慢性化脓性中耳炎的治疗

目的 探讨对反复流脓、鼓膜紧张部穿孔、中鼓室无肉芽或息肉的慢性化脓性中耳炎的原因及治疗体会.方法 32例(34耳)鼓膜紧张部穿孔、中鼓室无肉芽或息肉的慢性化脓性中耳炎,经正规保守治疗后仍反复流脓,颞骨高分辨螺旋CT显示鼓窦、听骨链周围有高密度影但中耳骨质无破坏,通过"完桥式"乳突根治术,同期或择期行鼓膜修补术给予治疗.结果术中可见26耳鼓窦、上鼓室及听骨链周围有大量肉芽组织;8耳乳突腔、鼓窦内为较黏稠的渗出液,鼓窦人口及听骨链周围有肉芽组织.所有病例中耳骨质无破坏.手术清除肉芽组织和渗液,其中16耳同期行鼓膜修补术,15耳择期行鼓膜修补术,术后全部干耳,31耳听力提高.结论反复流脓的慢性化脓性中耳炎经正规保守治疗3～6个月仍反复流脓者,应行颞骨CT检查,考虑鼓窦、听骨链周围有顽固性肉芽组织者,尽管中耳骨质无破坏也应尽早手术治疗,建议行"完桥式"乳突根治术加鼓膜修补术.     

慢性化脓性中耳炎患者术前颞骨CT检查对术式选择的意义

目的 探讨慢性化脓性中耳炎患者术前颞骨CT检查在术式选择中的作用.方法 101例慢性化脓性中耳炎患者术前行颞骨HRCT检查,结合听力学及耳内镜检查情况选择不同手术方式,并将术中所见(包括乳突、鼓窦、上鼓室以及听骨链及鼓室粘膜状态)与术前颞骨CT扫描结果比较.结果 101例患者中,39例术前CT显示乳突鼓窦未见密度增高影,均行鼓室成形术,其中术前CT显示听骨病变1例,而术中发现听骨链病变8例,二者符合率为12.5%(1/8);62例术前CT显示鼓窦、乳突腔有低密度影充填,但乳窦气房存在,无骨质吸收及破坏,鼓窦入口无扩大45例,行鼓室成形术,其中4例显示听骨链有病变,28例显示鼓室粘膜增厚,均行鼓室成形术,而术中发现听骨病变15例,鼓室黏膜病变19例,两种病变的术前CT与术中所见的符合率分别为26.67%(4/15)和67.86%(19/28);其余17例术前CT显示鼓室、鼓窦入口、乳突有低密度影充填,且乳窦气房骨质吸收和破坏,鼓室人口扩大,均行乳突根治+鼓室成形术,术前CT与术中所见一致,均可见听骨链及乳突、鼓窦病变.所有患者术后三个月的干耳率为93.07%(94/101),言语频率平均气导听力提高15～18 dB.结论 慢性化脓性中耳炎患者术前颞骨CT检查对听骨链、鼓室粘膜病变的评估的准确性有限,部分患者需要行颞骨高分辨率CT三维重建检查,不能仅凭CT决定术式,应结合听力学检查决定手术方式.     

中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的诊断与手术治疗

目的探讨中耳胆固醇肉芽肿的诊断与手术治疗方法。方法分析14例（15耳）经手术并病理证实的中耳胆固醇肉芽肿患者的病例资料。其中,行完壁式乳突根治加鼓室探查加中耳置管术6耳;完壁式乳突根治加听骨链重建6耳;改良乳突根治加鼓室成形3耳。结果1耳改良乳突根治加鼓室成形术后仍间断溢液;1耳中耳置管术后2周通气管脱落,中耳积液复发,需通气管重新置入半年病情缓解后取出。所有病例术后随访0．5～3年,14耳术后语频听力提高15dBHL以上,1耳术后听力无改变。结论中耳胆固醇肉芽肿应及早手术治疗。根据病变的程度、部位及范围,采取不同的手术方法。原则是彻底清除病变,建立咽鼓管、鼓室、鼓窦、乳突的通气系统。     

慢性化脓性中耳炎及中耳胆脂瘤术前颞骨CT及耳内镜评估的意义

目的 探讨颞骨CT及耳内镜对慢性化脓性中耳炎静止期及中耳胆脂瘤术前评估的重要性。方法 回顾性分析慢性化脓性中耳炎静止期及中耳胆脂瘤患者42耳病历资料,从CT、耳内镜及术中发现进行分析。结果 ①根据CT结合术中所见,慢性化脓性中耳炎静止期CT分型分为单纯型、硬化灶型、肉芽型、硬化灶肉芽型。胆脂瘤型CT主要表现为听骨链消失或锤砧关节消失,乳突大部分呈硬化型,少部分为板障型,上鼓室鼓窦扩大,上鼓室、中鼓室甚至后鼓室乳突腔为软组织影占据,部分病例外半规管骨质破坏、面神经管水平段骨质破坏,部分病例外耳道后壁骨质破坏;单纯型CT示中耳鼓室乳突呈不完全气化型;硬化灶型CT示中耳鼓室乳突呈硬化型,病变局限于中鼓室,锤骨柄及镫骨周围有“类似骨质影”包裹;肉芽型、硬化灶肉芽型CT相似,示病变累及鼓室及乳突,听骨链基本完整,面神经管水平段骨质完整,但硬化灶型与肉芽型区别之处在于前者鼓室内听骨链周围有“类骨质”样散在高密度影。②耳内镜所见慢性化脓性中耳炎静止期鼓膜紧张部穿孔,鼓膜可有钙化斑;中耳胆脂瘤型则有上鼓室内陷或穿孔、后上象限穿孔、大穿孔、外耳道顶壁或后上壁下塌。结论 慢性化脓性中耳炎静止期及中耳胆脂瘤的术前CT及耳内镜评估,对病变性质、范围、程度及指导手术起重要作用。     

小儿渗出性中耳炎病变与咽鼓管通气疗法的局限性

Sade认为渗出性中耳炎系中耳换气障碍引起,Gottsbalk报告大部分渗出性中耳炎可藉咽鼓管通气治愈。作者以往研究则表明渗出性中耳炎病变开始于上鼓室、渐累及鼓窦、乳突气房。含气腔为炎性渗出物闭塞。一部分渗出物虽可自咽鼓管排出,但大部分仍贮留含气腔中,导致中耳负压形成。为进一步证实,作者测定急、慢性渗出性中耳炎249耳的鼓室压曲线,患儿年龄4岁至11岁。结果157耳为B型,92耳为C型。再用咽鼓管导管通气,B型157耳中通气后鼓膜膨隆者137耳,鼓膜无变化者20耳。通气后立即再     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎合并胆固醇肉芽肿

目的探讨合并胆脂瘤型中耳炎的胆固醇肉芽肿发病原因。方法回顾分析12例合并胆脂瘤型中耳炎的胆固醇肉芽肿患者的影像检查、手术探查及术后随访等临床资料。结果12耳颞骨CT均显示上鼓室、鼓窦、乳突蜂房内软组织影,听小骨周围软组织影,听骨链残缺或显示不清;12耳手术探查可见鼓窦入口均被袋状胆脂瘤完全阻塞,但咽鼓管均通畅;随访2～3年,临床观察无胆脂瘤或胆固醇肉芽肿复发。结论胆脂瘤型中耳炎与胆固醇肉芽肿二者并存时,形成胆固醇肉芽肿的原因主要是机械性阻塞。乳突-鼓窦-鼓室含气系统内任何位置的阻塞都有可能造成其后的部位形成胆固醇肉芽肿,而不仅限于咽鼓管功能不良。对于这类患者,在保证咽鼓管通畅的前提下,行乳突根治术的同时可以考虑同期行鼓室成形术以重建听力。     

慢性中耳炎术后远期听力效果与耳组织变化严重程度的关系

本文分析了574例患者627耳慢性中耳炎根治术后远期听力效果。每年对术耳进行临床随访已5～14年。其听力效果与鼓室和乳突气房系统组织病理学变化有关,也和术中对鼓室粘膜和听骨链的处理有关。结果表明:中耳或乳突术中仅见轻度组织病理学改变者其术后气骨导间距的平均值显著地优于有严重的组织病变者(中耳为     

闭合式鼓室成形术

目的 探讨闭合式鼓室成形术的应用价值。方法 保留外耳道后壁，在外耳道后壁后方，经乳突筛区进入鼓窦，向后扩大乳突气房创口，然后从外耳道后壁的前上方，进入并扩大鼓窦人口角取出砧骨和槌骨，彻底清除中耳鼓室人口角，乳突腔及中鼓室病灶，重建听骨链和鼓膜。结果 在34耳中有32耳鼓膜获Ⅰ期愈合，2耳获次期愈合。听力提高总有效率达82．4％。经3～6年的追踪观察，有8例出现鼓室牯连，听力下降至术前水平，仍有58．8％的患者听力较术前提高。结论 此法对病灶仅局限于中耳、上鼓室或鼓窦的慢性中耳乳突炎是可取的。手术必须在显微镜下操作，才能彻底清除病灶。术中探通咽鼓管、术后暂时性保留乳突腔的引流口很重要。     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎形成的局部炎性浸润和刺激的病理机理研究

目的研究胆脂瘤型中耳炎形成的病理机理。方法对12例(12耳)人鼓膜内陷囊袋颞骨连续切片进行光镜组织病理学观察，重点对内陷囊袋的部位及其内侧面局部中耳腔炎性病变情况进行观察；对11例(11耳)人胆脂瘤型中耳炎进行颞骨连续切片组织病理学观察；对33耳胆脂瘤型中耳炎进行术中观察。结果12耳鼓膜内陷囊袋发生于鼓膜松弛部或(和)紧张部后上象限，囊袋内观察到不同程度的鳞状上皮增生、角化、脱落，其内侧面局部中耳腔有黏膜下炎性细胞浸润、炎性渗出液、粘连和肉芽组织等炎性病变，而其未内陷部分的鼓膜内侧面未见炎性病变。11例胆脂瘤型中耳炎的颞骨连续切片组织病理学和33例胆脂瘤型中耳炎术中观察都显示胆脂瘤全部侵占听骨链区，侵入前半中耳腔者分别为3耳和5耳，对听骨有不同程度的吸收破坏。结论中耳炎时，中耳听骨链区域局部炎性病变向内粘连鼓膜后上象限或松弛部形成内陷囊袋，并长期炎性浸润和刺激，囊袋内鳞状上皮过度增生、角化、脱落、堆积而导致胆脂瘤型中耳炎。     

钛质人工听骨的临床疗效观察

目的探讨对于听力损失明显的患者，用何种材料重建听骨链。方法应用钛听骨对10例10耳慢性化脓性中耳炎(单纯型及骨疡型)在鼓室探查清理后进行鼓室成型术，术中去除砧骨或其残体及锤骨头，用硬膜外麻醉管探通咽鼓管，镫骨完整者选用Porp型钛听骨，镫骨上部结构缺如仅余底板者选用Torp型钛听骨重建听骨链，修补鼓膜。结果术前患者纯音测听平均损失听力(语言频率的平均听阈)为42—57dB，平均48dB，气骨导差23—52dB，平均38dB；术后6个月听力全部提至应用水平，气骨导差15—25dB，平均18dB，钛听骨应用的成功不仅取决于人工听骨的正确安放，还取决于鼓室内病变的彻底清除，砧骨及锤骨头的去除，开放鼓峡及鼓窦人口，探通咽鼓管，改善中耳通气，促使乳突及鼓室内原有黏膜病变消退，气化良好，使人工鼓膜及听骨处于最佳活动状态，使听力明显提高。结论钛听骨的应用使听骨链的重建更加简便、稳固、有效，而且即使在中耳炎症期亦可于手术清理鼓室的同时重建听力，而不用等待干耳后再行鼓室重建术。     

中耳炎区域性病理差异现象的研究及临床意义

OBJECTIVE: To study the feature and difference of severity of pathological changes in different areas of the middle ear cleft with otitis media (OM) and its pathogenesis and clinical significance. METHODS: The temporal bone slides of 290 ears with OM with inflammatory effusion had been studied histopathologically under microscope. The histopathological change in different areas has been comparatively observed. 256 cases with various forms of chronic otitis media (COM) have been studied with high-resolution CT, and 189 cases with COM were observed during operation, stressing on the difference of pathogical changes in different areas. RESULTS: In the process of OM, the mucosa of the eustachian tube almost has no inflammatory pathological changes, and in hemi-anterior and infer-posterior mesotympanum area was much lightly and reversible pathological change. But the pathological changes in the ossicular chain area was much more serious than the other two areas, and was irreversible or intractable such as granulation tissue, cholesteatoma etc. CONCLUSIONS: Because of the historical and anatomical distinction difference between anterior and posterior area of the middle ear cleft and blockage of internal ventilation/draining system in process of OM, the stagnancy of inflammatory effusion and formation of granulation tissue in posterior area are the main cause leading to the phenomenon of regionally pathological difference in different areas of the middle ear clefts.     

中耳炎隐蔽性发病的病理因素探讨

为探讨中耳炎的隐蔽性发病的病理因素，用光镜对３０６耳各型中耳炎颞骨连续切片，进行病理学观察研究和临床资料复习。结果示，绝大多数中耳炎病变过程中缺少临床症状。     

The thickness and the pathological findings of the tympanic membranes in otitis media with effusion--a pathological study of the temporal bone

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation of the grade of the inflammation of the middle ear and the pathological findings of the tympanic membranes using human serial horizontal sections from 16 temporal bones with otitis media with effusion. As controls, we used 96 normal temporal bones. The results were as follows. 1) In cases with a lot of inflammation cells in the middle ear effusion, there were seen much pathological changes in the epidermal layer and the intermediate layer. 2) In the pars flaccida and the posterior point of the malleus handle were noted remarkable changes. 3) The greater part of the cells of the middle ear effusion was neutrophils.     

Eustachian tube function in patients with eosinophilic otitis media associated with bronchial asthma evaluated by sonotubometry

OBJECTIVE: To determine eustachian tube function in patients with asthma and with or without eosinophilic otitis media (EOM), a new middle ear disease entity with a highly viscous middle ear effusion containing many eosinophils and usually associated with bronchial asthma. One of the most important causes of otitis media (OM) is eustachian tube dysfunction. DESIGN: Retrospective case review. SETTING: A referral center. PATIENTS: Twenty patients with EOM and patients with asthma but without OM. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We studied eustachian tube function using sonotubometry and a questionnaire. Sonotubometry was also performed on 13 control patients with chronic otitis media (COM) and 7 normal controls. RESULTS: The tubal opening duration was significantly longer in patients with EOM than in patients with asthma but without OM, controls with COM, and normal controls, indicating the presence of patulous eustachian tubes in patients with EOM. Responses to the questionnaire also supported the presence of patulous eustachian tubes in the patients with EOM. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of a patulous eustachian tube may be a major cause of EOM in patients with bronchial asthma. In patients with asthma who have a helper T-cell 2-dominant predisposition, a patulous eustachian tube easily allows the entry of antigenic materials into the middle ear, causing eosinophil-dominant inflammation.     

A Model of Spontaneous Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion in Mice with ENU Induced Mutations

Background Chronic otitis media (COM) is a significant clinical problem. Understanding the mechanisms of COM is critical for its control and treatment. However, little is known of the processes leading to COM as a result of lack of animal models of N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) induced mutations in otitis media with effusion (OME). Methods Otoscopy and auditory brain response(ABR) evaluation were carried out under sedation in Nmf391 nmf/nmf mice of 2, 4, 6 and 8 months of age. The mice were killed for study of middle and inner ear pathology. Results Tympanic membrane visualization and ABR thresholds in 1- to 8-month-old Nmf391 nmf/nmf mice showed spontaneous OME and inner ear diseases in approximately 100% of the animals.The significant elevation of ABR thresholds suggested a sensorineural component in hearing loss in addition to the conductive loss. Middle and inner ear histology showed various degrees of outer hair cells loss and middle ear inflammation in all the mice, but no inflammation cells in the inner ear. The ABR threshold at 32 kHz was significantly elevated. Conclusions This study shows histopathologic changes in the Nmf391 nmf/nmf mouse model of COM with effusion that have not been reported in human COM. This ENU induced mutation model of COM will be valuable for the characterization of middle ear inflammation and inner ear disease processes that are induced by middle ear infections. We propose that COM with effusion in this ENU induced mutation model is the cause of the cochlea hair cells damage.     

Identification of MUC5B mucin gene in human middle ear with chronic otitis media

OBJECTIVES: To identify the mucin gene and its expressing cells in the middle ear mucosa with chronic otitis media (COM), and to study the correlation between infiltration of inflammatory cells in the submucosa and expression of the mucin gene in the mucosal epithelium with COM. STUDY DESIGN: Middle ear mucosal specimens removed from the inferior promontory area of 19 patients undergoing middle ear surgery for COM were studied. METHODS: Sections were stained with H&E, Alcian blue-periodic acid Schiff (AB-PAS), polyclonal MUC5B antibody, and specific MUC5B riboprobe for histological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and mucin mRNA analyses. RESULTS: H&E staining revealed pseudostratified epithelia in 18 of the middle ear specimens with COM and cuboidal secretory epithelia in one. AB-PAS staining of epithelia revealed abundant secretory cells and their products (glycoconjugates). In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry studies demonstrated that the secretory cells of the middle ear mucosa with COM expressed MUC5B mucin mRNA and its product MUC5B mucin. CONCLUSIONS: The MUC5B mucin gene and its product were identified in the middle ear secretory cells of patients with COM. Its expression was extensive in pseudostratified mucosal epithelia and related to infiltration of inflammatory cells in the submucosa of the middle ear cleft with COM, suggestive that inflammatory cell products are involved in the production of MUC5B.     

Bacterial quantification--a necessary complement for the comprehension of middle ear inflammations.

Quantification of bacteria in various types of middle ear effusion (MEE) obtained during current acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME) and chronic suppurative otitis media (COM) was performed. The bacteria were stained with acridine orange and their number per ml effusion evaluated under the fluorescence microscope according to a method described in detail elsewhere. During AOM, 53% of the MEE samples were culture-positive and contained 10(6)-10(8) bacteria per ml (median value 10(7) per ml). During OME, serous effusion and 78% of the mucoid effusions contained no bacteria whatsoever, whereas the remaining mucoid effusions contained 10(4)-5 x 10(5) bacteria per ml (median value 10(4) per ml). Mucopurulent effusions contained 6 x 10(5)-10(8) bacteria per ml (median value 5 x 10(6) per ml). During COM, purulent MEE had 6 x 10(6)-10(9) bacteria per ml (median value 10(8) per ml). Quantification of bacteria involved in middle ear diseases provides further information about the etiopathogenesis and appropriate management of various pathological conditions of the middle ear.     

First forty-eight hours of developing otitis media: an experimental study

The early inflammatory changes in the tympanic membrane were explored in 2 rat models. Acute otitis media was induced by instillation of Streptococcus pneumoniae type 3 into the middle ear cavity, and otitis media with effusion was induced by blockage of the eustachian tube. Otomicroscopic examination was performed before the rats were painlessly sacrificed at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, or 48 hours after initiation of the otitis media conditions. The tympanic membrane was studied by light and electron microscopy. Both acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion caused early inflammatory changes of the tympanic membrane, and the pars flaccida was the portion that reacted first. The inflammatory alterations were most pronounced in the acute otitis media model. The course of inflammation showed a bimodal pattern with an early deposition of a filamentous material with a band pattern, typical of fibrin. Despite a fluid-filled middle ear cavity, the inflammatory changes in the otitis media with effusion model were moderate, as was consistent with the clinical appearance of the tympanic membrane.     

Experimental otitis media with effusion induced by middle ear effusion.

Experimental otitis media with effusion was induced in chinchillas by middle ear effusion, which was induced by an injection of immune complex into the tympanic cavity. To elucidate the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion, cytologic and biochemical findings of the effusion and histopathology of the middle ear mucosa of effusion-induced chinchillas were compared with those of experimental otitis media with effusion induced by different procedures; eustachian tube obstruction, intratympanic inoculation of endotoxin, and immune reaction. No significant differences were seen in cytology, biochemistry, and histopathology among OMEs induced by these procedures. However, middle ear effusions, when compared with the corresponding sera, were proven to contain higher amounts of histamine and prostaglandin E2. These findings seem to demonstrate that middle ear effusion containing a large number of inflammatory mediators is essential for induction and prolongation of inflammatory reaction in the middle ear.