羟乙基淀粉130/0.4和琥珀酰明胶对SICU患者毛细血管通透性及炎性反应的影响

目的研究羟乙基淀粉130/0.4和琥珀酰明胶对SICU患者毛细血管通透性及炎性反应的影响。方法全麻下行胸腔或腹部手术、失血量超过400ml、术后即入SICU患者100例,年龄50～64岁,体重50～75kg,ASAⅡ级,随机分成5组,每组20例,各组术中分别静脉输注羟乙基淀粉130/0.4 500ml或1 000ml,琥珀酰明胶500ml或1 000ml及乳酸钠林格氏液10ml·kg~(-1)·h~(-1),术后收入SICU。分别于术前、术后入SICU 6h时留取尿液标本,采用ELISA法测定尿白蛋白浓度,酶比色法测定尿肌酐;计算尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值(MA/CR);抽取10ml深静脉血,采用ELISA法测定血浆IL-6浓度。结果术中静脉输注羟乙基淀粉130/0.4和琥珀酰明胶的MA/CR较静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液降低(P<0.05);术中输注相同容积羟乙基淀粉和琥珀酰明胶的MA/CR差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);各组入SICU6h时血浆IL-6水平较术前明显升高(P<0.05),5组血浆IL-6水平差异有统计学意义,其中术中静脉输注羟乙基淀粉的最低(P<0.05)。结论静脉输注羟乙基淀粉130/0.4或琥珀酰明胶500 ml有助于改善SICU患者毛细血管的通透性,而羟乙基淀粉130/0.4的抗炎作用明显优于琥珀酰明胶。     

犬内毒素性休克时琥珀明胶和乳酸钠林格氏液的容量动力学

目的比较犬内毒素性休克时琥珀明胶和乳酸钠林格氏液的容量动力学。方法健康杂种犬20只,雌雄不拘,随机分为4组（n=10）,乳酸钠林格氏液组（CL组）经30min静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液30ml/kg;琥珀明胶组（CG组）经30min静脉输注琥珀明胶10ml/kg;内毒素＋乳酸钠林格氏液组（LL组）静脉注射内毒素250μg/kg,再经30min静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液30ml/kg;内毒素＋琥珀明胶组（LG组）静脉注射内毒素250μg/kg,再经30min静脉输注琥珀明胶10ml/kg。补液期间每隔5分钟测定血红蛋白浓度和红细胞压积;记录血液动力学指标和总尿量。应用物质守恒定律和容量动力学理论,计算血浆容量增加、外周容量增加、容量扩张效率、目标容积（V）和清除率（Kr）。结果与CL组比较,CG组V和Kr降低,LL组V升高（P〈0.05）;与CG组比较,LG组V和Kr升高（P〈0.05）;与LL组比较,LG组V和K降低（P〈0.05）。与CG组和LG组比较,CL组和LL组血浆容量增加和容量扩张效率降低,外周容量增加升高（P〈0.05）;与CL组和CG组比较,LL组和LG组血浆容量增加和容量扩张效率降低,外周容量增加升高（P〈0.05）。结论犬内毒素性休克时,乳酸钠林格氏液的扩容效率较琥珀明胶降低更为明显。     

人工血浆代用品对凝血和纤溶功能的影响

目的评价不同人工血浆代用品对机体凝血和纤溶功能的影响。方法40例择期手术病人,ASAI～Ⅱ级,随机分为羟乙基淀粉(HES)组、琥珀酰明胶(GEL)组、聚明胶肽(HAE)组、生理盐水(0.9％NS)组对照组,每组10例,以20ml·kg     

肝叶切除术患者低中心静脉压联合急性高容量血液稀释的血液保护效应

目的 评价肝叶切除术患者低中心静脉压(CVP)联合急性高容量血液稀释(AHHD)的血液保护效应.方法 择期行肝叶切除术的肝癌患者60例,随机分为3组(n=20):对照组(Ⅰ组)、AHHD组(Ⅱ组)和低CVP联合AHHD组(Ⅲ组),3组均采用硬膜外复合全麻.Ⅰ组术中按1.5∶1输注晶体液和胶体液;Ⅱ组在气管插管后静脉输注4%琥珀酰明胶50 ml·kg-1.h-130min行AHHD,然后静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液维持CVP在正常范围;Ⅲ组入室后静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液1 ml·kg-1·h-1,硬膜外输注1.5%利多卡因和0.2%布比卡因混合液6～8 ml,静脉输注异丙酚6 mg·kg-1·h-1,维持CVP 1～5 cm H2O,同时静脉输注去甲肾上腺素0.4～0.8 mg/h,维持MAP≥70 mm Hg,肝叶切除后10min开始行AHHD.分别于术前(基础状态)、切皮前即刻、肝叶切除前即刻、肝叶切除后10 min和术毕时测定血糖浓度,分别于上述时点及术后7 d测定血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞压积(Hct)、白细胞(WBC)、凝血功能指标、谷丙转氨酶(GPT)和肾功能指标,并记录各时段输液量、尿量;记录术中失血、输血情况及术后并发症的发生情况.结果 与Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组比较,Ⅲ组术中血糖、WBC、GPT、失血量、异体输血量、肝叶切除前输液量、尿量及异体输血率较低,术中Hb、Hct及肝叶切除后输液量和尿量较高(P＜0.05),凝血功能指标、肾功能指标、总输液量和尿量差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).所有患者术后未见并发症发生.结论 肝叶切除前低CVP联合肝叶切除后AHHD能明显减少术中失血量和异体输血,且具有良好的安全性.     

动脉压力波与脉搏血氧饱和度波形预测肺小动脉楔压的研究

目的通过动脉压力波或脉搏血氧饱和度波形估测肺小动脉楔压(PAWP).方法14例择期腹部肿瘤手术的成年患者于全麻气管插管后,行术前急性高容量血液稀释,在输入10ml·kg-1液体、20ml·     

不同剂量异丙酚对心内直视手术病人红细胞脂质过氧化的影响

目的观察不同剂量异丙酚对体外循环病人红细胞脂质过氧化的影响.方法27例择期心脏瓣膜替换术患者随机分成对照组(C组)、小剂量异丙酚组(LP组)和大剂量异丙酚组(HP组),每组9例.LP组和HP组于麻醉诱导后分别输注异丙酚5、10mg·kg-1·     

血液稀释对全麻腹腔镜活体肾移植供体围手术期氧合功能的影响

目的:探讨不同血液稀释状态对全麻腹腔镜活体肾移植供体围手术期氧合功能的影响。方法:选择健康成年志愿捐肾者48例,随机分为4组:A组(n=10,对照组,乳酸钠林格氏液CIT)、B组(n=12,4~5ml/kg 4%琥珀酰明胶HHD)、C组(n=13,20ml/kg4%琥珀酰明胶HHD),D组(n=13,30ml/kg4%琥珀酰明胶HHD)在全麻腹腔镜下行肾脏摘除术。B、C、D组于麻醉诱导后至肾动脉阻断前分别以4~5ml/kg、20ml/kg和30ml/kg 4%的琥珀酰明胶静脉输注实施不同程度的血液稀释。术中监测麻醉诱导前(T0)、切皮后30min(T1)、肾动脉阻断时(T2)、肾动脉阻断后15min(T3)、手术结束时(T4)及手术结束后240min(T5)的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、心电图(ECG)、脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、中心静脉压(CVP)、心输出量(CO)、心脏指数(CI)等。于各时间点抽取动静脉血进行血气分析;T2、T4时分别记录胶体液、晶体液等。手术期间4组以20ml.kg-1.h-1速率常规输注乳酸钠林格氏液。各组手术期间当MAP的变化超过基础值30%时可静脉输注硝酸甘油或多巴胺给予纠正,阻断肾动、静脉后常规应用速尿40mg。结果:(1)4组ECG、SpO2、晶体液总量等均无显著性差异(P>0.05);(2)C、D组T1、T2、T3、T4时MAP、CVP高于A、B组(P<0.05),但均在正常范围内;(3)与T0时相比,C、D组T2、T3时Hb、HcT降低显著(P<0.05),分别达中度(P<0.05)和重度(P<0.01)血液稀释水平;T2、T3时A、D组PaO2下降(P<0.05),而C组升高(P<0.05)。结论:不同血液稀释状态对全麻腹腔镜活体肾移植供体的氧合功能产生不同的影响,在心肺功能良好的供肾者中实施中等度高容量血液稀释是安全的。     

控制性低中心静脉压对肝叶切除术患者小肠氧代谢的影响

目的 评价控制性低中心静脉压(CVP)对肝叶切除术患者小肠氧代谢的影响.方法 全麻下择期行肝叶切除术患者30例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分为3组(n=10):正常CVP常规输液组(Ⅰ组)、低CVP限制输液组(Ⅱ组)和低CVP常规输液组(Ⅲ组).Ⅰ组及Ⅲ组麻醉诱导前静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液8～10 ml/kg,麻醉诱导期间开始静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液和6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4(1:1)10～15 ml·kg-1h-1.Ⅱ组麻醉诱导前静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液1 ml/kg,麻醉诱导期间开始静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液1 ml·kg-1·h-1,至肝实质完全离断前.Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组开腹前静脉注射呋塞咪10 mg,开腹后静脉输注硝酸甘油0.05～0.8μg·kg-1·min-1,在肝实质开始离断前降低CVP至0～5 cm H2O并维持到肝实质完全离断,肝实质完全离断后停用硝酸甘油并快速静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液和6%羟乙基淀粉130/0.4,使CVP>6 Cm H2O.分别于开腹后降CVP前(T1)及肝实质完全离断后升高CVP前(T2)取桡动脉血样和肠系膜上静脉血样,进行血气分析,测定乳酸盐浓度,计算动脉血氧含量(CaO2)、静脉血氧含量(CsmvO2)、氧摄取率(ERO2)和肠系膜上静脉-动脉乳酸盐浓度差(Dsmv-aBL).结果 与T1时比较,三组T2时CaO2和CsmvO2均下降(P<0.05),但都在正常范围内,ERO2和Dsmv-aBL差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).三组各时点PaO2、SaO2、CaO2、CsmvO2、ERO2和Dsmv-aBL比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 控制性低CVP对肝叶切除术患者小肠氧代谢无不良影响,提示机体的氧供需仍能保持平衡.     

三种液体复苏对家兔热伤休克心肌功能的影响

目的 研究不同复苏液对热伤休克的家兔心肌功能的影响.方法40只家兔完全随机分为4组(每组10只):Ⅰ组:对照组(未热伤组);Ⅱ组:0.9％生理盐水组;Ⅲ组:乳酸钠林格注射液组;Ⅳ组:醋酸钠林格注射液组.热伤达体表面积25％～30％后,液体输注速度以每1％热伤面积0.33 ml·kg-1·h-1持续4h.通过制备离体工作...     

缝隙连接在兔失血性休克复苏诱发肺损伤中的作用

目的 评价缝隙连接在兔失血性休克复苏诱发肺损伤中的作用.方法 健康家兔24只,体重1.5～2.2 kg,经股动脉放血制备失血性休克模型.随机分为2组(n=12),传统治疗组(A组)静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液1.5 ml·kg-1·min-1 30 min(T3);辛醇组(B组)静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液1.5 ml·kg-1·min-1 30 min(T3),同时腹腔注射99.5%辛醇5 mmol/kg.然后两组回输全部放血及等放血量的乳酸钠林格氏液后静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液2.5 ml·kg-·h-1 150 min(T4).于放血前(T1)、模型制备成功即刻(T2)、T3、T4时记录左心室收缩压(LVSP)和HR,记录复苏期间兔的病死情况.于T时处死,测定肺组织Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-ATP酶的活性,计算肺通透性指数和肺湿重/干重(W/D)比,光镜下观察肺组织病理学结果.结果 与A组比较,B组T3时HR和LVSP降低,T4时LVSP升高,HR降低,Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-ATP酶活性升高,肺通透性指数降低,肺组织W/D比和病死率降低(P＜0.05或0.01).B组肺组织病理学损伤程度较A组明显减轻.结论 缝隙连接参与了兔失血性休克复苏诱发肺损伤.     

Presenteeism and Absenteeism Before and After Total Hip and Knee Arthroplasty

BackgroundAbsenteeism is costly, yet evidence suggests that presenteeism—illness-related reduced productivity at work—is costlier. We quantified employed patients’ presenteeism and absenteeism before and after total joint arthroplasty (TJA).MethodsWe measured presenteeism (0-100 scale, 100 full performance) and absenteeism using the World Health Organization’s Health and Work Performance Questionnaire before and after TJA among a convenience sample of employed patients. We captured detailed information about employment and job characteristics and evaluated how and among whom presenteeism and absenteeism improved.ResultsIn total, 636 primary, unilateral TJA patients responded to an enrollment email, confirmed employment, and completed a preoperative survey (mean age: 62.1 years, 55.3% women). Full at-work performance was reported by 19.7%. Among 520 (81.8%) who responded to a 1-year follow-up, 473 (91.0%) were still employed, and 461 (88.7%) had resumed working. Among patients reporting at baseline and 1 year, average at-work performance improved from 80.7 to 89.4. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test indicated that postoperative performance was significantly higher than preoperative performance (P < .0001). The percentage of patients who reported full at-work performance increased from 20.9% to 36.8% (delta = 15.9%, 95% confidence interval = [10.0%, 21.9%], P < .0001). Presenteeism gains were concentrated among patients who reported declining work performance leading up to surgery. Average changes in absences were relatively small. Combined, the average monthly value lost by employers to presenteeism declined from 15.3% to 8.3% and to absenteeism from 16.9% to 15.5% (ie, mitigated loss of 8.4% of monthly value).ConclusionAmong employed patients before TJA, presenteeism and absenteeism were similarly costly. After, employed patients reported increased performance, concentrated among those with declining performance leading up to surgery.     

The German emergency and disaster medicine and management systemdhistory and present

As well for optimized emergency management in individual cases as for optimized mass medicine in disaster management, the principle of the medical doctors approaching the patient directly and timely, even close to the site of the incident, is a long-standing marker for quality of care and patient survival in Germany. Professional rescue and emergency forces, including medical services, are the “Golden Standard” of emergency management systems. Regulative laws, proper organization of resources, equipment, training and adequate delivery of medical measures are key factors in systematic approaches to manage emergencies and disasters alike and thus save lives. During disasters command, communication, coordination and cooperation are essential to cope with extreme situations, even more so in a globalized world. In this article, we describe the major historical milestones, the current state of the German system in emergency and disaster management and its integration into the broader European approach.     

Differences in Osteocyte Density and Bone Histomorphometry Between Men and Women and Between Healthy and Osteoporotic Subjects

Bone defects related to osteoporosis develop with increasing age and differ between males and females. It is currently thought that the bone remodeling process is supervised by osteocytes in a strain-dependent manner. We have shown an altered response of osteocytes from osteoporotic patients to mechanical loading, and osteocyte density is reduced in osteoporotic patients, which might relate to imperfect bone remodeling, leading to lack of bone mass and strength. Hence, information on osteocyte density will contribute to a better understanding of bone biology in males and females and to the assessment of osteoporosis. Osteocyte density as well as conventional histomorphometric parameters of trabecular bone were determined in cancellous iliac crest bone of healthy postmenopausal women and men and of osteoporotic women and men. Osteocyte density was higher in healthy females than in healthy males and lower in osteoporotic females than in healthy females. Bone mass was reduced in osteoporotic patients, both male and female. In females, trabecular number was reduced, whereas in males, trabecular thickness was reduced and eroded surface was increased. There were no correlations between the parameter groups bone architecture, bone formation, bone resorption, and osteocyte density. These results are consistent with impaired osteoblast function in osteoporotic patients and with a different mechanism of bone loss between men and women, in which osteocyte density might play a role. The reduced osteocyte numbers in female osteoporotic patients might relate to imperfect bone remodeling leading to lack of bone mass and strength. M. G. Mullender and S. D. Tan contributed equally to this work.     

肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI及病理表现

目的探讨肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌的CT、MRI和病理特点。方法回顾性分析经手术病理证实的6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤和2例肝内胆管囊腺癌的影像及临床病理资料，将病变的影像表现与其病理大体形态及组织学表现作对照分析。结果6例肝内胆管囊腺瘤，女4例、男2例；2例肝内胆管囊腺癌均为女性病人；8例病人平均年龄55岁。所有病灶均表现为多房囊性肿块，肿瘤囊腔各分房内常为多种液体成分，在CT上可表现为不同密度、在MRI上可表现为不同信号强度。囊内出现多发大小不等的壁结节在胆管囊腺癌内更常见，囊内有分隔但无壁结节只见于胆管囊腺瘤。在7例CT扫描中，4例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌可见囊壁或分隔上钙化，囊壁、囊内分隔及囊内结节均为轻、中度延迟增强。肿瘤中出现卵巢样间质见于3例胆管囊腺瘤和1例胆管囊腺癌，且均为女性病人。结论肝内胆管囊腺瘤和囊腺癌是肝脏不常见的囊性肿瘤，影像上多房、囊内有分隔且各分房囊内密度或信号不一致，高度提示肝内胆管囊腺瘤或囊腺癌的诊断，如囊内伴有多发大小不等的结节，则进一步提示囊腺癌的可能。但影像学表现不能区分肿瘤中有无卵巢样间质。