脊髓髓内病变的显微外科治疗

目的分析脊髓髓内占位性病变的手术特点,探讨手术时机、手术方式及预后。方法回顾性分析2002年7月-2008年4月经手术和病理证实的25例脊髓髓内占位性病变,随访患者术后神经功能状态。结果病变全切20例,次全切除3例,大部切除2例。术后病理证实室管膜瘤15例,星形细胞瘤2例,海绵状血管瘤2例,脂肪瘤2例,神经鞘瘤1例,血管畸形1例,结核瘤1例,炎性肉芽肿1例。术后神经功能好转20例,无变化3例,加重2例。结论对脊髓髓内病变应早期诊断,应在发生明显神经功能障碍之前实施手术。沿着确切的瘤一髓界面分离、切除病变,是肿瘤一级切除的基本保证,重建蛛网膜下腔能有效防止脊髓粘连;采用椎板成型解剖学复位技术可提高术后脊柱稳定性。     

髓内占位性病变18例手术治疗临床分析

目的 探讨脊髓髓内占位性病变的临床类型、手术方式及预后.方法 笔者对2002-04～2008-05手术治疗脊髓髓内占位性病变18例进行回顾性分析.结果 18例患者均经MRI明确诊断,其中胶质瘤8例,先天性肿瘤7例,神经鞘瘤2例,海绵性血管瘤1例.18例患者全部采用显微神经外科技术手术治疗.其中病变全切12例,部分切除6例,术后肌力较前提高1～2级者13例,术后肌力暂时下降,经2周～1年恢复,比术前改善3例;术后肌力始终无改善或加重者2例,其他症状亦大部明显改善.结论 临床类型以胶质瘤和先天性病变较多.采取最新神经外科显微手术技术,可取得较满意的效果,提高治愈率.     

脊髓髓内神经鞘瘤的临床诊断和治疗

目的 探讨脊髓髓内神经鞘瘤的临床特点和外科治疗方法.方法 回顾分析8例髓内神经鞘瘤的临床特点、影像学表现及其手术治疗效果.结果 8例患者肿瘤均获手术全切除,术后均进行临床随访,随访时间3 - 108个月.术前有肌力下降的5例患者,术后3个月肌力较术前明显改善,有6例患者术后出现不同程度感觉异常:所有患者MRI复查未见肿瘤复发.结论 脊髓背外侧生长且边界清楚,均匀强化的脊髓髓内肿瘤伴有明显神经根症状,应考虑髓内神经鞘瘤诊断,手术全切肿瘤是该病的最佳治疗选择,手术入路和手术技巧与预后密切相关.     

高颈髓髓内肿瘤显微外科治疗分析

目的 探讨显微神经外科手术治疗高颈髓髓内肿瘤的方法及临床疗效.方法 回顾分析我院显微外科手术切除15例高颈髓髓内肿瘤的临床资料.其中达到镜下全切除9例,次全切除3例,部分切除或活检3例.结果 术后病理显示:室管膜瘤8例,星形细胞瘤5例,血管母细胞瘤2例.平均随访25个月,症状好转13例,无变化1例,1例症状加重.结论 对脊髓髓内病变应早期诊断,显微手术治疗高颈髓髓内肿瘤可取得较好疗效.     

脊髓髓内神经鞘瘤的显微神经外科手术治疗

目的探讨脊髓髓内神经鞘瘤临床特点及手术治疗方法,以求提高疗效。方法对重庆医科大学第一附属医院神经外科2001年3月至2008年3月收治的脊髓髓内神经鞘瘤5例进行回顾性分析。结果本组5例均行肿瘤全切除手术,采用气管插管静脉复合麻醉,术中可见5例肿瘤皆有包膜,与周围脊髓界限清楚。术后4例神经系统症状均得到不同程度的改善。结论脊髓髓内神经鞘瘤手术切除效果较好,超声导航下显微外科技术能精确区分肿瘤与正常脊髓组织,有利于肿瘤全切除并保护好周围脊髓组织,值得推广。     

显微外科手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤36例

目的　探讨显微神经外科技术在脊髓髓内肿瘤切除中的应用。方法　对 3 6例脊髓髓内肿瘤行显微神经外科切除术 ,观察手术前后症状及体征变化 ,评价对脊髓功能的影响。结果　 3 6例脊髓髓内肿瘤全切除 1 7例 ,次全切除 1 5例 ,部分切除 4例。 3 0例随访 6个月至 3年 ,恢复工作和学习 1 2例 ,生活自理 1 4例 ,生活需照顾 4例。结论　显微神经外科技术明显提高脊髓髓内肿瘤的切除率 ,改善生活质量 ,是髓内肿瘤治疗的主要手段     

脊髓髓内肿瘤及显微外科治疗

目的 探讨脊髓髓内肿瘤的诊断和显微手术切除方法。方法 对16例脊髓髓内肿瘤手术患者进行回顾性研究。结果 肿瘤全切除10例,近全切除4例,大部切除2例,术后12例均有不同程度的改善和好转,1例肌力较术前减退,3例未见明显好转。随访3个月～4年,室管膜瘤复发1例,星形细胞瘤复发3例,其余未见复发。结论 脊髓髓内肿瘤应作显微手术切除,避免或减少脊髓损伤,尽量做到全切除,减少术后的复发。     

显微手术治疗脊髓髓内肿瘤

目的探讨脊髓髓内肿瘤的显微手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析经显微手术治疗的27例脊髓髓内肿瘤病人的临床资料。结果肿瘤全切除13例,次全切除10例,大部分切除4例。术后1月症状明显改善21例,稳定3例,加重3例。本组无死亡病例。术后随访6-24个月,复发2例;按McCormick脊髓功能状态分级：Ⅰ级17例,Ⅱ级6例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例。结论MRI是诊断脊髓髓内肿瘤的首选方法,显微手术切除脊髓髓内肿瘤是一种有效的手段。     

脊髓肿瘤的显微外科治疗

目的　探讨脊髓肿瘤的手术治疗效果。方法　回顾 3 8例脊髓肿瘤患者的诊断及显微手术切除方法。其中髓外 3 4例 ,髓内 4例。结果　肿瘤全切除 3 2例 (84 2 % ) ,次全切除 2例 ,大部分切除 4例 ,无手术死亡及严重致残 ,良性髓外及髓内肿瘤全切除后 ,多数患者脊髓功能在短期内即获改善 ,但是术前脊髓功能越差术后恢复越困难。结论　脊髓肿瘤应早期诊断并尽早手术治疗 ,术者娴熟的显微手术技巧可避免或减轻脊髓损伤。     

神经电生理监测在脊髓髓内肿瘤显微切除术中的应用

目的探讨神经电生理监测在脊髓髓内肿瘤显微切除术的应用价值。方法回顾性分析12例脊髓髓内肿瘤的临床资料。均行显微切除术,术中以体感诱发电位和肌电图监测辅助肿瘤切除。结果肿瘤全切除8例,大部分切除1例,部分切除3例。术后病理诊断：室管膜瘤5例,星形细胞瘤5例,脂肪瘤1例,蛛网膜囊肿1例。随访6~17个月,神经功能障碍不同程度恢复11例,术后神经功能障碍1例。结论显微手术是脊髓髓内肿瘤的有效治疗措施,术中辅以神经电生理监测可提高肿瘤切除率及手术安全性,最大程度保护神经功能,改善病人预后。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.