全面灭犬和禁养家犬防治黑热病的远期效果观察

1990～1993年在四川省汶川和理县采取全面灭犬和禁养家犬3～5年的防治措施后,黑热病发病人数逐年下降,年发病人数维持在较低水平。1997年以来理县无病例发生,汶川县偶尔有病例发生。全面灭犬和禁养家犬措施远期防治效果显著。     

汶川县黑热病流行与防治现状

目的 对汶川县30年黑热病的流行情况、防治工作及成效进行分析总结。方法统计黑热病疫情，确定疫点和疫区范围，开展相应的防治工作。结果1972～1986年这一阶段黑热病为散在发病，防治主要针对疫点灭犬灭蛉，保持了疫情的稳定。1987～1990年发病成倍上升，形成大范围的暴发流行，采取大规模的彻底灭犬和3～5年禁养家犬，有效控制了暴发流行，1997～2002年每年仅发病o～2例。发病率下降了98．33％。结论在犬源性黑热病流行区，病犬是主要的传染源，灭犬是控制黑热病流行的重要措施。     

四川省黑热病流行和防治现状

目的了解全省黑热病流行与防治现状,为制订防治方案提供依据。方法收集、整理四川省疾病预防控制中心诊治病历记录;查阅网上黑热病疫情报告和核实病例;了解各流行县2003-2005年防治措施实施情况。结果在2003-2005年全省黑热病共发病126例,其中流行区发病88例,主要以九寨沟县和黑水县居多,占流行区发病的86·36%;随着流行区饲养犬只的增加,发病呈上升和扩散态势,以九寨沟县最为明显。非流行区发病38例,各年发病数高低与流行区基本一致。结论四川省黑热病呈回升趋势,各流行区应给予高度重视,及时采取大面积灭犬或查灭病犬和禁养家犬措施;加强联防,防止病犬转移,尽快有效控制黑热病的传播。     

四川省1984～2005年黑热病发病情况分析

1984-2005年全省共报告黑热病836例，每年均有发病。近年来随着流行区饲养犬数量的增加，发病呈上升和扩散趋势，非流行区各年发病数与流行区基本一致。流行区发病以学龄儿童和学龄前幼儿为主，非流行区以中青年为主。连续3～5年全县范围内灭犬和禁养家犬的流行区，远期效果巩固；未灭犬或灭犬不彻底的流行区出现回升趋势。各流行县应加强联防，防止病犬转移使流行区扩大。     

四川省黑水县黑热病流行与防治现状

目的　对黑水县在黑热病流行中止近40年后的复燃情况进行调查并开展防治。方法　调查黑热病传播媒介的分布及密度，调查保虫宿主家犬的利什曼原虫感染，宣传黑防知识和加强现症病人的管理。结果　1995—2001年共发生黑热病32例，发病主要集中在黑水河下游沿河河坝或坡地；流行病学调查证实当地有广泛分布的传播媒介一中华白蛉，有主要的传染源一内脏利什曼病病犬的存在。结论　黑水县目前具备黑热病流行的条件；通过宣传黑防知识，宣传禁养家犬，采取查、灭病犬等措施，取得了一定的防治成效，阻止了疫势的进一步扩大。     

四川羌族地区黑热病防治效果的评价

汶川、理县和茂县是四川羌族聚居地,也是全国黑热病主要高发地区之一。黑热病长期以来危害羌族人民的身体健康,经过多年的防治,末能控制流行。1990年我们采用以消灭传染源为主的综合防治措施,取得很好防治效果,使整个地区灭犬前后发病数相比下降59.8％。 1 防治前的概况我省羌族地区黑热病主要流行以威州镇为中心的50公里范围内的三角地带。五十年代消灭家犬后,发病数一度下降,但是,由于传染     

四川省黑水县黑热病流行与防治现状

目的对黑水县在黑热病流行中止近 4 0年后的复燃情况进行调查并开展防治。方法调查黑热病传播媒介的分布及密度 ,调查保虫宿主家犬的利什曼原虫感染 ,宣传黑防知识和加强现症病人的管理。结果 1 995 -2 0 0 1年共发生黑热病 32例 ,发病主要集中在黑水河下游沿河河坝或坡地 ;流行病学调查证实当地有广泛分布的传播媒介 -中华白蛉 ,有主要的传染源 -内脏利什曼病病犬的存在。结论黑水县目前具备黑热病流行的条件 ;通过宣传黑防知识 ,宣传禁养家犬 ,采取查、灭病犬等措施 ,取得了一定的防治成效 ,阻止了疫势的进一步扩大     

四川省理县黑热病的流行与控制

理县位于四川省盆地西北边缘的高山峡谷地带，海拔1420～3600m，岷江支流杂谷脑河贯穿全境。全县管辖13个乡镇，人口44409人，居民以羌、藏民族为主。理县是四川省的黑热病老疫区，属于犬源性流行区类型，早在1943年侯宝璋前往理县调查，便证实当地流行黑热病。新中国成立后，经过大力防治，流行终止了很长时间，1958-1987年没有黑热病疫情。     

四川省黑热病的防治对策

四川省黑热病主要流行于汶川、南坪、理县及茂县,但是,由于人口流动频繁,造成在全省17个市、县报告有现患病人。1990年共发病117例,其中死亡3例,比1989年上升88.7％,疫区家犬感染率达36.8％(46/125),居全国首位。现将我省黑热病流行概况及防治对策简介于后。 一、流行情况     

rK39免疫层析试条诊断人体内脏利什曼病和感染犬

目的 评价rk39免疫层析试条对内脏利什曼病诊断和流行病学调查中的应用价值.方法 用rk39试条检测就诊者或临床医生考虑为黑热病的患者或进行过病原学检查的患者,并在黑热病疫区现场检测家犬.结果 用rk39试条检测具有流行病学史就诊者358人,黑热病抗体阳性244例,阳性检出率68.16％.接受rk39试条与病原学2种方法检查的207人中,均为阳性者131例,2者阳性符合率为100％;对单-显示rk39试条阳性71例,用锑剂治疗均治愈,证实均为黑热病.rk39试条检查疫区家犬443只,检出阳性犬43只,阳性率为9.71％,阳性犬以5岁以下犬龄多见.结论 与传统诊断内脏利什曼病方法相比较,rK39试条具有更快速、操作简便、敏感和特异性高以及低损伤性,可用于流行区的内脏利什曼病的诊断和筛选;rK39试条可在潜伏期中发现黑热病患者和无症状感染犬,对黑热病患者的诊断和感染犬的检出具有很高的价值.     

2011-2020年上海地区犬只狂犬病本底状况回顾性分析

目的 为掌握上海市犬只狂犬病免疫状况、抗体水平和流行情况,评估犬只狂犬病流行风险.方法 利用统计学方法对上海市2011-2020年犬只狂犬病血清学和病原学检测数据进行回顾性分析.结果 上海市注册犬只狂犬病免疫抗体平均合格率为83.8％ (95％CI:83.3％～84.3％),流浪犬抗体平均合格率为17.7％ (95％C...     

Domestic dog ownership in Iran is a risk factor for human infection with Leishmania infantum

One explanation proposed for the widespread failure to control zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis by culling infected domestic dogs is that wild canids or humans play significant roles in transmission. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of domestic dogs as the reservoir hosts of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest Iran. A random sample of 3,872 children and 199 dogs in 38 villages was surveyed by the direct agglutination test. Dog ownership details among these households were collected by questionnaire. Parasites isolated from 16 patients and 12 dogs were characterized as Leishmania infantum MON-1. Average seroprevalence in dogs (21.6%) was much higher than in children (7%). Child seropositivity increased significantly with village dog density in absolute terms (P < 0.001) and in relation to dog/human ratios (P = 0.028). Dog ownership within villages also was a significant risk factor for child seropositivity (P = 0.003).     

T cells,adhesion molecules and modulation of apoptosis in visceral leishmaniasis glomerulonephritis

Background  

Immune complex deposition is the accepted mechanism of pathogenesis of VL glomerulopathy however other immune elements may participate. Further in the present study, no difference was seen between immunoglobulin and C3b deposit intensity in glomeruli between infected and non-infected dogs thus T cells, adhesion molecules and parameters of proliferation and apoptosis were analysed in dogs with naturally acquired VL from an endemic area. The dog is the most important domestic reservoir of the protozoa Leishmania (L.) chagasi that causes visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The similarity of VL manifestation in humans and dogs renders the study of canine VL nephropathy of interest with regard to human pathology.     

Leishmania (Viannia) infection in the domestic dog in Chaparral, Colombia

Peridomestic transmission of American cutaneous leishmaniasis is increasingly reported and dogs may be a reservoir of Leishmania (Viannia) in this setting. We investigated the prevalence of infection in dogs in Chaparral County, Colombia, the focus of an epidemic of human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis. Two (0.72%) of 279 dogs had lesions typical of cutaneous leishmaniasis that were biopsy positive by kinetoplast DNA polymerase chain reaction-Southern blotting. Seroprevalence was 2.2% (6 of 279) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Buffy coat and ear skin biopsy specimens were positive by polymerase chain reaction-Southern blotting in 7.3% (10 of 137) and 11.4% (12 of 105) of dogs, respectively. Overall 20% of dogs (21 of 105) showed positive results for one or more tests. Amplification and sequencing of the Leishmania 7SL RNA gene identified L. guyanensis in one dog and L. braziliensis in two dogs. No association was identified between the risk factors evaluated and canine infection. Dogs may contribute to transmission but their role in this focus appears to be limited.     

The transmission dynamics of canine American cutaneous leishmaniasis in Huánuco, Peru

The epidemiology of canine American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) due to Leishmania (Viannia) spp. was investigated in Huánuco, Peru to 1) describe the natural course of canine L. (Viannia) infections and 2) assess the role of domestic dogs as ACL reservoir hosts. Over a three-year period 1,022 dogs were surveyed, with cumulative village L. (Viannia) prevalence being 26% (range = 0-100%). The incidence of L. (Viannia) was estimated to be 0.285 dogs/year (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.160-0.410) using cross-sectional data and 0.291 dogs/year (95% CI = 0.195-0.387) using data from 108 dogs that were surveyed prospectively. The recovery rate was estimated to be 0.456 dogs/year (95% CI = 0.050-0.862) and 0.520 dogs/year (95% CI = 0.302-0.738), respectively. Using those findings, the basic reproduction number was estimated to be R0 approximately to 1.9; if dogs were the principal ACL reservoirs, the mean yearly effort (i.e., coverage or elimination) of a dog control intervention (e.g., collaring, culling, or vaccination) to ensure the elimination of L. (Viannia) spp. transmission would be as low as 47%.     

Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Barra de Guaratiba,Rio de Janeiro,Brazil: assessment of risk factors

Barra de Guaratiba is a coastal area of the city of Rio de Janeiro where American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) is endemic. Although control measures including killing of dogs and use of insecticides have been applied at this locality, the canine seroprevalence remains at 25% and during 1995 and 1997 eight autochthonous human cases were notified. In order to evaluate factors related to the increase of the risk for Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs we have screened 365 dogs by anti-Leishmania immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and captured sandflies in the domestic and peridomestic environment. Some variables related to the infection were assessed by uni- and multivariate analysis. The distance of the residence from the forest border, its altitude and the presence of the opossum Didelphis marsupialis in the backyard, were found predictor factors for L. (L.) chagasi infection in dogs in Barra de Guaratiba. The presence of Lutzomyia longipalpis in the peridomestic environment indicates the possibility of appearence of new human cases. Our data also suggest the presence of a sylvatic enzootic cycle at this locality.     

An epidemic outbreak of canine cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia caused by Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania panamensis

The largest recorded outbreak of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Colombia's history occurred during 2005-2009 in soldiers of the Colombian Army, with ~40,000 cases. This outbreak was caused by the influx of military personnel into the jungle with the mission of combat illicit crops and the guerrilla. The soldiers remain for long periods within the rainforest and are exposed to the bite of infected sand flies. During the military activities, soldiers work with dogs specially trained to detect landmines, and therefore, dogs are also exposed to the infected sand flies and show high incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). This work describes an epidemic outbreak of canine CL caused by Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania panamensis in Colombia, South America. The clinical features of the disease and the response to treatment with pentavalent antimonials observed in 72 guard dogs from the Colombian Army are described. A program for prevention and control of canine CL is also discussed.     

Preventing Zoonotic Canine Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Brazil: Pet Attachment and Adoption of Community Leishmania Prevention

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by Leishmania infantum chagasi (L.i. chagasi syn. infantum) in northeastern Brazil, was responsible for 51,000 new VL cases from 1980 to 2003. Household presence of L. infantum-infected dogs is a major risk factor for human infection. Despite culling of dogs based on seropositivity, canine L. infantum seroprevalence remains near 20%, suggesting that dog culling is ineffective for preventing VL spread. We administered a cross-sectional survey to 224 households within 300 m of the homes of VL human patients diagnosed within the last year. The goal was to develop a model for voluntary preventative use based on characteristics and motivations of dog owners. We identified that owner knowledge deficiencies regarding canine transmission of L. infantum associated with increased risk of dog infection (odds ratio [OR] = 3.681, confidence interval [CI] = 1.223, 11.08). Higher owner education was associated with decreased levels of dog seropositivity (OR = 0.40, CI = 0.20, 0.81). Pet attachment (P = 0.036) and perception of risk/disease knowledge (P = 0.040) were significantly associated with willingness to voluntarily purchase canine VL prevention. These results highlight the importance of owner attachment to their pet in implementing reservoir-targeted zoonotic VL prevention.     

用McAb-AST对犬内脏利什曼病早期诊断的初步研究

本文报道实验感染杜氏利什曼原虫小犬10只,在感染前及咸感后5、12、20、40d,分别收集血清,用McAb-AST检测血清内循环抗原。试验结果可见小犬感染后5d即出现阳性反应,表明已可检测出其血清内循环抗原,并随着时间的加长,阳性反应程度有所增加。初步建立了犬利什曼病的一种新的早期诊断方法,简便易行,易于推广应用。