Inhaled Cigarette Smoke and Treadmill-Exercised Dogs

Seven dogs received daily treadmill exercise and a daily period of chamber exposure to cigarette smoke for approximately one year. Enlargement of the right and left ventricle was demonstrated by ECG measurements. Post-exercise lactate showed a gradual increase following exposure to smoke. Depression of activity of the enzymes, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, lactic dehydrogenase, and creatine phosphokinase, was observed in serum. Of the hematologic variables measured there was an increase in monocyte numbers and a decrease in red blood cell, white blood cell, lymphocyte, and segmented neutrophil numbers. Histopathologic examination showed waryíng degrees of terminal bronchiolar epithelial hyperplasia with extension in one dog into adjacent alveoli to produce adenomatous structures. Also, slight thickening of the coronary arteriole walls occurred in five of the seven dogs.     

Cigarette Smoke and Pulmonary Emphysema

This is the second reported attempt to demonstrate that cigarette smoke can induce pulmonary emphysema in rats. The negative results have been scrutinized to determine the significance of the changes in airway resistance and content of biogenic amines during exposure to cigarette smoke. These changes in the lung are not important in determining the appearance or disappearance of pulmonary emphysema in rats. In the same animal species, tracheal ligation and endotracheal injection of papain produce pulmonary emphysema.     

Reaction of Macrophages to Cigarette Smoke. I. Recruitment of Pulmonary Macrophages

Recruitment of pulmonary macrophages was studied in adult male mice which had been exposed 42 to 82 days to cigarette smoke. Scintillation counting procedures revealed that cigarette smoke Induces increased DMA activity In pulmonary tissue. No such Induction was noted’ In the liver or spleen—organs which, like the lungs, are also Involved In clearance of foreign material. Autoradiographic analysis of lung samples taken at intervals up to 40 days following 3 H-thymidine injection revealed an Increase in DNA activity reflecting a marked Increase In the number of labeled pulmonary macrophages. At times, more than 50% of the total pool of labeled cells were identifiable as macrophages. Therefore, cigarette smoke appears to elicit a recruitment of macrophages specifically to the lungs.     

香烟对草履虫的毒性研究

本实验模拟人的吸烟状况,测定香烟烟气对草履虫(Paramecium aurelia)的急性致死、急性生理伤害和抑制细胞繁殖率,并比较了带过滤嘴与不带过滤嘴香烟的毒性作用。结果表明同一牌号的香烟,带过滤嘴的较不带过滤嘴的毒性明显降低。     

An Inhalation Device for Exposing Eats to Cigarette Smoke

With an inhalation device for exposing small animals to fresh cigarette smoke, more accurate duplication of the physical and chemical characteristics of human cigarette smoking is achieved than is possible with the devices or chambers described in the literature. The reproducibility of the device was tested by measuring the polonium 210 deposition on filters and in the lungs of rats when labeled cigarettes were smoked by the device. With minor modifieations, the device would be usable for a variety of multistress inhalation exposures and for any of several species of small animals.     

Oral Inhalation System for Exposing Rabbits to Cigarette Smoke

? An oral inhalation system for exposing rabbits to cigarette smoke has been developed. The essential components of the system comprise a smoke delivery device that adapts to the oral cavity, a molded face mask, and a sealable body enclosure.

The functional capability of the system has been validated by detecting the presence of nicotine in plasma and by measuring the deposition of dotriacontane labeled with radioactive carbon (¹⁴C) in lungs after exposure to cigarette smoke.     

石棉与烟雾溶液对人胚肺细胞DNA的损伤作用

目的探讨石棉与烟雾溶液联合作用对人胚肺细胞ＤＮＡ的损伤作用。方法采用非程序ＤＮＡ合成试验，对石棉与烟雾溶液单独及联合作用时人胚肺细胞ＤＮＡ修复合成情况进行了观察。结果石棉与烟溶液单独作用时，均能诱导人胚肺细胞的非程序ＤＮＡ合成试验，且均有明显的剂量反应关系；当二者联合作用时，其造成的细胞３Ｈ标记的胸腺嘧啶核苷（［３Ｈ］－ＴｄＲ）参入量的增加量明显高于二者单独作用时引起的［３Ｈ］－ＴｄＲ参入量的增加量之和。此外，ＯＨ的清除剂二甲基亚砜可部分阻止石棉引起的［３Ｈ］－ＴｄＲ参入。结论石棉与烟溶液联合对人胚肺细胞ＤＮＡ的损伤具有协同作用，ＯＨ在石棉引起的细胞ＤＮＡ损伤中起一定作用。     

Cellular Immunity in Mice Chronically Exposed to Fresh Cigarette Smoke

Mice were exposed daily to fresh cigarette smoke for up to 35 weeks. Cell-mediated immunity, as measured by the phytohemagglutinin (PHA) responsiveness of lymphocytes from various organs, was determined at different times during the exposure period. An initial enhancement was noted in the PHA responsiveness of lymphocytes from the regional lymph nodes of the respiratory system, but by the 35th week of exposure the response was markedly depressed. A similar depression was noted in lymphocytes from the blood.     

Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Respiratory Function

Respiratory function of a random sample of a previously studied class of seminary students was evaluated once each week on 27 occasions between October and May in order to determine the relationship of variation in function with environmental factors. A statistical method is presented for systematic sorting of meaningful significant correlations. The best correlation was found between fraction of predicted functional residual capacity and ambient temperature. Although "spot" measurements (paper tape-soiling index) made a significant contribution, no meaningful relationship could be demonstrated for respiratory function and other measured air pollution or meteorological parameters. The significant environmental-respiratory function interaclions demonstrated occurred in some but not an subjects. Airway resistance levels in subjects with a history of asthma, but presently asymptomatic, were significantly higher, but there was no obvious difference in their relationship to the measured environmental factors.     

香烟烟对变态反应性疾病的影响

为探讨香烟烟对变态反应性疾病的影响，以香烟烟作为变应原，采用特异性体内皮肤试验测定了１６０６例变态反应性疾病患者对香烟烟的反应，并对香烟烟呈阳性反应与各种变态反应性疾病的关系以及与性别和年龄的关系进行了多元回归分析。结果表明，对香烟烟的皮试阳性的反应率为３４．６％（５５６例患者对香烟烟呈阳性反应），香烟烟的阳性反应与变应性疾病的发病有关，而与性别、年龄、病程、外周血白细胞计数和嗜酸性粒细胞计数相关性不大。对５８例香烟烟呈阳性反应的支气管哮喘患者，用乙酰甲胆碱做了气道激发试验，其结果为，激发后的最大肺活量（ＦＶＣ）、一秒钟用力呼气量（ＦＥＶ１）、最大呼气流速（ＰＥＦＲ）低于激发前。对２２３例香烟烟阳性反应者（其中支气管哮喘患者１８４例、变应性鼻炎８７例、过敏性皮肤病５２例），采用ＥＬＩＳＡ方法测定血清总ＩｇＥ，并与正常对照组比较，香烟反应的病人组血清总ＩｇＥ显著增高。由此可见，香烟烟可以引起变态反应性疾病。     

Tracheal Mucous Velocity in Beagles After Chronic Exposure to Cigarette Smoke

Tracheal mucous velocity (TMV) was determined in eight purebred beagle dogs exposed to cigarette smoke (100 cigarettes per week) for 13.5 months, and four control dogs. By means of a mask, smoke was administered through both the mouth and nose for 1.5 hours twice daily. The TMV was measured under thiopental sodium anesthesia 24 hours after the last exposure by means of a cinebronchofiberscopic technique. There was a significant decrease in TMV in dogs exposed to cigarette smoke compared with the control animals. Lung compliance and resistance, single breath diffusing capacity, lung volumes, and arterial Po₂, Pco₂, and pH did not differ significantly between the two groups. We conclude that suppression of mucociliary activity associated with cigarette smoking may precede abnormalities of pulmonary function as determined by conventional methods.     

Eye Movement Responses to Health Messages on Cigarette Packages

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: While the majority of the health messages on cigarette packages contain threatening health information, previous studies indicate that risk information can trigger defensive reactions, especially when the information is self-relevant (i.e., smokers). Providing coping information, information that provides help for quitting smoking, might increase attention to health messages instead of triggering defensive reactions. METHODS: Eye-movement registration can detect attention preferences for different health education messages over a longer period of time during message exposure. In a randomized, experimental study with 23 smoking and 41 non-smoking student volunteers, eye-movements were recorded for sixteen self-created cigarette packages containing health texts that presented either high risk or coping information combined with a high threat or a low threat smoking-related photo. RESULTS: Results of the eye movement data showed that smokers tend to spend more time looking (i.e., more unique fixations and longer dwell time) at the coping information than at the high risk information irrespective of the content of the smoking-related photo. Non-smokers tend to spend more time looking at the high risk information than at the coping information when the information was presented in combination with a high threat smoking photo. When a low threat photo was presented, non-smokers paid more attention to the coping information than to the high risk information. Results for the smoking photos showed more attention allocation for low threat photos that were presented in combination with high risk information than for low threat photos in combination with coping information . No attention differences were found for the high threat photos. CONCLUSIONS: Non-smokers demonstrated an attention preference for high risk information as opposed to coping information, but only when text information was presented in combination with a high threat photo. For smokers, however, our findings suggest more attention allocation for coping information than for health risk information. This preference for coping information is not reflected in current health messages to motivate smokers to quit smoking. Coping information should be more frequently implemented in health message design to increase attention for these messages and thus contribute to effective persuasion.     

香烟烟气提取物对原代皮肤成纤维细胞生长与凋亡的影响

[目的 ]探讨香烟烟气提取物 (Cigarettesmokeextract ,CSE)对原代皮肤成纤维细胞生长周期动力学和凋亡的影响。 [方法 ]采用噻唑盐 (MTT)吞噬试验、乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)释放及流式细胞仪等技术研究 0 2 %～ 10 %的CSE对成纤维细胞生长、毒性及细胞周期动力学和凋亡发生率的影响。 [结果 ]CSE抑制细胞生长 ,LDH释放增加 ,并具有剂量反应关系。细胞周期动力学 ,表现为G2 /M期细胞数增加 (近 4倍 ) ;S期细胞数从 15 7%减少到 8 5 %。同时凋亡发生率由2 1%增至 2 3 0 %。 [结论 ]CSE抑制皮肤成纤维细胞生长 ,促进凋亡发生 ,G2 /M期生长阻滞可能是CSE作用皮肤细胞的主要环节。     

Acute Effects of Cigarette Smoke on Murine Macrophages

Experiments have been carried out on the immediate effects of cigarette smoke on murine peritoneal and alveolar macrophages, fibroblasts, and epithelioid cells. Within 30 minutes after exposure to cigarette smoke, many murine peritoneal or alveolar macrophages die, while survivors exhibit an increase in tritiated RNA synthesis both in vivo and in vitro. The susceptibility of these cells to cigarette smoke contrasts sharply with that of murine fibroblasts and mixed cultures of fibroblastic and epithelioid cells derived from explants of fetal mouse lung.     

Increased Life Span and Decreased Weight in Hamsters Exposed to Cigarette Smoke

Five groups of fifty-one 2-month-old male Syrian golden hamsters received three 10-minute exposures to cigarette smoke per day, 5 days per week, for the duration of their lives. Three of the groups were also chronically exposed to aerosols of chrysotile asbestos, cobalt oxide, and nickel oxides, respectively. The fourth group received twelve weekly injections of 0.25 mg of diethylnitrosamine. The smoke-exposed groups lived signficantly (P <.01) longer than their sham-exposed cohorts and untreated controls. Their mean body weights were significantly (P < .01) lower than in the sham-exposed groups. The hypothesis is proposed that delayed onset of amyloidosis and lower body weight in the smoke exposed hamsters may have been responsible for their increased life spans. It is hypothesized that cigarette smoke affected the Immune system of the animals, resulting in retardation of amyloidosis, a frequent cause of death in hamsters.     

β-胡萝卜素在吸烟诱导人胚肺二倍体细胞DNA损伤中的作用

[目的 ]探讨 β 胡萝卜素在吸烟诱导DNA损伤中的作用机制。[方法 ]人胚肺二倍体细胞SL 7单细胞电泳分析 (彗星试验 ) β 胡萝卜素和吸烟水溶性物质 (CSS)单独及联合作用 ,结合抗氧化剂VitE干预试验。[结果 ] 0 5～ 10μmol/Lβ 胡萝卜素单独作用不产生DNA断裂。 1∶10和 1∶2 0稀释CSS诱导彗星形成率分别达到 84%和 68% ,0 5和 1 0μmol/Lβ 胡萝卜素保护CSS对DNA损伤作用具有显著意义 ,但当 β 胡萝卜素浓度高 10倍时 ,则失去保护作用。 5 0 μmol/LVitE能有效抑制氧化损伤。 [结论 ]CSS可以诱导人胚肺二倍体细胞DNA损伤 ;β 胡萝卜素具有保护CSS诱导细胞DNA损伤作用 ,但当剂量升高至 5 0～ 10 0 μmol/L时 ,则失去保护作用 ,这可能与高浓度 β 胡萝卜素原氧化作用有关