慢性阻塞性肺部疾病的肺功能与CT肺功能研究

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease,COPD)是指具有气流阻塞的慢性支气管炎和肺气肿。没有气流阻塞的慢性支气管炎和肺气肿不属于COPD。慢性阻塞性肺疾病以不可逆性气流受限为特征,继发于气道炎症和肺实质的肺气肿性改变。气道高反应性也是COPD的常见征象[1]。因此,对怀疑有COPD的患者,临床诊断常用肺功能试验(pulmonaryfunction test,PFT)测定第1秒用力肺活量实测值与预测值百分比(forced expiratory volume at1second,FEV1%)、第1秒用力肺活量与用力肺活量(forced vi-tal volume,FVC)的比值(FEV1/FVC)等…     

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism is a common medical problem whose incidence is likely to increase in our aging population. Although it is life-threatening, effective therapy exists. The treatment is not, however, without significant complications. Thus, accurate diagnosis is important. Unfortunately, the clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism are nonspecific. Furthermore, in many patients the symptoms of an acute embolism are superimposed on underlying chronic heart or lung disease. Thus, a high index of suspicion is needed to identify pulmonary emboli. Laboratory parameters, including arterial oxygen tensions and electrocardiography, are as nonspecific as the clinical signs. They may be more useful in excluding another process than in diagnosing pulmonary embolism. The first radiologic examination is the chest radiograph, but the clinical symptoms are frequently out of proportion to the findings on the chest films. Classic manifestations of pulmonary embolism on the chest radiograph include a wedge-shaped peripheral opacity and a segmental or lobar diminution in vascularity with prominent central arteries. However, these findings are not commonly seen and, even when present, are not specific. Even less specific findings include cardiomegaly, pulmonary infiltrate, elevation of a hemidiaphragm, and pleural effusion. Many patients with pulmonary embolism may have a normal chest radiograph. The chest radiograph is essential, however, for two purposes. First, it may identify another cause of the patient's symptoms, such as a rib fracture, dissecting aortic aneurysm, or pneumothorax. Second, a chest radiograph is essential to interpretation of the radionuclide V/Q scan. The perfusion scan accurately reflects the perfusion of the lung. However, a perfusion defect may result from a variety of etiologies. Any process such as vascular stenosis or compression by tumor may restrict blood flow. In addition, areas of the lung that are not well ventilated will be poorly perfused. Thus, a ventilation scan and a chest radiograph are essential to optimal interpretation of the perfusion scan. Ventilation/perfusion scans are interpreted as degrees of probability of pulmonary embolism. Emboli are not present in patients with a normal V/Q scan. An embolus is unlikely (10%-15%) among patients with a low-probability V/Q scan. However, small emboli that are nonocclusive may be present, and pulmonary arteriography may be used to further evaluate patients with a high clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension

CardioVascular and Interventional Radiology - Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a potentially lethal outcome of pulmonary embolism. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is...     

肺隔离症

肺隔离症 (ｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｓｅｑｕｅｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ或ｂｒｏｎｃｈｏｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｓｅ ｑｕｅｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎ ,以下简称“ＰＳ”)系较为常见的肺先天性发育畸形。ＰＳ时 ,部分肺组织发育不全 ,无呼吸功能 ,与邻近正常肺组织隔离开 ;其动脉供血和静脉回流异常 ,且隔离肺内支气管与邻近正常支气管不通[115] 。 1946年Ｐｒｙｃｅ[1] 首先提出“隔离”这个术语。当时认为系一种相对少见的肺发育异常。 1974年Ｓａｄｅ[1]等建议使用“ＰＳ谱 (ｓｅｑｕｅｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｓｐｅｃｔｒｕｍ )” ,用以概括与异常胚胎发育相关的一组…     

Pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis

Two cases of pulmonary lymphangiomyomatosis are reported and findings of high resolution computed tomography (CT) are described. CT reveals that most lesions appearing reticular or emphysematous on radiographs are actually cysts, and accurately displays the extent and distribution of cystic change of the lung. On high resolution CT, individual cystic walls are much better displayed than on routine 10 mm section CT. Further, it is possible to detect even trivial pleural effusion and mediastinal lymph node swelling by CT.