经骶经肛管途径切除中下段直肠肿瘤临床报告

目的　总结开展经骶经肛管途径行直肠中下段肿瘤局部切除的治疗体会。方法　对 2例腺癌、2例绒毛状腺瘤恶变、1例类癌及 2例绒毛状腺瘤患者 ,采取经骶经肛管途径手术入路 ,行包括肿瘤在内的直肠局部切除。结果　治愈 6例 ,并发直肠粪漏 1例 ,局部肿瘤复发再行Miles手术 1例。全部患者术后肛门括约肌功能良好。结论　本方法微创且能保证直肠肿瘤的局部有效切除 ,保持肛门括约肌功能 ,对中下段直肠良性肿瘤及早期恶性病变尤为有效。     

经骶尾入路手术在低位直肠肿瘤局部切除中的应用

目的：探讨经骶尾入路手术在低位直肠良性病变及早期直肠癌局部切除中的应用价值。方法：对我院1997～2002年问，应用经骶尾人路手术治疗的24例低位直肠肿瘤患者进行随访及疗效判断。结果：直肠绒毛状腺瘤14例，绒毛状腺瘤癌变7例，直肠类癌3例，经5个月～6年的随访，所有患者均无瘤存活。结论：骶尾入路手术具有简单易行、手术创伤小、术野宽敞等优点，是治疗低位直肠肿瘤的较好方法。     

直肠绒毛状腺瘤手术方式的探讨 （附19例报告）

直肠绒毛状腺瘤虽然发病率较低 ,但属癌前病变 ,复发率高。我科自 1992～ 1998年手术治疗直肠绒毛状腺瘤及其癌变 19例。现报告如下。临床资料一、一般资料自 1992～ 1998年均经病理检查确诊为直肠绒毛状腺瘤患者共 19例 (结直肠多发性腺瘤不在本文讨论内 ) ,其中男 11例 ,女 8例 ,年龄 2 8～ 82岁 ,平均 54.6岁。单发腺瘤 16例 ,多发 3例 ,腺瘤恶变 4例。二、腺瘤分布及术式本组病例均行手术治疗。腺瘤分布情况及术式选择 :腺瘤距肛缘距离 <7ｃｍ病例 11例。行局部切除术 8例 ,其中经肛门切除 7例 ,经骶尾切除 1例 ;根治性直肠切除术 3例 ,…     

127例良性直肠息肉的治疗

目的：探讨直肠息肉的治疗方法。方法：回顾性分析近5年来诊治的直肠息肉127例。结果：127例直肠息肉中，直肠管状腺瘤69例，绒毛状腺瘤28例，炎性息肉25例，幼年性息肉5例；伴结肠癌10例，伴直肠癌8例；经肠镜活检钳钳除41例，经肠镜电切45例，手术切除33例，与伴随直肠癌一并切除6例，未处理2例。结论：67．72％的直肠息肉可经肠镜治疗，但广基及2cm以上的腺瘤多数需手术治疗，手术根据肿瘤位置可选用经直肠后或括约肌入路、经腹入路或经肛门入路，与传统经肛门或剖腹手术相比，经直肠后或括约肌入路显露更好，且切除更准确、并发症率低和住院时间短，是切除直肠腺瘤的安全、彻底的方法。     

经骶尾人路手术在低位直肠疾病切除中的应用(附18例报告)

目的总结经骶尾入路手术在低位直肠良性病变及直肠肿瘤局部切除中的应用体会。方法低位直肠疾病患者18例,均采用经骶尾入路手术治疗。直肠类癌4例,直肠间质瘤4例、直肠癌4例(Dukes分期均为A期)、直肠腺瘤2例、直肠内脱垂合并盆底疝2例、直肠后囊肿1例、直肠阴道瘘1例。结果术后随访发现,所有患者均无瘤存活。2例直肠内脱垂合并盆底疝,术后疗效差,其中1例再次行全结肠切除术。结论骶尾入路手术简单易行,手术创伤小,病变切除完整,有利于保护性功能和肛门功能。     

经肛门中高位直肠良性息肉切除术(附23例报告)

目的总结经肛门微创手术行直肠中、高位良性息肉切除手术的疗效。方法1997年10月～2004年1月采用经肛门微创手术切除中高位无蒂良性息肉23例,患者取膀胱截石位,充分扩肛,用4号丝线缝合肠壁向下牵引,将息肉下拖至齿状线附近切除。结果23例直肠息肉均顺利切除,术后无大出血,均获治愈。病理检查:管状腺瘤11例,绒毛状腺瘤6例,管状并绒毛状腺瘤4例,炎性息肉2例。23例经1～5年随访未再复发,无肛门狭窄等并发症。结论经肛门手术效果好、微创,适合于中、高位直肠良性息肉切除。     

经肛门切除直肠腺瘤的手术体会

我科于 1996～ 2 0 0 0年 ,共收治直肠腺瘤 18例 ,全部经肛门行手术切除 ,取得十分满意效果。现报告如下。临床资料本组共 18例 ,其中男 11例 ,女 7例 ,平均年龄 5 6岁。腺瘤距肛缘 5～ 10ｃｍ。瘤体直径 2～ 6ｃｍ ,蒂长 1.0～ 2 .5ｃｍ。术前病理报告为绒毛状腺瘤 6例 ,管状绒毛状腺瘤 12例。术后标本病检为绒毛状腺瘤 5例 ,管状绒毛状腺瘤 7例 ,伴中度异型增生 4例 ;腺瘤恶变 2例。手术方法 :全组病例均采用连续硬膜外麻醉或骶管内麻醉 ,取膀胱截石位 ,会阴部及直肠腔内用 2 %碘伏消毒三遍 ,按层铺单。手指涂消毒石蜡油反复扩肛 ,使肛门…     

经导光肛门自动牵开镜手术治疗直肠肿瘤51例

为降低手术治疗直肠肿瘤的创伤程度,选择距肛缘10cm以内的51例直肠良性肿瘤经导光肛门自动牵开镜微创切除。结果显示,16例术后肛门轻度疼痛,10例出现尿潴留。7例出现不完全性肛门失禁。术后病理示50例为直肠腺瘤（管状腺瘤27例,绒毛状腺瘤15例,管状绒毛状腺瘤8例）;1例病灶基底部发现有癌细胞,为高分化直肠腺癌。术后随访6个月至3年,无复发病例,肛门功能正常。结果表明,于导光肛门自动牵开镜下治疗良性直肠腺瘤和早期直肠癌具有安全、有效、手术操作方便快捷、创伤小、术后复发率低等优点,近期疗效满意。     

管型肠吻合器在直肠外科的新应用

目的：探讨及评价直肠中，下段占位性病灶，尤其是良性病变应用管型肠吻合器经肛切除的价值。方法：应用吻合器对21例距肛缘5－12cm直肠占位性病灶及病变经肛进行了切除。就手术方法，时间，复发及并发症等进行回顾分析。结果：手术时间平均38min。除1例管状绒毛状腺瘤术后早期吻合创缘出血，1例绒毛状腺瘤术后14个月复发外，无其它与本术式有关的并发症发生。结论：吻合器在直肠中，下段占位性病灶及病变在一定范围内经肛切除是可行的。     

中低位直肠及周围盆底肿瘤局部切除手术入路选择策略

目的探讨中低位直肠及周围盆底腹膜外肿瘤局部切除手术入路选择策略、手术适应证以及手术技巧。方法回顾性分析2004年7月一2008年7月给予局部切除的122例中下段直肠及周围盆底腹膜外肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果122例患者中经肛门入路45例,经骶尾入路32例,经括约肌入路45例,肿瘤距肛门5．6（0～12）cm,病灶大小4．2（0．5～11）Cm。病理报告直肠良性肿瘤81例,直肠周围盆底良性肿瘤16例,直肠肛门恶性肿瘤25例,所有标本切缘阴性。经肛门入路、经骶尾入路、经括约肌入路的并发症发病率分别为8．9％（4／45）、18．8％（6／32）、20．0％（9／45）,复发再手术率分别为6．7％（3／45）、9．4％（3／32）、4．4％（2／45）。结论中低位直肠及周围盆底肿瘤经会阴切除三种手术入路各有优缺点,经括约肌手术入路适应证更加广泛,但并发症发病率高,需要掌握良好的手术技巧。     

经骶尾局部切除治疗直肠中下段肿瘤

目的探讨经骶尾局部扩大切除术在中下段直肠肿瘤治疗中的应用效果。方法回顾性分析1994年9月至2005年9月间在江苏省肿瘤医院普通外科接受经骶尾局部扩大切除术治疗的133例中下段直肠肿瘤患者的临床资料。结果全组无手术死亡者,6例（4．5％）并发粪瘘。全组患者肿瘤切缘与基底均阴性。术后诊断为腺瘤28例,增生性息肉3例．类癌8例,间质瘤1例,腺瘤伴黏膜内癌变29例,黏膜下癌64例。64例T1期腺癌患者中位随访期76个月,5年累计局部复发率2．0％。5年总生存率100％。其余患者均无局部复发。结论经骶尾局部扩大切除术简便、安全,适合中低位直肠良性肿瘤的治疗与低位T1期直肠癌的选择性保肛手术治疗。     

The transsphincteric and transsacral approaches for the surgical excision of rectal and presacral lesions

In the decade from 1981 to 1990, 30 patients underwent a posterior transsacral approach at the Aichi Medical University Hospital for their benign or malignant rectal lesions. The operation was classified into two procedures, consisting of the transsphincteric approach and transsacral approach, in order to cope with the condition of the anal sphincter muscles; whether they were divided or not. Eleven rectal tumors were successfully excised through the opened-up rectum by using the transsphincteric approach, and excellent results were obtained without any postoperative complications. Using the transsacral approach, 2 presacral dermoid cysts and 11 rectal lesions were easily removed under direct vision. Their prognoses were excellent. The transsacral approach was also applied for the resection of recurrent rectal cancers after a radical abdominoperineal resection in 6 patients suffering from intolerable local symptoms. All the patients were free from these uncomfortable local symptoms after the surgery. The posterior transsacral operation is thus considered to be of value not only for resecting benign rectal and presacral lesions, but also for resecting malignant rectal tumors in frail subjects who are unfit for radical operation and/or recurrent rectal cancer.     

Transsacral Approach to Resect a Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor in the Rectum: Report of Two Cases

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) rarely arise in the rectum. Whereas a local resection with negative margins is generally considered adequate for resectable GISTs, a wide resection is usually indicated for rectal lesions because of the technical impossibility of local resection. We report the cases of two patients who underwent resection of a rectal GIST using a transsacral approach. Both patients had an uneventful postoperative course, and no evidence of recurrence has been identified. The transsacral approach appears to be less invasive and should be considered as the treatment of choice for a rectal GIST.     

Surgical treatment of tumors of the distal rectum with sphincter preservation.

One hundred one patients with villous adenoma or invasive carcinoma of the distal rectum treated with local excision or coloanal anastomosis were studied. Twenty-three (45%) of the 51 patients with villous adenomas had transanal excision, another 23 (45%) had a posterior proctotomy, and five (10%) had a coloanal anastomosis. Only two patients with a villous adenoma developed a recurrence requiring repeat local excision. Fifteen (30%) of the 50 patients with invasive cancer were treated by transanal excision. All had tumors confined to the submucosa or superficial muscularis. Eighteen (85%) of 21 patients having posterior proctotomy also had tumors with similar depth of invasion. Six (43%) of the 14 patients having coloanal anastomosis had Dukes' B tumors, six (43%) were Dukes' C, and another two (14%) underwent palliative resection. The overall actuarial 5-year survival was 77%. Only four patients treated by transanal excision or posterior proctotomy died of metastatic disease. In the coloanal group, two of 12 patients undergoing curative resection died of recurrent cancer, and another has a pelvic recurrence. Villous adenomas of the distal rectum and selected carcinomas may be treated with local excision and coloanal anastomosis with preservation of sphincter function with good results.     

Selektion von Patienten mit Rektumtumoren zur lokalen Exzision aufgrund der präoperativen Diagnostik

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study was to evaluate the accuracy of clinical staging (CS), biopsies, and endoluminal ultrasonic examination (EUS) in preoperative staging of rectal tumors treated with transanal local excision. This local excision is an adequate procedure for benign rectal polyps and low-risk T1 carcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study included 552 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma, villous adenoma, or tumors with other histologic characteristics who underwent a transanal excision (transanal endoscopic microsurgery n=513 or transanal excision n=39). We compared the results of CS, biopsies, and EUS with postoperative pathology findings. RESULTS: Preoperative histological diagnosis of the rectal carcinoma depended on tumor size (52% in cancers <3 cm, 25% in cancers >3 cm; p=0.001) and was correct in 56% of cases. Transanal ultrasonography (uT0/1) had superior sensitivity (95% vs 78%) and a higher positive predictive value (93% vs 85%) than clinical staging (CS I) in detecting adenoma or T1 rectal carcinoma, whereas specificity was similar in both (62% vs 58%). In patients in whom preoperative histological analysis revealed adenomas, transanal ultrasonography was accurate (uT0/1) for the postoperatively assessed adenoma pT1 in 97%, whereas diagnosis (uT0/1) was correct in only 71% of cases in which preoperative histological analyses showed rectal carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with rectal tumors, preoperative staging with transanal ultrasonography and biopsy is essential for the indication and allows selection of patients for transanal local excision.     

The place of the posterior surgical approach for lesions of the rectum

BACKGROUND: Although there are many advantages of a posterior approach to rectal disease, these procedures are not widely accepted because many surgeons fear the postoperative complications. METHODS: The medical records were reviewed of 57 patients who underwent a posterior approach to the rectum between January 1980 and December 2002. RESULTS: Twenty-eight men and 29 women with a mean age of 70.5 (range 47-83) years underwent either a posterior transsacral (n = 52) or a transsphincteric (n = 5) procedure. Indications for surgery were benign lesions (n = 33), e.g. villous adenoma, rectal prolapse and endometriosis as well as invasive adenocarcinoma (n = 24). All patients with an invasive adenocarcinoma were classified as ASA grade III or IV. Postoperative morbidity occurred in 12 patients (21%), consisting of temporary incontinence, anastomotic leakage, wound infection, and hemorrhage. There was no mortality. During a mean follow-up of 29 (range 2-86) months, 3 patients with a villous adenoma and 2 patients who were treated for a malignant lesion had a locally recurrent lesion. CONCLUSION: We believe that a posterior approach to the rectum should be considered for various benign and selected malignant diseases, especially in case of elderly patients or patients with a compromised general condition, and has to be a part of the surgeon's armamentarium.     

Endoscopic transanal resection of rectal adenomas using the urological resectoscope

Objective  Large sessile rectal adenomas are often difficult to excise and several different techniques have been described. This study evaluates the results of adenoma excision by endoscopic transanal resection using the urological resectoscope by a single surgeon in a UK district general hospital.
Method  Between January 1989 and November 2004, data on all patients treated by endoscopic transanal resection of benign rectal tumours using a urological resectoscope (ETAR) were prospectively collected and analysed.
Results  Forty patients (50% male, median age 72 years) underwent a total of 81 endoscopic transanal resections. The tumour characteristics were: size > 2 cm (83%), location in lower 2/3 of rectum (83%) and extensive circumferential carpet-like appearances (13%). Fifty percent of the patients required only one procedure to achieve clearance. Mean operative time was 26 min (range 10–65 min). Seventy-eight percent of the patients were discharged home within 24 h. Postoperative morbidity was 8% and in-hospital mortality was zero. Histology revealed severe dysplasia in 48% of the tumours and five patients were incidentally found to have foci of rectal adenocarcinoma. With a median follow-up of 47 months (range 2–162 months), local recurrences occurred in 13% ( n  = 5) of patients. All, except one, were treated successfully with further endoscopic transanal resections.
Conclusion  ETAR is simple and safe for managing rectal adenomas.     

Posterior surgical approaches to the rectum.

This report summarizes experience with 19 posterior approaches to the rectum including nine trans-sacral (Kraske) and ten trans-sphincteric (Mason) procedures. This study included 12 men and 7 women, ranging in age from 18 to 89 years. Surgical indications included villous tumors in nine patients, various benign problems in four patients, primary carcinomas in three patients, and recurrent cancer in three patients. Eight complications developed in the 19 patients including: four fecal fistulae, two wound dehiscences, one rectal stricture, and one sacrococcygeal hernia. Spontaneous closure of the fecal fistulae occurred in two patients, and two patients required proximal colostomies. Fecal continence was achieved in 18 of the 19 patients. No patient died as a complication of the procedure. No recurrent tumors have developed. The conclusion is that a posterior approach to the rectum is a safe and effective procedure for various benign and for selected malignant conditions. It is particularly suitable for villous tumors that are too high for transanal resection and too low for transabdominal resection. It is an effective procedure for small, exophytic, mobile carcinomas of the lower 10 cm of the rectum in selected patients.     

Anastomotic recurrence of rectal adenoma after anterior resection

Transanal local excision of posterior benign rectal tumors is usually safe. Here, we report a case of transanal excision of a posterior anastomotic recurrence of a rectal adenoma after a stapled anterior resection that resulted in perforation into the peritoneal cavity.