极低/超低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良的危险因素分析

目的 分析极低/超低出生体重儿支气管肺发育不良（BPD）的危险因素。方法 对我院2014年6月至2018年12月新生儿重症监护室收治的胎龄<32周且存活>14 d的278例极低/超低出生体重儿进行回顾性上分析,了解BPD的危险因素。结果 共纳入新生儿278例（BPD组106例,非BPD组172例）,BPD组贫血、输血、生后1 min Apgar评分≤7分、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）、使用肺表面活性物质（PS）、动脉导管未闭（PDA）、新生儿肺炎、败血症、机械通气≥7 d、持续气道正压通气（CPAP）≥30 d的比例均高于非BPD组。男婴、胎龄、合并NRDS、CPAP≥30 d、机械通气≥7d是发生BPD的危险因素。结论 极低/超低出生体重儿BPD的发生与男婴、胎龄、NRDS、机械通气及CAPA有关,是BPD发生的高危因素。预防早产、减少有创通气时间、合理治疗NRDS、积极控制感染,可能有助于降低BPD的发生率。     

16例超极低出生体重早产儿的抢救处理

超极低出生体重早产儿（ELBWI），死亡率高，一般为20-30％。本院1992年1月1日至1997年6月30日，共收治ELBWI16例，胎龄为27-35周，体重740－998g，平均体重930g。每例均合并有一种或一种以上疾病。全部患儿入院后迅速进入NICU抢救单位（生命岛），注意保暖、合理喂养、呼吸管理、感染防治、体液和酸碱平衡、黄疸治疗等64措施，使存活率提高到68．75％，平均住院为39天，出院时平均体重达1900克。出院后定期随访，及时指导治疗，是保证ELBWI存活质量的关键之一。对治愈出院的11例EIBWI随访至今，体格及智力发育与正常同龄儿相似。     

提高早产儿、极低出生体重儿存活率的临床探讨(附95例报告)

目的与方法为探讨如何进一步提高早产儿、极低出生体重儿的存活率,对95例早产儿临床资料统计、分析。结果本组并发硬肿症72.3%,本组总存活率89.5%,极低出生体重儿存活率80%。死亡原因：新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征和肺出血占首位60%,重度硬肿症并多器官功能衰竭占40%。结论提高早产、极低出生体重儿存活率,应抓好如下环节：1.重视胎内转运,可降低早产儿发生率及死亡率;2.有效进行产前促肺泡成熟,开发和普及肺泡表面活性物质的生产和使用,可降低早产儿死亡率;3.积极有效的护理,可降低早产儿的死亡率;4.极低出生体重儿主张全静脉营养,可降低其死亡率。     

早产极低出生体重儿的病因和防治探讨

目的探讨早产极低出生体重儿发生的病因和防治。方法分析1993-2004年我院住院早产极低体重儿109 例临床资料。结果早产极低体重儿发生的主要原因为妊娠高血压综合征、双胎妊娠、胎膜早破,孕母疾病。早产极低出生体重儿的主要种并症依次为硬肿症、出生时窒息、感染性疾病、肺透明膜病、呼吸暂停、早产儿贫血、先天畸形等。109 例早产极低体重儿的死亡率为23．85％,胎龄≤30w组高,与胎龄>30w织相比有统计学差异P<0．05)。早产极低体重儿死因构成以肺透明膜病居首,窒息和畸形居次。结论加强围产期保健、及时治疗高危妊娠,防治早产、肺透明膜病和窒息,客观认真地评判Apgar评分和有效复苏是优生优育的重要环节。     

出生时极低体重患儿的护理

目的探讨护理对出生时体重极低患儿生存的影响。方法对23例出生时极低体重儿的喂养、保暖、用氧指征、呼吸道管理等方面采取有效的护理措施。结果本组23例患儿中存活19例(82.6%),死亡4例。结论有效的复温、呼吸道管理、合理的喂养、严格的消毒隔离、早期护理干预,对提高出生时极低体重儿的存活率和生命质量有明显的效果。     

铁剂在极低出生体重早产儿贫血治疗的意义

目的评价重组人类促红细胞生成素(rhu-EPO)治疗极低出生体重早产儿贫血中补充铁剂的临床意义。方法将56例极低出生体重早产儿按随机抽样原则分为对照组(26例)、治疗组(30例)。治疗组于生后第8天即于rhu-EPO,每次300 IU/kg,皮下注射,每周2次,共4w;第3w开始口服铁剂(力蜚能,每日5~10mg/kg)。两组均于生后7d内口服维生素E(每日5 mg/kg)、叶酸片(5 mg/d)。随访至出生后4个月。结果随年龄增大两组血红蛋白、红细胞数均逐渐下降,在7d,35d,2个月时,治疗组上述指标均较对照组高,差异有显著性意义(P<0.01或0.05);治疗结束后,两组的血清铁蛋白[(103±25μmol/Lvs(123±24)/μmol)差异有显著性(P<0.01);治疗组较对照组出现贫血率低(43%vs89%),两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论早期大剂量rhu-EPO治疗极低出生早产儿贫血过程中补充铁剂可提高rhu-EPO的治疗效果,能减轻早产儿贫血的程度,可减少甚至替代输血。同时应延长口服铁剂的时间至出生后第3个月。     

极低出生体重儿36例临床分析

本文综述了３６例极低出生体重儿（ＶＬＢＷＩ）的主要并发症的治疗及其转归。结果表明，对于ＶＬＢＷＩ，胎龄越小，出生体重越低，死亡率越高；其治疗的关键，是注意保暖，生命体征监护，预防并及时发现、治疗各种早产并发症，加强营养支持治疗，消除一切不利于体重增长的因素。     

极低出生体重儿的治疗与护理

本文对40例极低出生体重儿的治疗与护理特点，及如何提高其成活率，降低死亡率，进行了综合性分析，并做了远期随防观察，40例院内死亡11例，院外死亡5例，存活24例，其中19例智商正常，但体格发育在中低水平，智能落后者3例，脑性瘫痪2例。     

危重极低出生体重儿抢救体会

7例危重极低体重儿抢救成功。出生体重最低为1200g，胎龄最小为27周，入院年龄最小为生后2小时，除早产、极低出生体重外，患有新生儿硬肿症、窒息、肺炎、脐炎和黄疸等2至5种疾病，住院天数平均27．3天，出院时体重增加平均180g。作者认为加强新生儿重症监护室作用，积极支持疗法，使用暖箱和鼻饲喂养，重视护理等是抢救成功的要点。     

极低出生体重儿的早期喂养

通过对极低出生体重儿营养代谢及需求的分析,对其的喂养时间、喂养方法以及喂养不耐受的预防进行总结,寻求一种适合极低出生体重儿的肠道喂养方法,使其得到更加科学合理的喂养及护理,满足营养方面的特殊需求,在体格和智力发育上不落后于足月儿.     

极低出生体重儿临床相关因素及与预后的关系

目的探讨极低出生体重儿的围产期及临床特点,分析其与预后的关系.方法分析110例极低出生体重儿(含12例超低出生体重儿)的一般情况、产科及母孕期情况、新生儿临床特点.结果胎龄小于32w者占79%,小于胎龄儿占17.3%,41%为多胎;32%有胎膜早破史,18%母亲有妊高征;36%有窒息复苏史;产科异常是胎儿早产的主要原因.呼吸暂停、低体温、高胆红素血症及低血糖是常见的并发症;多胎、围产期异常及小于胎龄儿是极低出生体重儿主要死亡原因,生于院内或转运者死亡率明显低于院外出生者(P<0.01).结论加强对高危孕妇及新生儿的监护,普及新生儿窒息复苏知识,将有助于改善极低出生体重儿的预后.     

延续性护理干预对极低出生体重早产儿婴儿期神经发育的影响

目的:探讨延续性护理干预对极低出生体重早产儿婴儿期神经发育的影响.方法:抽取2015年1至12月自山西省儿童医院出院的符合纳入条件的极低出生体重儿(very low birth weight infant,VLBWI) 174例,随机分为对照组(n=87)和观察组(n=87).对照组采用常规护理,观察组在常规护理基础上开展延续性护理干预;收集两组VLBWI的0,6,9及12月龄体重等指标进行生长发育评价;运用《0～6岁小儿神经心理发育量表》,对大运动、语言等5个能区进行神经发育评价.结果:实验组患儿身长及体重均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),头围与对照组相比无明显改变;实验组患儿的各能区发育商(development quotient,DQ)均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.001).结论:延续护理干预可促进极低出生体重患儿婴儿期神经发育,是改善其预后和提高生活质量的有效手段.     

极低出生体重儿“鼓励性”喂养的临床观察

目的:观察“鼓励性”喂养对极低出生体重儿的影响。方法:回顾性分析我院3年间收治的29例极低出生体重儿的临床经过。结果:鼓励性喂养组患儿生理性体重下降持续时间短于对照组犤(9.5±3.0)天与(14.0±4.5)天犦(P<0.01),恢复出生体重后的体重增长优于对照组犤(24.5±4.5)g/天与(19.0±4.5)g/天犦,过度至完全经口喂养的时间短于对照组犤(32.5±7.0)天与(4.05±9.0)天犦。结论:鼓励性喂养能促进极低出生体重儿的胃肠道的成熟,改善其临床经过。     

Brief report: birth status, medical complications, and social environment: individual differences in development of preterm, very low birth weight infants

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether medical complications mediate the relationship between birth status (i.e., birth weight and gestational age) and developmental outcome of preterm, very low birth weight (VLBW) infants, as well as the role of the early social environment (maternal distress and social support) in infant development. METHOD: Birth status and medical complication information was collected during the child's NICU stay. Maternal distress was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory and the Parenting Stress Index at 4 months corrected infant age. Social support was measured with the Dunst Scales at 4 months corrected age. Child development measures were collected at 4 and 13 months corrected age (Bayley MDI and PDI), and at 36 months chronological age (PPVT-R and Achenbach CBCL). RESULTS: Medical complications mediated the birth status-outcome relationship at 4 and 13 months, but not at 36 months. The 36-month outcomes were predicted by 4-month maternal distress and social support. CONCLUSIONS: Prematurity and VLBW are indirectly related to early developmental outcome through their association with medical complications. However, by 36 months, developmental outcomes are more closely related to aspects of the early social environment than to early physiological factors.     

Multimodal longitudinal respiratory function assessment in very low birth weight 7-year-old children

PurposePreterm birth is associated with adverse pulmonary outcomes. We aimed to evaluate respiratory morbidities and lung function of very low birth weight (VLBW) Polish children followed up at the age of 7 years old, and to compare with electrical impedance segmentography (EIS) results recorded at 4 years of age.Materials and methodsVLBW children were compared with term controls using impulse oscillometry and spirometry. Perinatal data and current respiratory morbidities were analyzed and pulmonary function test results were compared with previous EIS results.ResultsWe included 40 VLBW children and 30 controls in the analysis. Elevated total airway resistance and forced expiratory volume in the first second below the lower limit of normal were more prevalent in VLBW children compared with term controls (15 vs 0%; 18 vs 0%). A positive bronchodilator response was more common in VLBW children (R_{5 Hz}: 46 vs 13.3%; R_{5–20 ​Hz}: 65 vs 36.7%). Children with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) had higher total airway resistance (R_{5 Hz}/R_{5 Hz pred}: 1.35 vs 0.95; p ​< ​0.001), large airway resistance (R_{20 Hz}/R_{20 Hz pred}: 0.89 vs 0.66; p ​= ​0.001), small airway resistance (R_{5–20 ​Hz}: 0.57 vs 0.34 ​kPa ​L⁻¹ ​s⁻¹; p ​= ​0.009), than controls. Strong correlation between BDR in EIS and R_{5 Hz}/R_{5 Hz pred} was observed in children with BPD (r ​= ​0.7).ConclusionVLBW school-aged children with BPD presented with substantial respiratory morbidity and persistent reduction of lung function, affecting small and large airways and lung parenchyma. EIS may be an alternative tool for lung function assessment in children with BPD.     

A comparison of AmBisome to amphotericin B for treatment of systemic candidiasis in very low birth weight infants

PURPOSE: Amphotericin B is considered the treatment of choice for systemic candidiasis, but adverse effects may limit its use. An alternative option for the treatment of candidiasis includes lipid preparations of amphotericin B. This study investigated the safety and efficacy of AmBisome, a lipid formulation of amphotericin B containing liposomal structures, for the treatment of systemic candidiasis in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 26 VLBWI treated with AmBisome in the study group (AmBisome group) from October 2003 to July 2006 were compared with data from 20 VLBWI treated with amphotericin B as a historical control (Amphotericin group). This study was a prospective, historical control, multi-center trial. RESULTS: Candida spp. was isolated in 73% (19/26) of the cases for the AmBisome group and 90% (18/20) of the cases for the Amphotericin group. The fungal eradication rate and the time to eradication was 84% (16/19) and 9+/-8 days in the AmBisome group, and 89% (16/18) and 10+/-9 days in the Amphotericin group, respectively (p=0.680 vs p=0.712). The major adverse effects were lower in the AmBisome group (renal toxicity, 21% vs 55%, p=0.029; hepatotoxity, 25% vs 65%, p=0.014, AmBisome group vs Amphotericin group, respectively). There was no significant difference in mortality attributed to systemic candidiasis (12% in the AmBisome group, 10% in the Amphotericin group, p=0.868). CONCLUSION: AmBisome is effective and safe for treating systemic fungal infections in VLBWI.     

极低体重儿早期营养干预疗效分析

目的早期积极规范的营养干预对极低体重儿的益处。方法观察组20例，出生后48h静脉营养和采用早期建立肠内营养（早期微量喂养、非营养性吸吮、温盐水灌肠）；对照组15例，积极补液和消化道自然复活苏方法。结果观察组体重增长、住院天数较对照组差异有极显著意义（P＜0．01）。胎粪排尽时间、住院费用差异显著（P＜0．05）。结论早期营养干预是极低体重儿管理中行之有效综合措施。     

早产儿及低体重儿四种支原体感染状况研究

为了解早产儿、低体重儿人型支原体 (Mh)、解脲脲原体 (Uu)、生殖支原体 (Mg) ,发酵支原体 (Mf)等 4种支原体的感染状况 ,我们于 1997年～ 1998年分别收集了 2 7例早产儿和 2 1例低体重儿的咽拭子标本应用套式PCR (nPCR)法进行上述 4种支原体特异性核酸检测。结果早产儿和低体重儿的Mh阳性率分别为 92 6 %、95 2 % ;Uu阳性率分别为 5 5 5 %、38 1%。Mh Uu合并感染状况严重 ,分别为 5 5 5 %、33 3%。Mg只有 1例阳性 ,Mf无阳性病例发现。无论是早产儿 ,还是低体重儿 ,剖宫产与阴道产的各种支原体检出率无差别 (P均 <0 0 5 )。剖宫产娩出儿咽部查出支原体可确认为宫内感染 ,由此可见 ,支原体宫内感染状况严重。本文并就支原体感染与早产和新生儿出生低体重的发生原因进行了讨论。