熊胆贝母止咳胶囊对动物的镇咳祛痰解热作用

目的 研究熊胆贝母止咳胶囊的解热、镇咳、祛痰作用.方法 观察熊胆贝母止咳胶囊对酵母菌致大鼠发热作用的影响;采用氨水致豚鼠、小鼠咳嗽法观察其镇咳作用;小鼠气管酚红排痰量法、大鼠毛细管排痰量法观察其祛痰作用.结果 熊胆贝母止咳胶囊对酵母致热有微弱的解热作用,含生药4.44、2.22 g·kg<'-1>的熊胆贝母止咳胶囊能明显减少豚鼠和小鼠的咳嗽次数,同时有显著促进小鼠由气管排泌酚红、增加大鼠排痰量的作用.结论 熊胆贝母止咳胶囊具有显著的镇咳、祛痰及微弱的解热作用.     

桔陈止咳颗粒镇咳祛痰作用的实验研究

目的:观察桔陈止咳颗粒的主要药理作用.方法:用氨水致小鼠咳嗽及枸橼酸致豚鼠咳嗽模型观察其镇咳作用;用小鼠呼吸道酚红排痰及大鼠毛细管排痰实验观察其祛痰作用.结果:与生理盐水对照组比较,桔陈止咳颗粒可明显延长模型动物咳嗽的潜伏期,减少咳嗽次数;还可明显增加小鼠呼吸道酚红排痰量和大鼠毛细管排痰量.结论:桔陈止咳颗粒具有镇咳和祛痰作用.     

镇咳平喘颗粒镇咳、祛痰作用的实验研究

目的观察镇咳平喘颗粒的主要药理作用。方法采用小鼠因氨水所致咳嗽法、豚鼠因枸橼酸所致咳嗽法观察其镇咳作用;小鼠呼吸道酚红排痰量法、大鼠毛细管排痰量法观察其祛痰作用。结果镇咳平喘颗粒可以延长小鼠因氨水所致的咳嗽潜伏期及因枸橼酸所致豚鼠的咳嗽潜伏期,同时减少咳嗽次数;可以增加小鼠呼吸道的酚红排痰量及增加大鼠毛细管的排痰量。结论镇咳平喘颗粒具有镇咳、祛痰作用。     

胆酸浙贝乙素酯的镇咳和祛痰药效学观察

目的:研究胆酸浙贝乙素酯(CA-Ver)镇咳和祛痰的药效作用。方法:运用小鼠辣椒素引咳法、豚鼠枸橼酸引咳法、小鼠酚红排泌法和大鼠毛细管法来研究胆酸浙贝乙素酯在镇咳和祛痰方面的药理作用。结果:胆酸浙贝乙素酯6mg.kg-1能极其显著地减少小鼠咳嗽次数;3、1.5、0.75mg.kg-1剂量下均能剂量依赖地减少枸橼酸诱发的豚鼠咳嗽次数;3~6mg.kg-1能极其显著地增加小鼠气管酚红的排泌量;1.5~3mg.kg-1能够极其显著地增加大鼠气管痰液的排泌。结论:胆酸浙贝乙素酯可有效对抗辣椒素致小鼠咳嗽和枸橼酸致豚鼠咳嗽,并明显促进小鼠气道酚红排泌和大鼠痰液分泌量,具有良好的镇咳、祛痰活性,有很好的开发前景。     

枇杷止咳胶囊的药效学研究

目的研究枇杷止咳胶囊的功效。方法氨水引咳、酚红分泌及组胺致喘等有关试验。结果枇杷止咳胶囊可延长小鼠因氨水所致的咳嗽潜伏期及枸橼酸所致豚鼠的咳嗽潜伏期,减少咳嗽次数;增加小鼠呼吸道酚红排痰量;对抗豚鼠由组胺所致哮喘症状,使动物跌倒潜伏期延长;具有抑制醋酸引起小鼠腹腔毛细血管通透性的抗感染消肿作用结论枇杷止咳胶囊具有镇咳、祛痰、平喘及抗感染作用。     

止咳清肺口服液止咳和化痰作用的实验研究

目的观察止咳清肺口服液的止咳和祛痰作用。方法采用小鼠氨水引咳法观察镇咳作用;采用小鼠酚红排泌法观察化痰作用。结果止咳清肺口服液可显著减少氨水引起小鼠咳嗽的次数,并延长咳嗽潜伏期,明显增加小鼠气管酚红排泌量。结论止咳清肺口服液有显著的止咳和祛痰作用。     

防风解热合剂镇咳平喘祛痰作用的实验研究

目的探讨防风解热合剂的镇咳、平喘、祛痰作用,为中药临床合理用药提供实验依据。方法通过小鼠氨水引咳实验、豚鼠枸橼酸引咳实验观察其镇咳作用;通过豚鼠引喘实验观察其平喘作用;通过小鼠酚红祛痰实验和大鼠气管分泌实验观察其祛痰作用。结果镇咳实验中,防风解热合剂高、中、低剂量组小鼠氨水致咳的潜伏期明显延长,咳嗽次数明显减少(P <0.01);防风解热合剂高、中剂量组豚鼠咳嗽潜伏期明显延长,咳嗽次数明显减少(P <0.01或P <0.05)。平喘实验中,防风解热合剂高剂量组明显延长豚鼠引喘潜伏期(P <0.01)。祛痰实验中,防风解热合剂高、中剂量组均明显增加小鼠气管酚红排泄量和大鼠气管分泌量(P <0.01或P <0.05)。结论防风解热合剂具有良好的镇咳、平喘、祛痰作用,并呈一定的量效关系,为临床防治小儿急性支气管炎提供了实验依据。     

通宣理肺口服液药效学研究

目的研究通宣理肺口服液的镇咳、祛痰、平喘、抗炎、镇痛、解热及抑菌作用。方法镇咳实验采用氨水致小鼠咳嗽和枸橼酸致豚鼠咳嗽法,平喘实验采用组胺和乙酰胆碱致豚鼠哮喘法,祛痰实验采用小鼠气管酚红分泌法,抗炎实验采用角叉菜胶致大鼠急性胸膜炎和二甲苯致小鼠耳肿胀法,镇痛实验采用小鼠醋酸扭体和小鼠热板法,解热实验采用内毒素致家兔发热法,抑菌实验采用体外呼吸系统致病菌抑菌法。结果通宣理肺口服液能明显抑制小鼠咳嗽、豚鼠咳嗽和哮喘,增加小鼠气管酚红分泌量,降低胸膜炎大鼠的WBC数量,提高小鼠痛阈值,对抗内毒素所致家兔体温升高,抑制呼吸系统相关致病菌。结论通宣理肺口服液具有镇咳、祛痰、平喘、抗炎、镇痛、解热及抑菌作用。     

感康灵喷雾剂解热镇咳平喘作用的研究

目的:进行中药复方感康灵喷雾剂药效学实验研究。方法:观察喷雾给药后对细菌内毒素所致发热模型家兔的解热作用,测定小鼠气管酚红分泌量观察其祛痰作用,对氨水所致咳嗽模型豚鼠的镇咳作用。以及对氯化乙酰胆碱致喘模型的平喘作用。结果:可使发热家兔体温降低,明显增加小鼠气管酚红分泌量,豚鼠咳嗽次数减少及咳嗽潜伏期延长,同时能显著延长豚鼠哮喘发作潜伏期。结论:感康灵喷雾剂具有良好的解热、镇咳、祛痰、平喘作用。     

气管炎丸的药理学研究

目的:研究气管炎丸的止咳、平喘、祛痰作用。方法:采用豚鼠离体气管法和拘橼酸引喘法观察气管炎丸的平喘作用;用雾化氨水刺激小鼠引咳法观察该药的镇咳作用;用小鼠酚红实验观察其祛痰作用。结果:该药可以有效地降低动物由氨水刺激引咳的咳嗽次数,可以明显延长豚鼠致喘的潜伏期,对乙酰胆碱及组胺造成的豚鼠离体气管平滑肌收缩有显著的拮抗作用,可以增加小鼠气管及支气管酚红的分泌量。结论:气管炎丸具有较好的止咳、平喘、祛痰效果。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.