SLM钴铬合金在含氟人工唾液中的电化学耐腐蚀性能研究

目的通过电化学阻抗谱方法研究选择性激光熔覆（Selective laser melting,SLM）技术制作的钴铬合金在含氟人工唾液中的耐腐蚀性能。方法运用SLM技术和传统铸造（CAST）技术,使用相同成分的钴铬合金,分别制作40个直径10mm×3mm厚度的圆柱形试件。在p H值为2.5和5.0,含氟浓度为0.00%、0.05%、0.1%和0.2%的人工唾液中,利用电化学阻抗谱检测2种加工方法制作的钴铬合金的耐腐蚀性能。结果当p H=5.0时,Na F 0.1%环境下SLM组和CAST组Rp值分别为3.49±0.44和1.59±0.88;Na F 0.2%环境下SLM组和CAST组Rp值分别为5.30±3.29和1.71±1.10。当p H=2.5时,Na F0.00%环境下SLM组和CAST组Rp值分别为6.40±0.26和2.05±0.35;Na F0.05%环境下SLM组和CAST组Rp值分别为5.67±0.25和1.15±0.83;Na F0.1%环境下SLM组和CAST组Rp值分别为4.74±0.50和0.24±0.10;Na F0.2%环境下SLM组和CAST组Rp值分别为4.76±0.97和0.30±0.09。在以上各实验条件下,SLM组和CAST组之间的表面氧化层电阻Rp值差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 SLM技术制作的钴铬合金耐腐蚀性能优于铸造组。     

氟离子对两种不同工艺制作的钴铬合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

目的 在模拟口腔环境下研究氟离子对采用选择性激光熔覆（SLM）技术和传统铸造技术两种工艺制作的钴铬合金耐腐蚀性的影响。方法 选择具有相同材料成分的钴铬合金金属粉末和金属块,分别采用SLM（SLM组）和铸造技术（Cast组）各制作15个试件,置于含不同氟离子质量分数（0、0.05%、0.20%）的酸性人工唾液（pH值为5.0）中浸泡24 h进行电化学试验,采用动电位极化曲线法测试合金的自腐蚀电位Ecorr、自腐蚀电流密度Icorr和极化电阻Rp,同时结合扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察,分析两组试件的耐腐蚀性能。结果 铸造工艺制作的钴铬合金在酸性人工唾液中的Ecorr随着氟离子质量分数的升高而减小。当氟离子质量分数为0.20%时,两种工艺制作的钴铬合金的Ecorr、Icorr、Rp均有明显改变（P<0.05）,SEM结果也显示合金表面均出现腐蚀现象。当氟离子质量分数为0.20%时,Cast组钴铬合金的Icorr高于SLM组,而Ecorr和Rp低于SLM组（P<0.05）。结论 氟离子可降低两种工艺制作的钴铬合金的耐腐蚀性,在氟离子质量分数较高（0.20%）时,SLM技术制作的钴铬合金的耐腐蚀性优于铸造工艺制作的钴铬合金。     

3D打印钴铬合金和铸造钴铬合金的理化性能和生物相容性的比较

目的 比较3D打印和传统铸造钴铬合金的理化性能及生物学影响.方法 实验组和对照组分别用3D打印技术中的选择性激光熔融(SLM)和传统铸造技术,制作钴铬合金试件各10个,采用洛氏硬度计HR-150A和金相显微镜对两组分别进行洛氏硬度测定和金相观察,并在自腐蚀电位下对金属试件进行极化曲线测定.在无菌环境下制备试件的浸提液,...     

激光熔覆技术(SLM)与传统铸造法钴铬金属基底冠的金瓷结合力比较研究

目的 比较激光熔覆技术(SLM)与传统铸造法获得的钴铬金属基底冠的金瓷结合力。方法 制作不同方法获得的试件共4组,每组各10件,每个试件均为直径9.5 mm,高9.0 mm的圆柱体。将SLM试件设为实验组,铸造试件设为对照组,分别烧结:VITA瓷粉和Noritake Tizz瓷粉。用万能测试机对各试件进行剪切式(平移式)实验以及电子探针波普分析。结果 进行卡方检验。结果 SLM-VITA实验组[(45.8±2.11)Mpa]金瓷结合力显著大于铸造-VITA对照组[(38.7±3.86)Mpa],SLM-Tizz实验组[(27.5±1.95)Mpa]金瓷结合力显著大于铸造-Tizz瓷粉对照组[(25.2±2.65)Mpa]。电子探针波普分析可见Cr-Si桥界结合良好。结论 激光熔覆技术制作钴铬金属基底冠的金瓷结合力优于传统铸造法钴铬合金基底冠的金瓷结合力。     

选择性激光熔积技术制作钴铬合金基底冠的边缘密合度研究

目的 研究选择性激光熔积(selective laser melting,SLM)制作的钴铬合金基底冠的边缘密合度.方法 分别采用SLM技术和传统铸造法,各制作20个钴铬合金基底冠,用硅橡胶复制其边缘间隙宽度,在体式显微镜下观察其边缘密合度并加以比较.结果 SLM技术制作的钴铬合金基底冠的边缘间隙宽度平均值为49.6μm,显著小于铸造组的90.8μm (P＜0.05);结论 SLM技术制作的钴铬合金基底冠的边缘密合度优于传统铸造组,具有临床应用前景.     

选择性激光熔覆技术与铸造法制作全冠适合性的比较研究

目的 比较选择性激光熔覆技术( selective laser melting,SLM)与铸造法制作的全冠适合性差异,以期为临床提供依据.方法 通过切削技术制作铝合金试件,设计3种试件直径:切牙8.6 mm,前磨牙7.2 mm,磨牙11.2 mm,每种16件.将试件分为SLM组和铸造组,分别制作钴铬合金全冠并用磷酸锌粘接剂粘接.扫描电镜下观察粘接面各测量点粘接剂厚度.结果 SLM组牙冠颈缘、试件下1/3区、轴面角处和(稔)面中央点间隙[分别为(36.51±2.94)、(49.36±3.31)、(56.48±3.35)和(42.20±3.60)μm]小于铸造组相应部位[分别为(68.86±5.41)、(58.86±6.10)、(70.62±5.79)和(69.90±6.00) μm],两组差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 铸造法和SLM制作的全冠适合性均在临床可接受的范围内,但SLM法更接近美国牙科协会的标准,值得推广应用.     

反复烧结对选择性激光熔积钴铬合金硬度的影响

目的：探讨反复烧结对选择性激光熔积技术（SLM）制作的钴铬合金硬度的影响。方法用具有相同成分的钴铬合金粉末和金属块,分别运用SLM 技术（SLM 组）和铸造工艺（铸造组）制作,每组各制作25个圆柱形试件（10mm 直径*3mm 厚度）,随机分成A、B、C、D、E 组进行烧结,其中A 组不烧结,B、C、D、E 组分别烧结1、3、5、7次,在显微硬度仪上分别测量其维氏硬度,比较SLM 组和铸造组的硬度。结果烧结0、1、3、5、7次后,SLM 组的平均维氏硬度分别为427.9、571.3、600.4、620.9、673.3HV,铸造组的平均维氏硬度分别为354.7、374.7、429.3、440.4、449.1HV,相同烧结次数的 SLM 组和铸造组之间比较,其差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论烧结能增加钴铬合金的硬度,SLM 钴铬合金比铸造钴铬合金硬度增加更明显;烧结前后,SLM 钴铬合金均较铸造钴铬合金硬度高。     

选择性激光熔覆钴铬合金与瓷的结合性能研究

目的:评价选择性激光熔覆(selective laser melting,SLM)技术制作的钴铬合金与瓷粉的结合强度。方法:根据YY 0621-2008标准采用三点弯曲法测试比较SLM和传统失蜡铸造法的钴铬合金的金瓷结合强度,采用Vita瓷粉和Noritake瓷粉,对金瓷界面进行扫描电镜观察。结果:无论Vita瓷粉或Noritake瓷粉,SLM制作法的钴铬合金的金瓷结合强度均大于传统铸造法的金瓷结合强度(P<0.05)。SEM检测显示SLM钴铬合金的金瓷渗透深度均大于传统铸造钴铬合金的金瓷渗透深度。结论:SLM钴铬合金的金瓷结合强度大于YY0621-2008标准(25 MPa),也大于传统失蜡铸造法所获得的金瓷结合强度。     

制作方法对钴铬合金金瓷结合性能的影响

目的 比较铸造钴铬合金与选区激光熔化（SLM）钴铬合金金瓷结合强度的差异。方法 用铸造法和SLM技术制作钴铬合金试件各10个,在中间1/3区域熔附瓷粉,采用剪切力试验测试金瓷结合强度并观察断裂类型。采用SPSS 13.0软件中的t检验对结果进行统计学分析。结果铸造组、SLM组剪切力分别为（33.11±4.98）、（30.94±5.98） MPa,二者间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。样本的断裂类型为复合断裂。结论 SLM钴铬合金修复体精密度较高,其金瓷结合强度与铸造钴铬合金相近。     

选择性激光熔覆（SLM）制作钴铬合金冠的适合性研究

目的:评价选择性激光熔覆(SLM)技术与失蜡铸造法制作的钴铬合金单冠与三联冠的适合性。方法:采用2种SLM系统EOS M270与EOS M280及铸造法分别制作钴铬合金单冠与三联冠各5个,通过采用硅橡胶法在体式显微镜下测量边缘及内部垂直间隙。采用SPSS 17.0软件对实验数据进行单因素方差分析。结果:钴铬合金单冠的边缘间隙和内部间隙(μm)分别为:EOS M270组42.28±11.58、125.75±47.67,EOS M280组46.54±8.4、128.22±54.18,铸造组为48.66±12.08、135.37±46.89。三联冠的边缘间隙(μm)和内部间隙(μm)分别为:EOS M270组40.55±10.04、133.09±39.80,EOS M280组45.36±10、138.94±50.61,铸造组为54.24±12.04、151.87±61.94(P<0.05)。结论:SLM组边缘平均垂直间隙明显小于临床普遍接受的120μm的标准,精度可以满足临床要求。SLM钴铬合金单冠的边缘适合性优于铸造法,内部适合性无统计学差异。SLM钴铬合金三联冠的边缘适合性及内部适合性均优于铸造法。     

Chemical composition,surface roughness,and ceramic bond strength of additively manufactured cobalt-chromium dental alloys

Statement of problemSelective laser melting (SLM) additive manufacturing (AM) technology is a current option to fabricate cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) metal frameworks for dental prostheses. However, the Co-Cr alloy composition, surface roughness, and ceramic bond strength values that SLM metals can obtain are not well-defined.PurposeThe purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the chemical composition, surface roughness, and ceramic shear bond strength of the milled and SLM Co-Cr dental alloys.Material and methodsA total of 50 disks of 5 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness were fabricated by using subtractive (control group) and AM with each of following SLM providers: SLM-1 (EOS), SLM-2 (3D systems), and SLM-3 (Concept Laser). The milled disks were airborne-particle abraded with 100-μm aluminum oxide particles. All the specimens were cleaned before surface roughness (Ra), weight (Wt%), and atomic (At%) percentages were analyzed. Three-dimensional profilometry was used to analyze the topographical properties of the surface parameters Ra (mean surface roughness). The chemical composition of Co-Cr alloy specimens was determined by using energy dispersive X-ray (EDAX) elemental analysis in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Thereafter, the specimens were bonded to a ceramic (Dentine A3 and Enamel S-59; Creation CC) interface. Specimens were stored for 24 hours at 23 °C. The bond strength of the SLM-ceramic interface was measured by using the macroshear test (SBT) method (n=10). Adhesion tests were performed in a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). The Shapiro-Wilk test revealed that the chemical composition data were not normally distributed. Therefore, the atomic (At%) and weight percentages (Wt%) were analyzed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by pairwise Mann-Whitney U tests between the control and AM groups (AM-1 to AM-4). However, the Shapiro-Wilk test revealed that the surface roughness (Ra) and ceramic bond strength data were normally distributed. Therefore, data were analyzed by using 1-way ANOVA, followed by the post hoc Sidak test (α=.05).ResultsSignificant differences were obtained in Wt%, At%, and Ra values among the Co-Cr alloys evaluated (P<.05). Furthermore, the control group revealed significantly lower mean ±standard deviation Ra values (0.79 ±0.11 μm), followed by AM-3 (1.57 ±0.15 μm), AM-2 (1.80 ±0.43 μm), AM-1 (2.43 ±0.34 μm), and AM-4 (2.84 ±0.27 μm). However, no significant differences were obtained in the metal-ceramic shear bond strength among the different groups evaluated, ranging from mean ±standard deviation 75.77 ±11.92 MPa to 83.65 ±12.21 MPa.ConclusionsCo-Cr dental alloys demonstrated a significant difference in their chemical compositions. Subtractive and additive manufacturing procedures demonstrated a significant influence on the surface roughness of the Co-Cr alloy specimens. However, the metal-ceramic shear bond strength of Co-Cr alloys was found to be independent of the manufacturing process.     

加工参数设置对选择性激光熔积钴铬合金硬度的影响

目的 观测几种加工参数设置对选择性激光熔积(SLM)钴铬合金的表面形貌和表面维氏硬度的影响。方法 使用正交实验设计9组不同的加工参数,即激光功率为2500W、2750W、3000W,扫描速度为5mm/s、10mm/s、15mm/s,送粉速率为3r/min、4.5r/min、6r/min,制备9组选择性激光熔积钴铬合金试件,每组5个(直径10mm,厚度3mm),经抛光处理后分别进行扫描电镜观察和表面维氏硬度测试,采用SPSS16.0软件包进行数据处理。结果 9组不同加工参数制备下SLM钴铬合金试件的扫描电镜图像均呈现均匀而规则的细胞样结构;其平均表面维氏硬度均在345HV以上。结论 当加工参数设置在激光功率2500~3000W,扫描速度5~15mm/s,送粉速率3~6r/min范围内时, SLM钴铬合金具有较为理想的表面形貌和表面硬度,能适合临床应用需求。     

Fracture strength of porcelain fused to metal crowns made of cast,milled or laser-sintered cobalt-chromium

Abstract

Aims. The aim was to compare the fracture strength of porcelain fused to metal crowns with copings fabricated in Co-Cr using different manufacturing techniques (casting, milling and laser-sintering) with crowns manufactured in a high-gold alloy. Methods. A total of 50 identical crowns were fabricated and sub-divided into five groups; cast Co-Cr, milled Co-Cr, two groups of laser-sintered Co-Cr and a control group cast in a high-gold alloy. After thermocycling (5000 cycles, 5–55°C) and pre-load (30–300 N, 10,000 cycles) the crowns were loaded until fracture. Load (N) and fracture mode were recorded. Results. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in fracture strength between the control group and one of the laser-sintered groups. The mean values (N) for the groups were as follows: cast Co-Cr, 1560 ± 274; milled Co-Cr, 1643 ± 153; laser-sintered Co-Cr 1, 1448 ± 168; laser-sintered Co-Cr 2, 1562 ± 72; control group, 1725 ± 220. Conclusion. There is no difference in strength between Co-Cr crowns produced using the different production technologies: casting, milling or laser-sintering. Metal ceramic crowns made with copings fabricated in a high-gold alloy present numerically higher fracture strength than crowns made with copings fabricated in Co-Cr alloys. The difference is confirmed when analyzing the fracture surfaces, but the difference in fracture strength value is limited and is only significant with regard to one of the two laser-sintered groups.     

Effect of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate on electrochemical behavior and surface film composition of Co-Cr alloy used in dental restorations

The aim of this study was to investigate the electrochemical behavior of Co-Cr alloy in artificial saliva containing (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and to characterize the composition and structure of the passive film formed by potentiodynamic polarization.Electrochemical measurements ranked the corrosion resistance of Co-Cr dental cast alloy as follows when exposed to artifi cial saliva containing different concentrations of EGCG: 4.0 g/L<2.0 g/L<0 g/L<0.5 g/L<1.0 g/L. This showed that the concentration of EGCG in artificial saliva affected the corrosion behavior of Co-Cr alloy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results revealed that theoutermost surface layer on Co-Cr alloy was mainly composed of Cr2O3 and EGCG-Cr (III) ion complex, which were formed by redoxand complex formation reactions respectively. When the redox reaction was dominant, Co-Cr alloy exhibited high corrosion resistancein EGCG-containing artificial saliva. On the contrary, when the complex formation reaction was dominant, Co-Cr alloy exhibited low corrosion resistance.     

Surface characteristics and corrosion properties of selective laser melted Co–Cr dental alloy after porcelain firing

Objective

We examined the surface characteristics and corrosion properties of selective laser melted (SLM) cobalt–chromium (Co–Cr) dental alloys before and after porcelain-fused-to-metal (PFM) firing.

Methods

Samples were manufactured utilizing SLM techniques and control specimens were fabricated using traditional casting methods. The microstructure and surface composition were examined using metallographic microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Corrosion properties were evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Student's t-test was used to evaluate differences in numerical results of electrochemical corrosion tests between SLM and cast specimens before or after PFM firing. The results of electrochemical corrosion tests of the SLM and cast samples before and after firing were analyzed using one-way ANOVA.

Results

Although PFM firing altered the microstructure of the SLM specimens, they still exhibited a compact and homogeneous structure, and XPS analysis indicated that there were no significant differences in the surface composition of the specimens after firing. In artificial saliva at pH 5, the R_p value of the SLM specimens was 6.21 MΩ cm⁻² before firing and 2.84 MΩ cm⁻² after firing, suggesting there was no significant difference in electrochemical corrosion properties (P > 0.05). In artificial saliva at pH 2.5, the R_p value of the SLM group was 4.80 MΩ cm⁻² before firing and 2.88 MΩ cm⁻² after firing, again indicating no significant difference in electrochemical corrosion properties (P > 0.05). At pH 2.5, there was a significant difference in corrosion behavior between the cast and SLM groups, with the R_p value of the cast group being 0.78 MΩ cm⁻² vs. 2.88 MΩ cm⁻² for the SLM group.

Significance

The improved post-firing corrosion resistance of SLM specimens provides further support for their use in prosthodontic applications, as the oral environment may become temporarily acidic following meals.     

Effects of chemical composition on the corrosion of dental alloys

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the oral environment on the corrosion of dental alloys with different compositions, using electrochemical methods. The corrosion rates were obtained from the current-potential curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The effect of artificial saliva on the corrosion of dental alloys was dependent on alloy composition. Dissolution of the ions occurred in all tested dental alloys and the results were strongly dependent on the general alloy composition. Regarding the alloys containing nickel, the Ni-Cr and Ni-Cr-Ti alloys released 0.62 mg/L of Ni on average, while the Co-Cr dental alloy released ions between 0.01 and 0.03 mg/L of Co and Cr, respectively.The open-circuit potential stabilized at a higher level with lower deviation (standard deviation: Ni-Cr-6Ti = 32 mV/SCE and Co-Cr = 54 mV/SCE). The potenciodynamic curves of the dental alloys showed that the Ni-based dental alloy with >70 wt% of Ni had a similar curve and the Co-Cr dental alloy showed a low current density and hence a high resistance to corrosion compared with the Ni-based dental alloys. Some changes in microstructure were observed and this fact influenced the corrosion behavior for the alloys. The lower corrosion resistance also led to greater release of nickel ions to the medium. The quantity of Co ions released from the Co-Cr-Mo alloy was relatively small in the solutions. In addition, the quantity of Cr ions released into the artificial saliva from the Co-Cr alloy was lower than Cr release from the Ni-based dental alloys.