高龄初产妇的妊娠与分娩

报告了１９９０年１月～１９９１年１２月收住院的８１例高龄初产妇的妊娠与分娩方式，并与同期年轻初产妇做了比较。结果表明高龄组妊娠期合并症、并发症和分娩期并发症均明显高于年轻组（Ｐ＜０．０５，Ｐ＜０．００１，Ｐ＜０．０５）；妊高征和剖宫产率明显高于年轻组（Ｐ＜０．０１，Ｐ＜０．００１）。作者认为应重视对高龄初产妇的监护，及早发现潜在难产因素，合理掌握剖宫产指征，以期获得良好的分娩结果。     

Is the elderly primipara really at high risk?

During a five-year period, from 1970 through 1974, 26.776 deliveries occurred in our department, of which 55 (0.6%) were in elderly primiparae (EP). This group was compared with two control groups. The first comprised 97 women aged 30--34 years, and the second one, 250 women between 20 and 29 years of age. The parameters investigated were: The gynecologic past history, the course of the present pregnancy, labor, delivery and fetal outcome. In most of the cases, no significant differences were found between the EP group and the control groups. A striking difference was observed in the rate of cesarean sections, which was 49.1% in the EP group, as against only 2.3% in the age group 20--29 years. It may be concluded that by more liberal use of cesarean sections, available means of antenatal care, and prompt intervention in cases of postmaturity and prolonged labor, one can reduce the maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality, and that the EP, although a group at risk, has nowadays a better outlook for both mother and fetus.     

A population-based cohort study of birth and neonatal outcome in older primipara.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the risk of adverse birth outcome in older primiparous women. METHODS: We identified 14,676 primiparae of 20 years of age or more from 1991 to 1996 using the Birth Registry in the North Jutland County, Denmark. We evaluated the risk of adverse birth outcome in the primiparous women aged 30-34 years and above 35 years using the primiparae aged 20-29 years at time of birth as reference. RESULTS: The risks of induced labor, perineotomy, stimulating contraction and vacuum extraction were significantly higher (adjusted odds ratio: 1.3 to 1.7) in the primiparae of 35 years or more. The odds ratio for cesarean section delivery was 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.7-2.6) and the odds ratio for delivering a low birth weight child among the primiparae of 35 years or more was 2.2 (95% confidence interval: 1.4-3.3) compared with the primiparae of 20-29 years of age. These risk estimates were independent of women's infertility treatment history. CONCLUSIONS: A negative effect of maternal age on birth and neonatal outcome may be seen even after 30 years of age and is partly related to chronic diseases. However, it is impossible to rule out selection bias, but the actual risk must be taken into consideration in antenatal care.     

Brachial plexus injury and obstetrical risk factors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether known historical risk factors of brachial plexus injury differ between affected neonates and healthy controls. METHODS: The files of all 62 children with Erb's palsy who were diagnosed after birth were reviewed. The control group consisted of 124 randomly selected uninjured infants born within the same period. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the mothers of the neonates with brachial plexus injury were found to be significantly older (32.1+/-5.2 years vs. 28.9+/-5.8 years, P = 0.01), and had a significantly higher incidence of diabetic pregnancy (69% vs. 14.5%, P = 0.001); the infants had a significantly higher mean birth weight (3846+/-576 g vs. 3220+/-582 g, P = 0.0001) and higher incidence of birth weight > or = 4000 g (27% vs. 4.8%, P = 0.0001). Two of the infants in the study group (3.2%) were born by elective cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Brachial plexus injury is associated with several non-predictable or preventable risk factors.     

分娩性臂丛神经麻痹发病危险因素的探讨

目的 探讨分娩性臂丛神经麻痹(OBPP)的发病危险因素.方法 收集1997年1月至2009年12月山东省医疗事故鉴定办公室进行医疗鉴定并已诊断为OBPP的46例患者为OBPP组,按照1:3的匹配方式随机选取同医院、同时期、同性别的正常分娩138例新生儿作为对照组.采用回顾性病例对照研究的方法,对两组新生儿情况、产妇情况、分娩过程及助产士工作年限等因素进行单因素及多因素logistic回归分析.结果 (1)两组产妇骨盆外测量均在正常值范围,两组新生儿均为单胎头位并经阴道分娩.OBPP组均为单侧臂丛神经损伤,其中左侧22例,右侧24例;全臂型17例,上臂型26例,前臂型3例.两组产妇年龄、孕产次及分娩孕龄比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)OBPP组产前体质指数(BMI)、宫高、腹围分别为(29.5±2.4) kg/m2、(34.9±2.4)及(105±6) cm,对照组分别为(26.1±2.5)kg/m2、(33.7±2.2)及(99±5) cm,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).OBPP组新生儿平均出生体质量[(4390±489)g]明显高于对照组[(3404±360)g],两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).OBPP组助产士工作年限[(5.2±2.3)年]明显低于对照组[(8.9±5.4)年],两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(3)OBPP组与对照组应用器械助产率分别为28.3％及3.6％,宫缩乏力发生率分别为28.3％及6.5％,第二产程延长发生率分别为8.7％及0.7％,胎方位异常发生率分别为10.9％及2.9％.OBPP组以上各指标均高于对照组,两组比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(4)条件logistic回归单因素分析发现,两组产妇年龄、产前BMI、宫高、腹围、新生儿出生体质量、孕次、第二产程时间、分娩助产、胎位异常、宫缩乏力及助产士工作年限比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).其中,助产士工作年限为保护性因素.(5)将上述各相关指标作为变量,选择逐步回归法进行多因素logistic回归分析,选人界值均为0.10,结果显示,孕妇产前BMI和新生儿出生体质量与OBPP发生有关联(P＜0.10),OR值分别为1.733和1.004.孕妇产前BMI OR值大于新生儿出生体质量OR值,孕妇产前BMI意义大于新生儿出生体质量.结论 孕妇产前BMI是OBPP发病的最重要危险因素,其次,另一个高危因素是新生儿出生体质量.助产士工作年限较长是其保护性因素.     

Short stature in Scandinavian women. An obstetrical risk factor

We have carried out a case-controlled study on relations between short stature (i.e. less than 156 cm tall) and problems with childbirth in Danish women. Data obtained from 182 pregnant, short women (short mothers) were compared with those obtained from a control group of 2116 pregnant women who were between 166 and 175 cm tall (control mothers). The prevalence rate for acute cesarean section was three-fold greater in short mothers than in controls, and the prevalence rate for elective cesarean section was twice as high in short mothers as in controls. Moreover, the prevalence rates of intra-uterine asphyxia, intra-uterine growth retardation and low Apgar scores were higher in babies of short mothers than in those of control mothers, despite the increased level of obstetric intervention in the former group. Since the findings show that short stature in pregnant women is an obstetrical risk factor, we recommend that it should be given attention in order to detect early signs of intra-uterine asphyxia and to apply the best form of active management of labor if necessary.