肝性脑病大鼠海马CA3区神经元形态和一氧化氮合酶表达的变化

目的观察肝性脑病模型组和正常对照组大鼠脑海马CA3区神经元的变化及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的表达;探讨海马CA3区神经元的形态学改变及一氧化氮(NO)在肝性脑病发病机制中的作用。方法雄性大鼠50只,实验开始前所有动物均进行莫里斯水迷宫测试,之后将动物分为对照组和实验组。9周后建立CCL4肝性脑病模型,分别取两组大鼠海马组织进行尼氏染色及烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸-黄递酶(NADPH-d),染色。结果尼氏染色发现,实验组大鼠海马神经元数目减少、染色较浅,胞质内尼氏体减少或消失;NADPH-d染色发现,实验组可见粗大轴突着色,树突联系广泛;对照组则少有粗大轴突着色,树突间联系不如实验组广泛。实验组NOS阳性神经元染色较对照组深,为紫蓝或深蓝色(强阳性及阳性),且阳性神经元数目较多;而对照组染色浅淡,呈浅蓝或与背景同色,为弱阳性。结论肝性脑病时海马受到损伤,NO可能介导了神经元的损伤并参与了肝硬化和肝性脑病的发病,血氨升高是肝性脑病(HE)致病因素之一。     

胸腺及其投射神经元一氧化氮的分布

本实验用 NADPH-d组织化学方法及 n NOS免疫细胞化学方法 ,对大鼠胸腺内一氧化氮 (NO)阳性细胞的分布进行了研究。采用 CB-HRP逆行追踪结合 n NOS免疫细胞化学双重反应技术 ,观察了大鼠胸腺投射神经元 n NOS的分布。结果显示 :(1)在脑干的疑核、面后核内有 CB-HRP与 n NOS双重阳性细胞 ;(2 )在胸腺内有多种 NADPH-d和 n NOS阳性细胞 ,按其形态可分为 :髓质上皮样细胞、胸腺树突样细胞、神经元样细胞、胸腺细胞样细胞及胸腺小体 ;(3 )在胸腺的被膜下、小梁内、皮髓质交界处、小血管的周围有丰富的 n NOS阳性纤维。提示 ,胸腺内 NO的来源不同 ,其在调节胸腺的各种活动中可能发挥的作用也不同     

急性缺氧小鼠海马CAl区NOS活力和nNOS蛋白表达的时程变化

目的:观察急性缺氧小鼠海马CAl区一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS) 阳性神经元的时程变化,探讨NO在脑缺氧中的作用并为抗脑缺氧提供依据。方法:复制小鼠急性缺氧模型,采用NADPH-d组织化学和nNOS免疫组织化学方法,研究急性缺氧后不同时程点小鼠海马CAl区NADPH-d 和nNOS阳性神经元数量的变化。结果:与正常对照组相比较,急性缺氧后0.5h组小鼠海马CAl区NADPH-d 和nNOS阳性神经元的数量无明显变化,差异无显著性(P>0.05),3h、6h和12h组逐渐增多并于12h升高达到最高峰,差异有显著性(P<0.05),而于24h后开始降低,48h恢复正常。结论:急性缺氧后早期海马CAl区NOS和nNOS水平明显增多,NO在缺氧所致早期脑损伤中起重要作用。     

急性缺氧小鼠海马CA1区NOS活力和nNOS蛋白表达的时程变化

目的观察急性缺氧小鼠海马CA1区一氧化氮合酶(NOS)和神经元型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)阳性神经元的时程变化,探讨NO在脑缺氧中的作用并为抗脑缺氧提供依据.方法复制小鼠急性缺氧模型,采用NADPH-d组织化学和nNOS免疫组织化学方法,研究急性缺氧后不同时程点小鼠海马CA1区NADPH-d和nNOS阳性神经元数量的变化.结果与正常对照组相比较,急性缺氧后0.5h组小鼠海马CA1区NADPH-d和nNOS阳性神经元的数量无明显变化,差异无显著性(P＞0.05),3h、6h和12h组逐渐增多并于12h升高达到最高峰,差异有显著性(P＜0.05),而于24h后开始降低,48h恢复正常.结论急性缺氧后早期海马CA1区NOS和nNOS水平明显增多,NO在缺氧所致早期脑损伤中起重要作用.     

肝硬化大鼠黑质一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元分布的研究

目的　研究肝硬化大鼠黑质一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)阳性神经元及纤维分布的变化。方法　 2 0只Wistar大鼠随机分为肝硬化组与正常组 ,应用NADPH d组化法显示肝硬化大鼠黑质NOS阳性神经元胞体的数量及胞体灰度。结果　肝硬化大鼠黑质一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元数量明显减少但阳性胞体的灰度增加 ,正常组大鼠黑质一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元数量增加但胞体的灰度降低。结论　肝硬化大鼠体内有毒物质使脑细胞广泛受损 ,神经递质传递发生障碍 ,造成肝性脑病的一系列神经系统病症     

大鼠海马和颞叶一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元在学习记忆时的表达

目的　对获得空间辨别性学习记忆大鼠的海马结构和颞叶皮质内一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)免疫阳性神经元系统的观察 ,为一氧化氮 (NO)在学习记忆活动中的作用提供形态学依据。方法　以经水迷宫训练获得空间辨别性学习记忆的大鼠为模型组 ,建立游水对照组和空白对照组。用免疫组化的方法观察 3组大鼠海马和颞叶的NOS阳性神经元的形态学特征及测定免疫反应阳性产物的光密度值 (OD )。结果　 (1)NOS阳性神经元在 3组大鼠海马和颞叶呈散在分布。在海马CA1、CA2、CA3、CA4及龄状回 (DG)都有少量分布 ,颞叶以Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ层分布为主。神经元胞体形态有锥体形 ,圆形或椭圆形 ,梭形3种。 (2 )模型组大鼠海马和颞叶皮质NOS阳性神经元较对照组明显增多。 (3)其免疫反应阳性产物的OD值也较对照组明显增大。结论　NOS阳性神经元形态发生了可塑性变化 ,参与了学习记忆     

脑室内注射BDNF抗体对大鼠海马NOS表达的影响

探讨脑室内注射脑源性神经营养因子 (BDNF)抗体阻断内源性BDNF对大鼠海马一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)阳性神经元的影响。脑室内注射BDNF抗体一周后 ,采用Morris水迷宫进行行为检测 ;并用NADPH 黄递酶组化染色方法观察海马NOS阳性神经元数目的变化。与对照组相比 ,实验组大鼠空间学习和记忆能力明显下降 (P <0 0 1) ;实验组大鼠海马CA1区NOS阳性神经元数目 (38 37± 5 2 3)明显少于对照组 (4 9 5 3± 5 74 ) (P <0 0 1) ;实验组DG区NOS阳性神经元数目 (4 8 77± 5 5 1)明显少于对照组 (6 0 4 0± 7 39) (P <0 0 1)。脑室内注射BDNF抗体可导致大鼠空间学习记忆能力下降 ,海马NOS阳性神经元数目减少 ,提示BDNF对学习和记忆的影响可能与海马NOS阳性神经元数目的变化有关     

人参银杏复方制剂对缺氧复氧后大鼠海马CA1区NOS表达的影响

本文旨在观察预防性应用人参银杏复方制剂对缺氧24 h,复氧0、24、72 h时段海马CA1区锥体细胞层神经元Nissl染色变化及海马CA1区一氧化氮合酶(NOS)阳性细胞变化的影响。应用低压氧舱仿海拔8000米高空缺氧模型,以Nissl染色及还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶(NADPH-d)组织化学方法并结合图像分析等技术进行研究。结果表明:人参银杏复方制剂能防止缺氧24 h、复氧72 h海马CA1区锥体细胞层神经元的丢失,并能减少缺氧24 h、复氧0、24、72 h时段NOS阳性细胞数量。本研究结果提示:人参银杏复方制剂对缺氧复氧后海马CA1区神经元具有保护作用,其保护作用可能与抑制缺氧复氧后海马CA1区NOS表达有关。     

物理疗法联合重复经颅磁刺激对慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能及突触可塑性的影响及机制

目的 探究物理疗法联合重复经颅磁刺激(rTMS)改善慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能及突触可塑性的影响及作用机制。方法 40只SPF级SD大鼠，随机分为假手术组(Sham)、模型组(Model)、物理治疗组(PT)、rTMS组及PT联合rTMS组(PT+rTMS),每组8只。Morris水迷宫检测大鼠认知功能；HE染色观察大鼠海马区病理损伤，Nissl染色观察大鼠海马神经元损伤；Golgi-Cox染色观察大鼠海马CA1区神经元树突结构和生长情况；Western blot检测海马组织突触可塑性标志物突触素(SYN)、突触后密度蛋白-95(PSD-95)、生长相关蛋白-43(GAP-43)、糖原合成酶激酶-3(GSK-3β)、β-连环蛋白(β-catenin)、磷酸化GSK-3β(p-GSK-3β)、p-β-catenin蛋白表达。结果 与模型组相比，PT、rTMS及PT+rTMS均显著改善慢性脑缺血大鼠认知功能，改善大鼠海马病理损伤和神经元结构，增加海马区神经元数量，增加神经元树突分支数和树突棘密度，增加海马组织SYN、PSD-95、GAP-43蛋白表达；增加β-catenin、p-GSK-3β蛋...     

大鼠端脑内一氧化氮合酶阳性神经元的发育

目的研究大鼠胚胎时期及生后早期一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元在端脑的分布,探讨一氧化氮（NO）在脑发育过程中的作用。方法应用还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸脱氢酶（NADPH-d）组织化学方法观察孕14d起至生后14d大鼠端脑内NOS阳性神经元的形态和分布。结果孕14d没有观察到阳性神经元。孕15d纹状体腹外侧已有NOS阳性表达。孕17d在大脑皮质、梨状皮质观察到NOS阳性神经元,但胞体小,树突短,且分支少。随着年龄的增长神经元的胞体数目增多、染色增强或维持一定的水平。到孕20d,NOS阳性神经元分布广泛,梨状皮质、纹状体腹外侧及终纹床核均有大量NOS阳性神经元,其胞体明显增大,树突分支复杂化,长度增加。在生后,除上述脑区的阳性神经元进一步发育分化,大脑皮质和纹状体的NOS阳性纤维相互编织成疏密不等的纤维网外,在胼胝体、海马也观察到NOS阳性神经元。到生后14d,NOS阳性神经元的分布模式总体上已与成年大鼠相似。结论NOS阳性神经元在端脑独特的表达模式提示NO在脑发育和成熟过程中扮演重要角色。     

Expression of nitric oxide synthase in the developing rat hippocampus

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry was used to study the development of neurons synthesizing nitric oxide (NO) in the postnatal rat hippocampus. We show that NADPH-d reactive somata and processes are present from the day of birth until adulthood in the Ammon's horn. The dentate gyrus, however, has a more delayed period of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression with the staining appearing only by the end of the first postnatal week. Our results suggest that the time course of NOS expression correlates with the developmental sequence of events described in the hippocampus and that NO could be involved in the development of connections in this structure.     

Exposure to aluminium changes the NADPH-diaphorase/NPY pattern in the rat cerebral cortex

Aluminium (Al) impairs the glutamate-nitric oxide-cGMP pathway and reduces the number of nitroxidergic neurons in the rat somatosensory cortex. To understand better the effect of the time of exposure, we monitored the effect of aluminium administration on nitroxidergic neurons, identified by NADPH-diaphorase (NADPH-d) or by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) staining, after 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6 and 12 months of aluminium administration. Since neuropeptide Y (NPY) is known to be colocalised with nitric oxide synthase in cortical neurons, the aim of this work was to study the effects of Al administration on the cortical expression of NADPH-d, nNOS, and NPY. NADPH-d or NOS positive neurons were found scattered in the cortex where they constituted about 1% of all neurons. Double staining using NADPH-d and NPY showed that almost all nitroxidergic neurons were co-localised with NPY neurons (NADPH-d/NPY double stained neurons) whereas some neurons were stained only with NPY (NPY single stained neurons) ; these were more numerous than NADPH-d/NPY double stained neurons. Al significantly reduced NADPH-d and nNOS positive neurons in the cerebral cortex time dependently, with the greatest effect appearing after 3 months. Also measured was the integrated optical density (IOD) of nNOS positive neurons showing a significant decrease of NOS immunostaining even in the remaining NOS positive neurons. The double staining experiment exhibited a decrease in NADPH-d/NPY double stained neurons with an apparent increase in NPY single stained neurons; these then decreased after 6-12 months. On the whole, the results confirm that Al impairs nitroxidergic pathways time dependently; moreover, the transient increase in NPY single stained neurons from 1 to 3 months suggests that there is an intraneuronal down-regulation of NOS, without affecting neuronal viability. In addition, the decrease in the NPY system found at 6 and 12 months may indicate that Al affected nitroxidergic and NPY systems at different times.     

大鼠大脑内血管的氮能神经支配

目的：观察大鼠大脑内氮能神经元及血管的氮能神经支配。阐述一氧化氮在脑内血管中的作用。方法：大鼠经灌流固定后用恒冷切片机漂浮切片。还原型尼克酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸脱氢酶（ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ）染色。结果：氮能神经元依形态分为双极和多极。见纤细的树突与血管紧密相连及串珠样血管周围神经丛。结论：大脑ＮＡＤＰＨ－ｄ阳性神经元纤细的树突与脑内血管密切相关。提示一氧化氮 控脑血管张力和血液循环方面有重要作用。     

大鼠创伤性脑损伤后星形胶质细胞的变化

目的：探讨大鼠创伤性脑损伤后星形胶质细胞的形态学变化及GFAP和NOS的表达情况。方法：采用大鼠自由落体脑损伤模型，伤后1、3、7d取脑切片，行Nissl染色以及GFAP免疫组化和NADPH—d组化单标记及双标记染色。结果：损伤区周围皮质GFAP阳性细胞胞体增大、突起增粗增长，GFAP阳性细胞数量与正常侧及对照组相比，伤后1d即有明显增加，伤后3d、7d数量持续增加；损伤侧海马CAI～3区和DG各层GFAP阳性细胞排列紊乱，胞体增大、突起增粗增长，GFAP阳性细胞数量与正常侧及对照组相比则无明显变化。损伤区周围皮质、损伤侧海马NOS阳性细胞数量明显增加。伤后3d损伤区周围皮质和损伤侧海马中GFAP与NOS双标细胞分别占GFAP阳性细胞的14．2％和13．4％左右。结论：大鼠创伤性脑损伤后大量的星形胶质细胞活化、GFAP表达增加并且部分转化为NOS阳性细胞，提示其参与了脑组织的损伤与修复过程。     

Influence of age-related changes in nitric oxide synthase-expressing neurons in the rat supraoptic nucleus on inhibition of salivary secretion

Age-related inhibition of salivary secretion has been demonstrated in rats, and the nitric oxide (NO) present in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and the medial septal area has been reported to play an inhibitory role in the regulation of salivary secretion. In the present study, we investigated the age-related changes occurring in the NO synthase (NOS)-expressing neurons in the SON, which is related to the production of NO, and discussed the interrelation between the age-related changes in the NOS-expressing neurons and the age-related inhibition of salivary secretion. Nissl staining and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d) histochemistry were performed for young adult and aged rats. Quantitative analysis was also performed using the Nissl-stained and NADPH-d-positive neurons. Although the numbers of the Nissl-stained neurons did not change, significant age-related increases were detected in cell number, cell size and reactive density of the NADPH-d-positive neurons. Therefore, the production of NO in the SON neurons increased with age. We concluded that the age-related increase in the NO in the SON might be a factor that contributes to the age-related inhibition of salivary secretion.     

Distribution of NADPH diaphorase-containing neurons in the pigeon central nervous system

The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of nitric oxide-synthesizing neurons in the pigeon brain and spinal cord. Tissue sections were stained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d). In the telencephalon, intensely stained neurons with dendrites extending distally were seen in most regions. The ectostriatum was characterized by intensely and diffusely stained neuropil. In the diencephalon, intensely positive neurons were seen in the lateral hypothalamic region and lateral mammillary nucleus. In the mesencephalon, intensely stained, multipolar neurons were abundantly scattered in the central gray, nucleus intercollicularis, reticular formation, nucleus tegmenti pedunculo-pontinus, pars compacta, area ventralis of Tsai, and ansa lenticularis. In the rhombencephalon, positively-stained neurons were found in the pontine nuclei and reticular formation. The cerebellar cortex, except for Purkinje cells, was a preferential region for NADPH-d activity. Positive end-bulbs made contact on somata in the nucleus magnocellularis cochlearis. In the spinal cord, NADPH-d positive neurons were seen in layer II and the marginal nucleus. Our results demonstrated that the distribution of NADPH-d-containing neurons in the pigeon brain and spinal cord is more complex than in other avian species. Our findings indicate that NADPH-d-containing neurons are present in several sensory pathways, including olfactory, visual, auditory, and somatosensory tracts, although some nuclei in each system did not show NADPH-d activity. The wide distribution of NADPH-d activity in the pigeon CNS suggests that nitric oxide modulates sensory transmission in avian central nervous system.     

大鼠创伤性脑损伤后细胞凋亡及NOS阳性细胞的变化

目的：探讨大鼠创伤性脑损伤后不同时相皮质、海马、隔区细胞凋亡及NOS、ChAT阳性细胞的变化。方法：采用大鼠自由落体脑损伤模型，伤后1、2、3、4、5、7、10d取脑切片，经Nissl染色，用TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡，NADPH—d组化染色观察NOS阳性细胞，ChAT免疫组化染色观察隔区ChAT阳性细胞。结果：Nissl染色可见损伤侧海马CA2、CA3区锥体细胞层细胞消失或紊乱。损伤区周围皮质凋亡细胞伤后3d达到高峰；损伤侧海马凋亡细胞伤后5d达到高峰；损伤侧隔区凋亡细胞7d达到高峰。正常侧上述脑区各时相点均未见到凋亡细胞。损伤区周围皮质、损伤侧海马和隔区iNOS阳性细胞数量明显增加。损伤侧隔区ChAT阳性神经元也明显减少。结论：大鼠创伤性脑损伤后损伤区周围皮质和损伤侧海马、隔区细胞凋亡数量的变化与伤后时程有关。伤后细胞iNOS表达增加是导致细胞凋亡的因素。     

Nitrergic neurons during early postnatal development of the prefrontal cortex in the rat: Histochemical study

The presence of nitrergic cells in the prefrontal cortex has been confirmed, however little is known about the postnatal development of these cells. Nitrergic neurons were studied histochemically by using NADPH-diaphorase staining in the prefrontal cortex of male Wistar rats from postnatal day 7–21 (P7–21). Neuronal NADPH-diaphorase is a nitric oxide synthase that provides a specific histochemical marker for neurons producing nitric oxide (NO). NO acts as a neurotransmitter and intracellular signaling molecule in the nervous system. We observed in 7 day old rats NADPH-d containing neurons that were intensely stained. These neurons were bipolar with a short dendrite with average length of 23 μm. During the second postnatal week, the neurons were mainly bipolar and were rarely multipolar. By P14 the cells were located primarily in cortical layers III–VI. Nitrergic neurons of the 21 day old rats were histochemically identified as multipolar cells with long radial extending dendrites. Dendrites of neurons in 14 and 21 day old rats were a similar length with an average of 57 μm. These results suggest that nitrergic neurons differentiate during a relatively short period of time and reach their structural maturity by the end of the second week of postnatal development.