依据肝静脉断面特点的肝段三维重建

目的构建依据人体肝静脉管道系统断面结构特点的肝段数字化可视模型,为虚拟肝脏手术和数字解剖教学提供形态学依据。方法采用我所建立的数字化可视人体数据集获取的连续肝脏断面图像,通过体数据绘制及面数据绘制的方法,根据肝静脉断面图像的位置和特点,赋予肝段和肝内静脉不同的RGB颜色值进行结构提取,通过计算机三维重建来完成对肝段及肝内主支管道的可视化。结果肝脏数字化可视模型能够清晰显示肝段和肝脏主支管道的形态结构和边界毗邻。结论依据肝静脉断面结构特点的肝段三维重建可视化模型能准确反映出肝段和肝脏主支管道彼此间的形态结构和边界毗邻关系,为肝脏数字解剖教学、虚拟肝脏手术治疗提供理论基础和应用依据。     

64层螺旋CT三维重建活体肝静脉的研究及临床意义

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT应用于正常人活体体肝静脉研究的可行性,观察三维重建肝静脉的一般形态及走行规律.方法:153例正常受试者经肘正中静脉注射造影剂后,使用64层螺旋CT进行上腹部扫描,图像采集后经容积再现(volume rendering,VR)技术重建肝静脉.结果:重建图像清晰,可显示出6～8级血管及与周围组织间的关系.其中153例肝静脉的分型结果如下:①3分支型,占35.3%(54例);②中左共干型,占41.8%(64例);③中左合干型,占20.9%(32例);④中右共干型,占2.0%(3例).结论:64层螺旋CT可以作为研究活体肝静脉形态的有效手段,三维重建能更准确、全方位地显示肝静脉的正常解剖类型和发现变异,而且图像清晰,对于活体肝静脉的研究有较好的临床应用价值.     

下腔静脉肝后段的观测及其临床意义

目的 :研究下腔静脉肝后段口径变化规律以及与肝静脉开口的关系。方法 :选用福尔马林固定的离体无病变肝脏 3 4例 ,直角规测量内径 ,剖开管腔观察管壁形态及肝静脉开口情况。结果 :下腔静脉肝后段近心端内径为 ( 2 3 .8± 1.1)mm ,狭部内径为 ( 18.0± 1.4)mm ,远心端内径为 ( 2 0 .2± 1.5 )mm ;狭部管腔内多形成纵行皱襞 ;肝左、中、右静脉开口于下腔静脉肝后段上 1/4段 ,口径较大的肝小静脉开口于肝后段下 2 /4段。并使该段中上部形成一向左开放的夹角 ,其平均角度为 ( 15 9.7± 2 .8)°。结论 :下腔静脉肝后段狭部和腔内纵襞的存在 ,为该段狭窄性疾病和血栓形成的解剖学基础     

256排螺旋CT三维重建右半肝门静脉和肝静脉及其解剖关系的临床应用研究

目的 应用256排螺旋CT行上腹部血管造影,描述右半肝门静脉与肝静脉的CT表现、两者解剖关系和肝分段的再定义,探讨其临床意义。方法 随机收集100例受检者CT平扫及三期增强扫描图像,观察三维重建后右半肝门静脉分支、肝静脉属支的分布情况,并对相关数据进行统计学分析。结果 门静脉分布情况：S5段分为4型,A型66%,B型10%,C型8%,D型16%;S6段分为6型,A型56%,B型15%,C型4%,D型17%,E型4%,F型4%;S7段分为3型,A型73%,B型23%,C型4%;S8段分为5型,A型67%,B型3%,C型2%,D型8%,E型20%。肝静脉分布情况：肝左静脉、肝中静脉、肝右静脉分别汇入下腔静脉有45%,肝左静脉与肝中静脉形成共干汇入下腔静脉有55%;36%出现肝右下后静脉,11%肝右静脉细小,由发达的肝中静脉代偿性引流右半肝;15%肝中静脉主干位于门静脉主干分叉处上方,41%肝中静脉位于Rex-Cantlie线右侧。肝静脉与门静脉解剖关系分为4型,以A型最多,占64%,D型最少,占3%。结论 右半肝肝静脉和门静脉解剖形态复杂多样,门静脉主干变异时肝静脉与门静脉空间分布也随之发...     

对比增强螺旋CT对下右肝静脉成像效果好

据Akgul E[Eur J Radiol，2004，52(1)：73—77]报道，下右肝静脉(IRHVs)普遍存在，常规对比增强螺旋CT(CEHCT)以IRHVs成像效果好。     

国人肝段的再认识

目的:对肝内门静脉和肝静脉重新认识,提出一种新的国人肝段划分方法,为影像学和肝外科提供断层解剖学资料。方法:使用50例上腹部连续断层标本和20例多层螺旋CT图像及三维重建图像,研究了肝内门静脉的走行和分布以及肝静脉及其属支的回流范围及其两者之间的相互关系。结果:国人肝段新的划分方法:门静脉右支主干存在时,依肝中静脉所在的正中裂将肝分为左、右半肝。右半肝被一弯曲的右叶间裂分成右前上叶和右后下叶。右前上叶依垂直段间裂分为腹侧和背侧段。右前上叶的腹侧段被水平亚段间裂分为上、下两个亚段。右后下叶依水平段间裂分为上、下两段。肝左静脉主干存在时,依肝左静脉主干所在的左叶间裂将左半肝分成左后上叶和左前下叶。左前下叶依左段间裂分为内侧和外侧段。水平亚段间裂将左前下叶的内侧段分为上、下两个亚段。依弧形背裂分尾状叶和右前上叶及左前下叶内侧段。结论:国人肝段新的划分法不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,而且便于肝外科探索新的和更加安全的术式来施行各种肝切除和肝移植。     

肝段在冠状断面上的划分：断层标本与磁共振图像对照研究

为给ＭＲ图像精确定位肝内占位性病变提供断面面解剖学依据，利用１０套成人肝连续冠状断层标本、３套躯干部连续冠状断层标本、４１例胎肝管道铸型及２３例正常肝ＭＲ冠状图像，研究了肝段在连续冠状断面上的划分。正中裂的产有部为肝中静脉至胆囊窝中点的连线，后部的为肝中静脉至门裂为肝左静脉至肝左缘中点的连线；右叶间裂依几呈冠状位的肝右静脉确定；右段间裂主要依门静脉分支来确定；背裂的前部为肝中静脉注入下腔静脉处至门     

基于冠状面数据的肝静脉和肝内门静脉的三维重建

目的:构建基于肝连续薄层冠状断面数据集的肝静脉和肝内门静脉的三维数字化可视模型。方法:应用数控冷冻铣削技术获取1例肝的连续薄层冠状断面数据集;采用体绘制和面绘制的方法,通过人工干预对数据集中肝内管道系统进行人工识别提取和图像数据分割;运用3D医学可视化软件实现三维重建,构建肝静脉和肝内门静脉的三维可视化模型。结果:肝静脉和肝内门静脉的可视化模型可清晰显示门静脉及其分支和肝静脉及其属支的空间构形,真实地再现了肝门静脉和肝静脉之间复杂的空间毗邻关系。模型中的肝静脉和肝门静脉可单独或总体显示,可在三维空间位置上绕任意轴旋转任意角度,并能从不同的角度对某一血管分支进行多角度、多方位的观察。结论:高质量的二维图像、精确的数据分割和合适的三维重建方法保证了三维数字化可视模型的真实性和准确性。     

肝左静脉的解剖学类型及其临床意义

目的 :为肝移植和肝部分切除术提供解剖学资料。方法 :在 40例成人尸体肝膈面沿肝左肝静脉切除肝实质 ,显露肝左静脉 ;对肝左静脉及其属支进行了观测。结果 :肝左静脉长度 ( 3 0 .3± 1 .1 )mm ;主干直径 ( 1 1 .3±0 .2 6)mm ;主要属支直径为 ( 6.0± 0 .5 2 )mm ;肝左静脉主干在膈面距离下腔静脉汇入口 1 0、2 0、3 0mm处的深度分别是 ( 1 1 .5± 0 .49)、( 1 6± 0 .5 9)和 ( 1 9.1± 0 .64)mm ;肝左静脉在膈面与肝镰状韧带呈 ( 3 0 .2 9± 1 2 .3 3 )°角 ;肝左、中静脉共干的出现率仅为 3 0 % ;肝左静脉按其属支多少分为 6型。结论 :肝左静脉在肝实质内的位置和属支数目不恒定 ,以 3～ 4支最多。所观测的资料 ,对肝外科手术具有重要意义。     

肝内肝门静脉解剖及变异的多层螺旋CT成像分析及意义

目的：用多层螺旋CT前瞻性地观测肝内肝门静脉的解剖和变异。方法 对200名正常人,使用16排多层螺旋CT行上腹部CT动态增强扫描,将肝内肝门静脉的解剖和变异进行分型。并对肝门静脉系统各血管参数进行定量研究,行统计学分析。结果：肝门静脉正常型占81.5% (163例),Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型变异分别占11.5％ (23例、6.5％(13例)、0.5％ (1例),未发现有门脉左支水平段或右支缺如。在不同性别间门静脉直径（Dpv）、脾静脉直径（Dsv）及肠系膜上静脉直径（Dsmv）有统计学意义（P<0.05）;除男性≥50岁组较＜50岁组门静脉长度（Lpv）有所延长外,其他男性、女性不同年龄组间,肝门静脉系统各管径均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：多层螺旋CT门静脉血管成像（multi-slice CT portography,MSCTP）能方便而清楚地显示肝内门静脉解剖和变异。     

A study of the accessory hepatic vein to segments VI and VII with a morphological reconsideration of the human liver

Introduction The liver is supplied by the common hepatic artery from the celiac trunk and by the portal vein from the gastrointestine. This double blood supply to the liver by the hepatic artery and the portal vein produced a complicated structure in the liver. For the blood outflow, we can see right, intermediate and left hepatic veins, and irregular veins: the accessory hepatic veins. These veins drain the blood in the liver into the inferior vena cava. In this study, we studied the layout of the accessory hepatic vein draining segments 6 and 7 in the human livers and attempted to reconsider the structure of the liver by the layout of the accessory hepatic vein. Methods Sixty livers were subjected in this study. They were prepared by using forceps to trace the layout of the blood vessels inside the livers. We carefully examined the relation between the layouts of the accessory vein to the segments 6 and 7 and of the portal vein. The confluence patterns of the accessory hepatic vein into the inferior vena cava were also examined to find the character of the vein. The relation between the accessory hepatic vein and standard hepatic veins was also studied. Results We found 2.2 accessory hepatic veins in one liver on average in our study. The vein was always within the area of segments 6 and 7, and did not surpass the boundary. We found at most five accessory hepatic veins in a liver in two cases. The accessory hepatic vein to the segments 6 and 7 always had its stem on the dorsal side to the portal vein. Different from the stem, the periphery of the accessory hepatic vein freely distributed with the peripheral branches of the portal vein. The area distributed by the accessory vein was also always dorsal part within the segments 6 and 7. The vein was small usually, but was big in few cases. When the vein was big, the area became solely drained by the accessory vein, because the standard hepatic veins (right and intermediate hepatic veins) did not reach the area, and we did not find any communication between the accessory vein and the standard veins. As the remaining region in the segments 6 and 7 became smaller, the draining right standard hepatic vein became shorter and smaller. Discussion The region drained by the accessory hepatic vein excluded the standard hepatic veins. Therefore, there are two different draining venous networks in the area of segments 6 and 7 classified by Couinaud. Conclusion The accessory hepatic vein draining segments 6 and 7 distributed somewhere dorsal side in the segments 6 and 7. The area where the accessory vein distributed was the region where standard hepatic veins did not reach. This would suggest that the region drained by the accessory hepatic vein makes an isolated segment in the liver in the segments 6 and 7 by the Couinaud’s Classification. The area might have a unique blood circulation system.     

肝短静脉的解剖学研究及其在肝脏外科中的临床应用进展

目的 总结肝短静脉(SHV)的解剖学研究及其在肝脏外科中的临床应用研究进展,为临床治疗主肝静脉病变相关肝脏疾病提供参考。方法 在中国知网、万方数据、PubMed、Web of Science等数据库以“肝短静脉” “肝切除” “肝移植”“Budd-Chiari 综合征”以及“short hepatic vein”“hepatectomy”“liver transplantation”“ Budd-Chiari syndrome”为关键词,检索2000年1月—2018年6月国内外有关SHV方面的相关文献资料,并进行汇总分析。结果 共检索到文献795篇,按纳入标准和排除标准最终纳入35篇文献,其中中文文献8篇和英文文献27篇。SHV的发现,补充和完善了肝脏的血液回流途径研究。对SHV的精准解剖是预防术后出血和保证肝脏静脉回流的关键步骤,目前已在部分肝段切除、肝移植以及Budd-Chiari综合征等外科治疗中广泛应用。结论 熟练掌握SHV的解剖是治疗肝脏血流动力学障碍相关疾病和促进肝脏外科发展的重要基础。     

肝段在矢状断面上的划分：断层标本与磁共振图像对照研究

目的：为ＭＲ矢状图像精确定位肝内占位性病变提供断层解剖学依据。方法：对照观察３８例腹部连续矢状断层标本、４１例胎肝管道铸型和８例活体腹部ＭＲ矢状图像，探讨肝段在矢状断面上的划分。结果：依肝左静脉可区分段Ⅱ和段Ⅲ，门静脉左支矢状部是段Ⅱ、段Ⅲ与段Ⅳ间的天然良界，段Ⅰ位于静脉韧带裂后方或／和下腔静脉前方，肝中静脉与肝门或胆囊窝的连线可用以区分段Ⅳ与段Ⅴ、段Ⅷ，依肝右静脉、胆囊窝和门静脉右支及其分支可区分出段Ⅴ、段Ⅷ、段Ⅵ、段Ⅶ。结论：依肝静脉、门静脉和肝的自然沟裂，在ＭＲ矢状图像上可精确划分肝段     

Quantitative anatomy of the large variant right hepatic vein: A systematic three-dimensional analysis

Anatomical variations of the right hepatic vein, especially large variant right hepatic veins (≥5 mm), have important clinical implications in liver transplantation and resection. This study aimed to evaluate anatomical variations of the right hepatic vein using quantitative three-dimensional visualization analysis. Computed tomography images of 650 patients were retrospectively analyzed, and three-dimensional visualization was applied using the derived data to analyze large variant right hepatic veins. The proportion of the large variant right hepatic vein was 16.92% (110/650). According to the location and number of the variant right hepatic veins, the configuration of the right hepatic venous system was divided into seven subtypes. The length of the retrohepatic inferior vena cava had a positive correlation with the diameter of the right hepatic vein (rs = 0.266, p = 0.001) and the variant right hepatic veins (rs = 0.211, p = 0.027). The diameter of the right hepatic vein was positively correlated with that of the middle hepatic vein (rs = 0.361, p < 0.001), while it was inversely correlated with that of the variant right hepatic veins (rs = −0.267, p = 0.005). The right hepatic vein diameter was positively correlated with the drainage volume (rs = 0.489, p < 0.001), while the correlation with the variant right hepatic veins drainage volume was negative (rs = −0.460, p < 0.001). The number of the variant right hepatic veins and their relative diameters were positively correlated (p < 0.001). The volume and percentage of the drainage area of the right hepatic vein decreased significantly as the number of the variant right hepatic vein increased (p < 0.001). The findings of this study concerning the variations of the hepatic venous system may be useful for the surgical planning of liver resection or transplantation.     

下腔静脉口和肝静脉入口的间距及其临床意义

目的：为在心脏外科手术体外循环中插入下腔静脉导管的最佳长度提供解剖学基础。方法：用游标卡尺测量１０１例成人尸体的下腔静脉口和肝静脉入口之间的距离。结果：下腔静脉口和最高一条肝静脉入口上缘的间距为２０．３±５．２ｍｍ；下腔静脉口和最低一条肝静脉入口下缘的间距为４０．７±７．２ｍｍ。这两个间距的测量值相比，有显著性差异（ｔ检验Ｐ＜０．００１）。最高一条肝静脉入口上缘和最低一条肝静脉入口下缘的间距为２０．３±７．１ｍｍ。结论：心脏外科手术体外循环时，插入下腔静脉内的导管２０ｍｍ长，能使肝静脉血引流畅通。