医学生个性特征对就业专业选择的影响

[目的]探讨在校医学生的个性特征对就业时临床专业方向选择的影响。[方法]采用现况研究设计,从某医学院不同院系中随机抽取2100名学生,以艾森克人格问卷测试其个性特征,让其选择出最想从事的专业,并获得其人口学资料,分析专业选择与个性特征的关系。[结果]内科、外科、妇产科、儿科、辅助诊断类（影像学专业、病理科、检验科）这五种专业,其E量表（内、外向性）得分的均分差异有统计学意义（11.34±3.70,12.31±3.41,12.26±3.56,11.88±3.34,10.93±3.33,F=4.77,P〈0.05）,对这五种专业的E量表得分进行两两比较,有差异的两专业及其得分对比情况为内科〈外科、内科〈妇产科、辅助诊断〈外科、辅助诊断〈妇产科、辅助诊断〈儿科,并可得到辅助诊断〈内科〈儿科〈妇产科〈外科。男、女间E量表均分差异有统计学意义（12.30±3.63,11.56±3.39,F=6.67,P〈0.05）、P量表（精神质）均分差异亦有统计学意义（6.79±3.56,4.95±2.79,F=67.20,P〈0.05）。[结论]根据在校医学生的个性特征可以预测其将来就业时的专业选择,学校和医院根据医学生的个性特征加强就业指导,可以缓解医学生的就业压力。     

职业性铅接触对作业人群的增龄效应

[目的]以职业性铅接触人群为研究对象，选用与年龄有关并可反映机体功能状态的生理、心理指标，同时应用工作能力指数（WAI）测定研究对象的工作能力，分析职业性铅接触对作业人群的增龄效应。[方法]以蓄电池制造企业铅接触工人为接触组，以同一企业非铅接触工人为对照组，应用工作能力指数调查表确定研究对象的WAI，使用生理功能测试仪器、CD-1型老化度仪、心理及临床老化征象调查表测试生理和心理功能并确定其生理年龄（PhA）和心理年龄（PsA），以观察职业性铅接触的增龄作用。根据工作能力、生理年龄、心理年龄提出衰老指数模型并结合血铅浓度测定结果进行验证。[结果]随着工人血铅水平的升高，WAI评分减少，接触组中WAI等级为“优”者血铅值相对较低，等级为“差”者血铅值相对较高（P=0．010），表明铅接触在一定程度上影响了工人的工作能力。接触组与对照组比较，握力、动作稳定度、敲击试验、心理老化测试结果差别均有统计学意义；配对t检验表明，〉40岁铅接触组作业工人的生理年龄和心理年龄均高于其日历年龄（CA），分别增高0．51岁和3．92岁（P〈0．05和P〈0．01）。建立衰老指数模型：衰老指数（AEI）=[（49／WAI）X1＋（PhA／CA）X2＋（PsA／CA）X3]·100，（X1、X2、X3分别是根据体力劳动、脑力劳动及体力与脑力混合比例来确定的权重系数）。〉40岁年龄段工人的年龄与衰老指数之间存在正相关关系（，=0．309，F=6．349，P=0．014）。接触组血铅值和衰老指数之间存在正相关关系（r=0．438，F=17．75，P=0．000）。按照衰老指数模型得出铅接触工人的衰老指数平均为1．13±0．074。[结论]长期铅接触作业可降低职业人群的工作能力，降低握力、动作稳定度、神经肌肉协调性，增加心理老化，〉40岁铅接触组作业工?     

镉对大鼠体内钙贮留的影响

为探讨镉对机体钙贮留的影响以及两者之间存在的关系,本实验采用大白鼠进行亚慢性镉毒性试验。研究结果表明:体内镉负荷、尿镉排出量与钙贮留量之间存在着负相关关系。     

Impact of support initiatives on retaining rural general practitioners

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of the Dr DOC program, a rural doctor workforce support program, which consists of social and psychological support and practical interventions, on the well-being and retention of rural GPs. DESIGN: Rural GPs were assessed on different aspects of well-being and their intentions to leave rural general practice, and these were compared with similar data collected two years prior. SETTING: Rural general practices in South Australia. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and twenty-one rural GPs (55% of South Australian rural GP workforce). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: GPs completed a questionnaire assessing their levels of support, intention to leave rural practice, use of the dr doc program, and psychological health. RESULTS: Improvements were found in the support networks and in the physical and emotional health of rural GPs from time 1 to time 2. There was also a reduction in the number of GPs wanting to leave rural general practice in the short to medium term (from 30% to 25%). CONCLUSIONS: The initial study in this series suggested that improving psychological well-being might influence rural GPs' intentions to leave rural practice. The current study confirms these suggestions by demonstrating that programs targeted at psychological and physical well-being do indeed impact on rural GPs' intentions to leave. The results of this study highlight the role of psychological well-being in retaining rural GPs and emphasise the value of developing psychologically based programs to not only boost the physical and mental health of GPs, but also to reduce departure from rural areas.     

铁强化剂降低血铅的作用

目的 研究铁拮抗铅毒性的作用并比较几种铁强化剂的驱铅效果.方法 将56只Wistar大鼠随机分为空白对照组、模型对照组、阳性药物组、硫酸亚铁组(FeSO₄)、乳酸亚铁组(C₆H₁₀FeO₆)和高、低乙二胺四乙酸铁钠(NaFeEDTA)共7组,对除空白对照组外的各组大鼠进行染铅.4周后,在继续染铅的同时,除前两组外,其余5组分别给予二巯基丁二酸(DMSA)、FeSO₄、C₆H₁₀FeO₆和高、低浓度的NaFeEDTA溶液.8周后实验结束,进行血铅的测定.结果 高、低浓度NaFeEDTA组的血铅水平显着低于模型对照组,而且高浓度NaFeEDTA组的相对血铅下降量显着大于硫酸亚铁组和乳酸亚铁组.结论 铁具有拮抗铅毒性的作用,而且NaFeEDTA对于降低大鼠血铅的作用优于硫酸亚铁和乳酸亚铁.     

珍珠提取物对铅暴露低龄大鼠及胎鼠组织铅负荷的影响

给低龄大鼠及孕鼠经饮水铅染毒(50mgPb^#/L),观察珍珠提取物的抗铅效果.结果表明,珍珠提取物能有效地阻止高水平铅暴露时低龄大鼠及胎鼠组织铅负荷升高.     

牛磺酸对大鼠染铅所致贫血的疗效

[目的 ]探讨牛磺酸 (Tau)对大鼠染铅所致贫血的治疗作用。 [方法 ] 40只Wistar大鼠随机均分为 5组 :①空白对照组 ;②染铅组 :醋酸铅 40mg/(kg·d)连续灌胃 4周 ;③Tau治疗 1、2、3组 :与染铅组相同处理 4周后分别以 10 0、40 0、80 0mg/(kg·d)Tau灌胃 4周。实验第 8周末测定各组大鼠血红蛋白 (Hb)含量及红细胞 (RBC)数 ,并处死动物 ,颈动脉取血 ,测定血铅和血清丙二醛 (MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)水平。 [结果 ]①Tau 10 0mg/kg组和Tau 40 0mg/kg组大鼠Hb分别为 ( 13 1.98± 6.83 )g/L和 ( 13 6.2 5± 5 .97)g/L ,与染铅组大鼠Hb( 118.74± 5 .3 5 )g/L相比明显升高 ,差异有显著性(P <0 .0 1)。②Tau 10 0mg/kg、Tau 40 0mg/kg组大鼠RBC分别为 ( 4 .71± 0 .40 )× 10 12 /L和 ( 4 .89± 0 .44 )× 10 12 /L ,与染铅组大鼠RBC( 3 .5 3± 0 .19)× 10 12 /L相比明显升高 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1)。③Tau 10 0mg/kg、Tau 40 0mg/kg组大鼠血铅水平分别为 ( 2 .47± 0 .2 8) μmol/L、( 2 .3 4± 0 .48) μmol/L ,与染铅组大鼠血铅 ( 3 .5 4± 0 .75 ) μmol/L相比明显降低 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。④Tau 10 0mg/kg和 40 0mg/kg组大鼠血清MDA含量分别为 ( 4 .96± 0 .5 5 )nmol/ml和 ( 4 .45     

Assessing psychological distress in cancer patients: The use of distress thermometer in an outpatient cancer/hematology treatment center

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of the distress thermometer (DT) and the accompanying problem checklist (PC) as a screening tool for psychological distress and the sources of those distress at an outpatient cancer treatment center in Central California. Forty-three patients completed the DT and the PC. Based on a recommended DT cutoff score of 4, patients were classified as “distressed” (>4) and “not-distressed” (<4).

Respondents ranged in age from 34 to 87 years (mean = 60.44, SD = 12.05), the majority of whom were female (55.8%). The most common types of cancer diagnosis were breast cancer, followed by blood abnormality (i.e., blood disorders), lung, and bladder cancer. Based on the recommended DT cutoff score, 51% of patients were identified as significantly distressed. Results showed significant difference on DT score between the distressed and not-distressed groups, t(41) = ?4.25, p < .001. The most commonly reported sources of distress were in the practical, emotional, and physical domains of the PC list.

Routine distress screening can significantly help improve identification of distress and the sources of the distress in cancer patients and enable healthcare professionals to facilitate appropriate psychosocial support and referrals. Implications for practice and research are discussed.     

金属硫蛋白对大鼠体内铅促排作用的研究

为了观察金属硫蛋白对铅换妥毒作用，选用ＳＤ大鼠５０只，随机分为５组，每组１０只。其中一组为阳性对照，其余４组饮用含 ５％醋酸换的铅水。同时每天以不同浓度的ＭＴ饮品灌胃，连续观察５０天，结果表明饮用一定浓度的ＭＴ饮品的铅中毒大鼠血清ＳＨ值较未中毒时差异无显著性。服ＭＴ饮品组铅排泄量高于未服ＭＴ饮品组，而脑，肝，肾，股骨铅含量低于未服ＭＴ饮品组，说明ＭＴ饮品可促进体内铅的排泄降低体内的蓄积。     

染铅大鼠子代脑铅含量及对神经行为功能的影响

为探讨染铅大鼠子代脑铅含量及对神经行为功能的影响, 将Ｗｉｓｔａｒ 大鼠６０ 只随机分成高、中、低剂量和对照组, 进行醋酸铅饮水染毒实验。结果显示： 染毒各组大鼠子代脑铅含量均高于对照组, 呈随染毒剂量增加而增高的趋势。悬崖回避试验阳性率较对照组低且有显著差异（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） ; 学习、记忆功能染毒各组均比对照组时间明显延长（ Ｐ＜ ０－０１） 。提示： 铅通过母体对子代造成脑铅的蓄积, 导致早期行为发育和学习记忆功能的损害。     

The effects of paid and unpaid work on nurses' well-being: the importance of gender

Abstract A handful of studies have started to explore the effects on health of both paid and unpaid work among women and men. This paper reports on a survey of a proportional random sample of 2285 women and men nurses from three regions of Ontario. We examine the effects of paid and unpaid work on their well-being. The data were analysed for the full sample and then multiple regression analyses were run separately for men and women. In our discussion we emphasise several points: unless such data are analysed in terms of gender, as well as controlling for sex, marked differences between the experiences of men and women may be neglected; that in understanding health, it is important to take into account the influence of both paid and unpaid work; and that certain features of paid and unpaid work are often associated with well-being - control over work, the degree of challenge that work presents, recognition, satisfaction with work, social support, number of children and the level of overall stress experienced. Workload issues are also associated with women's well-being.     

The Role of Meaning in the Prediction of Psychosocial Well-being of Testicular Cancer Survivors

Summary Stressful life events, such as cancer, may threaten the belief that life is meaningful and this may have a negative effect on well-being. This study aimed at: (1) examining meaning in testicular cancer survivors (TCSs); (2) changes in outlook on life after testicular cancer (TC); (3) the contribution of meaning in the prediction of psychosocial well-being and cancer-related distress. A total of 354 TCSs completed relevant questionnaires. Results showed that: (1) TCSs experience their lives as meaningful; (2) most TCSs (60%) report a more positive outlook on life since TC; (3) meaning is the most important predictor for psychosocial well-being, but its relationship with cancer-related distress is weak. These results indicate that the cancer experience did not (permanently) disrupt the sense of meaning in TCSs. Furthermore, results confirm the idea that a sense of meaning has a positive effect on psychosocial well-being. Meaning appeared to have little effect on cancer-related distress. However, previous research has shown that this relationship may be too complex to unravel with a cross-sectional design. Therefore, it is suggested to further investigate the underlying interacting mechanisms between meaning and cancer-related distress. Presented orally during the 7th world congress of psycho-oncology, August 25–28th, 2004, Kopenhagen, Denmark.     

双亲个性及孕母的心理行为方式对婴儿气质影响的研究

【目的】探讨双亲个性及孕母的心理行为方式对婴儿气质的影响，有助于早期采取干预措施，促进婴儿身心健康。【方法】随机选取符合条件的133对夫妇及其婴儿作为研究对象，应用自制的相关因素问卷、艾森克个性问卷及4～8月婴儿气质问卷进行调查。【结果】孕期工作环境、工作的紧张性、家庭经济条件、精神创伤、母亲的P维度分、母亲的N维度分对婴儿的气质类型有影响。母亲的N维度分对婴儿的气质维度影响较大。【结论】家长应做好孕期保健，调节自己的情绪，培养良好的个性，促进婴儿心理的发育。     

醋酸铅对原代培养大鼠皮层神经元的毒性效应

目的探讨醋酸铅对体外培养大鼠皮层神经元的毒性效应。方法用不同浓度的醋酸铅(50、100和200μg/ml)染毒后,原代培养乳大鼠皮层神经元,通过中性红染色和PI-Hoechst 33342双染色法观察醋酸铅作用6、12、24和48h对细胞存活的影响;结果PI-Hoechst 33342双染色结果表明,各组醋酸铅染毒12h后,部分细胞出现核固缩,随着醋酸铅浓度的增加和培养时间的延长,出现核固缩细胞增多,呈红色荧光细胞比例增加,凋亡细胞增加。对照组细胞凋亡比例明显低与中浓度和高浓度醋酸铅组P0.05)。中性红染色结果表明,不同浓度醋酸铅作用皮层神经元不同时间后各染铅组细胞活性随时间的延长而降低,但除高醋酸铅染毒组在24和48h较6h差异有统计学意义(P0.05)外,其余差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。各染铅组细胞活性随染铅剂量的增加而降低,尤其是高铅组与对照组及低铅组相比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论低、中、高浓度醋酸铅(50、100、200μg/ml)作用皮层神经元12h后细胞存活都明显低于正常对照组,并呈剂量和时间依赖关系。     

乌鲁木齐中小学教师心理健康及工作能力调查

目的通过对中小学教师心理健康与工作能力的调查,分析中小学教师工作能力的影响因素。方法采用整群抽样方法,对新疆乌鲁木齐市1 500名中小学教师进行症状自评量表(SCL-90)问卷、情感问卷和综合性工作能力指数(CWAI)量表调查。结果(1)汉族和回族教师的心理健康状况差于其他民族;教龄短教师好于教龄长教师;高学历教师的心理健康状况和心理满意度均好于低学历教师。(2)男教师的工作能力指数高于女教师;不同民族教师的工作能力指数不同;教龄长教师的工作能力指数高于教龄短教师;高学历教师的工作能力指数高于低学历教师。(3)工作能力指数与SCL-90总分呈负相关,与心理满意度呈正相关。(4)影响教师工作能力的主要因素是性别、教龄、心理健康状态、心理满意度。结论不同民族、教龄、学历的教师心理健康状态有差异;不同性别、民族、教龄、学历的教师工作能力有差异。心理健康状态是影响教师工作能力的主要因素。     

预防性排铅大鼠模型染毒剂量及其与血铅、尿铅时间效应关系

目的 研究不同剂量下染铅大鼠血铅、尿铅的时间变化效应，探讨通过腹腔注射染毒复制预防性排铅大鼠模型的适宜剂量。方法选用Wistar大鼠32只，随机分成4组：阴性对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组，分别给予腹腔注射乙酸铅溶液0．3ml／100g（剂量分别为每毫升溶液中含Pb^2＋0、11、546、1092μg），隔天注射1次，共7次。观察大鼠的中毒症状，每周末称体重，在染铅期间和停止染铅后定期检测大鼠血铅和尿铅含量。结果染铅1周后，3个剂量组血铅含量明显升高，中、高剂量组尿铅排出量迅速增加并达到高峰；停止染铅后，低剂量组血铅迅速降低，而中、高剂量组血铅仍处于较高的水中并持续到实验结束，尿铅排出量逐渐下降，到停铅5周时降到对照组的水平。结论过高剂量染铅使铅在体内蓄积，尿铅排出持续时间长，影响排铅制剂的排铅效果观察。建议以每毫升含546μgPb^2＋为染毒适宜剂量。     

护士心理紧张状况及其影响因素评价

目的探讨护士心理紧张状况及其影响因素。方法采用职业紧张量表(OSI-R)与卡特尔16种人格因素量表(16PF)对743名护士进行调查。结果 (1)与成渝两地技术人员常模比较,护理人员的心理紧张反应得分(26.65±6.63)明显高于常模值(22.98±6.61)(P<0.01);(2)工作环境、任务不适、任务冲突、责任感、紧张性人格特质以及医院等级等与护士的心理紧张反应呈正相关(P<0.05),社会支持、理性处事、稳定性人格特质与护士心理紧张反应呈负相关(P<0.05)。结论护士的心理紧张反应高于其他技术人员,与其工作环境、任务不适、任务冲突、责任感及护士的人格特征、社会支持、理性处事有关。