对照组,患儿均接受HAART治疗,采用酶法检测治疗前、后两组肝功能,采用PCR法检测病毒载量,采用流式细胞术检测CD4^＋T细胞,并进行比较。结果研究组治疗后,ALT、CD4^＋T细胞均显著升高,HIV-RNA降低（P均〈0.01）。对照组治疗后,ALT、TBIL、CD4^＋T细胞均显著升高,HIV-RNA降低（P均〈0.01）。研究组治疗后ALT高于对照组（P〈0.05）。HAART治疗后,研究组2级以上肝毒性发生率明显高于对照组（χ^2=7.07,P〈0.01）。结论 HAART增加了艾滋病患儿合并HCV感染者肝毒性的发生率,但合并HCV感染对HAART治疗效果的影响较小。     

HIV/AIDS病人治疗过程中免疫重建综合征的初步观察

目的 探讨艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人经高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)后,最初3个月的免疫重建综合征问题. 方法 对收治的HIV/AIDS病人,在抗病毒治疗的前3个月内的临床症状、CD 4 T淋巴细胞计数及病毒载量进行描述. 结果 27例接受HAART的HIV/AIDS病人中,治疗的前3个月CD 4 T淋巴细胞均上升,病毒载量下降有的甚至检测不到,出现免疫重建综合征12例;并发肺炎6例(细菌性4例、霉菌性2例),卡氏肺囊虫肺炎(PCP)3例,巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染1例,结核6例(颈部淋巴结结核3例,肠结核1例,结核性胸膜炎1例,血行播散型结核并脑膜炎1例),带状疱疹1例. 结论 HAART可使免疫重建,包括CD 4 T淋巴细胞功能上升、病毒载量下降和其他的治疗益处,同时也会激活一些接受抗病毒治疗HIV/AIDS病人的炎症反应.     

我国HIV感染者HAART治疗后IPC水平变化的研究

目的探索我国艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者外周血I型干扰素产生细胞(IPC)水平及高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)对IPC水平的影响。方法采用以BDCA2、BDCA4及CD4作为IPC特征性表面标志组合的全血染色法,对HIV阴性正常人、未接受HAART治疗的HIV感染者、接受3个月以上HAART治疗的HIV感染者的外周血样品IPC水平进行测定,使用SPSS 11.5 for Windows进行数据分析,比较两组间的差异使用Mann-Whitney Test检验。结果HIV感染者外周血中IPC水平明显低于正常人群;病毒载量(VL)低于检测下限(LDL)的感染者其IPC/CD4水平明显高于病毒载量大于LDL的感染人群;有效的HAART治疗后IPC及CD4的数量增加。结论IPC细胞在HIV感染中明显受损,有效的HAART治疗可以部分恢复IPC水平。     

HAART对AIDS患者中短期效果的Meta分析

目的综合评价国内接受高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)的艾滋病(AIDS)病人的CD4+T细胞数量、病毒载量的中短期变化规律。方法全面检索相关文献,并按照事先定义的纳入和排除标准剔除不符合要求的文献,对纳入文献采用Meta分析方法进行综合定量分析。结果 AIDS病人HAART后3、6、12、18、24个月,CD4+T细胞数量平均分别增加了112.186个/μL、6.917个/μL、32.081个/μL、36.654个/μL、41.431个/μL;病毒载量平均log下降了2.475拷贝/mL、0.893拷贝/mL、0.140拷贝/mL。结论接受HAART的AIDS病人,中短期能够取得良好的治疗效果。     

以克力芝为基础的HAART对经治HIV/AIDS病人的疗效和安全性研究

目的评估以克力芝(LPV/r)为基础的高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)方案治疗中,经治艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)的疗效及安全性。方法对曾接受包含非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂(NNRTIs)HAART的90例HIV/AIDS病人,给予2个核苷类似物(NRTIs)加克力芝进行治疗,前瞻性队列研究随访18个月,观察与基线相比实验室生化指标、CD+4T淋巴细胞(简称CD4细胞)计数与HIV病毒载量变化。结果 90例HIV/AIDS病人中,67例做了病毒载量检测,HIV基线病毒载量低于检测下限的病人比例为23.9%,改用克力芝治疗18个月后,病毒载量低于检测下限的病人比例为83.3%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。基线CD4细胞计数中位数为254个/mm3,随访结束时CD4细胞计数中位数达到421个/mm3,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);基线CD4细胞计数≤200个/mm3组病人较200个/mm3组病人增加显著(P0.05)。10%(9/90)的病人报告了28项不良反应,但大多数与研究药物无关。结论以克力芝为基础的HAART是中国经治HIV/AIDS病人安全有效的抗病毒治疗选择。     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者混合感染丙型和乙型肝炎病毒后对高效抗逆转录病毒治疗疗效的影响

目的 观察HIV感染者合并HCV和HBV感染后对高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)疗效的影响.方法 对某地区HIV、HCV共感染患者166例(HIV+HCV组),HIV、HCV和HBV混合感染患者23例(H1V+HCV+HBV组)及单纯HIV感染者178例,给予1年的HAART治疗,观察3组患者病毒学反应、免疫学反应和肝功能动态变化.以流式细胞仪检测外周血CD4+T淋巴细胞;实时PCR定量检测HCV、HIV和HBV病毒载量.结果 单纯HIV感染组、HIV+HCV+HBV组和HIV+HCV组经HAART 1年后,HIV病毒载量分别由治疗前(6.78±1.08)、(6.23±1.34)、(6.54±1.23)lg拷贝/ml下降至(0.53±0.15)、(0.67±0.16)、(0.43±0.11)lg拷贝/ml(P值均＜0.001).CD4+T淋巴细胞计数分别由治疗前的(197±127)、(184±113)、(213±143)个/μl上升至(382±74)、(383±70)、(378±76)个/μl(P值均＜0.001).3组之间各时间点CD4+T淋巴细胞、HIV病毒载量差异无统计学意义.3组患者ALT、AST、总胆红素治疗前后无显著变化,相同时间点组间比较差异无统计学意义.HAART前后,HCV病毒载量差异无统计学意义.结论 HIV感染者混合感染HBV和(或)HCV,不影响HAART的疗效;HAART对HCV复制无抑制作用.     

HIV/AIDS病人高效抗逆转录病毒治疗效果的临床评价

目的 评价目前高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)方案的疗效. 方法 应用国家免费提供的抗病毒治疗药品,对符合治疗条件的艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人进行规范的抗病毒治疗,并检测病人的病毒载量及CD 4T淋巴细胞. 结果 对接受HAART 12个月后的98例病人测定病毒载量,平均病毒载量为(2.03±0.17)log10拷贝/ml,其中53人(58.24%)治疗24个月后血浆中检测不到HIV.98例病人的CD 4T淋巴细胞均不同程度升高,平均增高(197.27±51.71)个/μl(19～506个/μl);治疗2年以上者CD 4T淋巴细胞平均升高(235.92±77.45)个/μl.病人机会性感染得到明显控制,能从事中重度体力劳动的比例,由治疗前的15.31%上升到治疗后的32.65%. 结论 抗病毒治疗效果显著,HIV/AIDS病人生活质量得到明显改善.符合治疗条件的病人应及早进行规范的抗病毒治疗.     

益艾康胶囊治疗HIV/AIDS病人60个月CD_4~+T细胞计数和病毒载量临床观察

目的观察益艾康胶囊对艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人(简称HIV/AIDS病人)CD4+T细胞计数和病毒载量的影响。方法选择1349例HIV/AIDS病人,分为益艾康组口服中成药益艾康胶囊,益艾康+HAART组给予HAART治疗,6个月检测1次CD4+T细胞,1年检测1次病毒载量,连续观察60个月,并对两组进行比较。结果益艾康组434例,口服中成药益艾康胶囊每次5粒,每日3次;益艾康+HAART组治疗915例。治疗60个月后,CD4+T细胞计数两组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。以CD4+T计数升降50个/μl为评定值,益艾康组上升者占28.70%;稳定者占17.10%;益艾康+HAART组上升者占46.80%;稳定者占20.50%,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.00)。118例病毒载量下降程度与疗前相比,两组差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。益艾康组病毒载量下降率为64.10%,下降和稳定共计85.89%;益艾康+HAART组下降率为57.50%,下降和稳定共计90.00%,两组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论益艾康胶囊具有提高病人细胞免疫功能或使之保持稳定,并降低或稳定病人病毒载量的作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.