不同食物对大头金蝇的卵巢发育及其产卵动态影响研究

目的了解大头金蝇取食不同食物对其卵巢发育的影响及产卵动态,为研究大头金蝇的生殖行为提供理论依据。方法待大头金蝇成虫羽化后,大头金蝇雌虫取食猪粪、猪瘦肉、熟鸡蛋和奶粉,观察饲喂不同时间后其卵巢发育情况,并利用单因素方差分析比较大头金蝇取食不同食物后的卵巢发育长度差异。结果大头金蝇取食熟鸡蛋和猪瘦肉,其分别在第10、5天完成卵巢发育,而取食猪粪或奶粉,第20天仍未见卵巢发育;猪瘦肉组的大头金蝇雌虫卵巢长度大于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(1 d:F=13.054,ν=3,P=0.000;3 d:F=84.584,ν=3,P=0.000;5 d:F=42.065,ν=3,P=0.005)。饲喂猪瘦肉的大头金蝇雌性成虫第5天就完成了卵巢发育并开始产卵,第7天进入首个产卵高峰,第9天时产卵达最高峰值为16.6 mg,之后产卵峰值在6.0~10.0 mg。结论大头金蝇成虫取食猪粪和奶粉,其卵巢不能完成发育,取食熟鸡蛋其卵巢发育缓慢,取食猪瘦肉其卵巢发育最快;产卵动态受营养源影响。     

糖对大头金蝇生殖力的影响

目的研究糖对大头金蝇生殖力的影响。方法大头金蝇成蝇按雌雄比1：1饲养，观察产卵数、雌雄虫死亡数。结果大头金蝇成蝇取食不同食物，其种群数量下降至50％所需时间：白砂糖86．0d，蔗糖81．5d，葡萄糖74．0d，麦芽糖74．5d，奶粉16．5d。雌蝇平均寿命依次分别为74．7、74．4、60．7、63．9和17．4d；产卵期分别为38．4、42．7、39．3、43．1和1．5d；平均产卵量分别为717．1、775．0、437．6、481．0和1．8粒。大头金蝇平均寿命、产卵期、平均产卵量最高水平均出现在饲喂白砂糖、蔗糖、葡萄糖、麦芽糖者中，且与用奶粉饲养的大头金蝇间差异有统计学意义。不同糖类间差异无统计学意义，所有处理中大头金蝇雌雄平均寿命间均有差异，但不显著。结论糖能够提高大头金蝇成蝇生殖力。     

诱蝇产卵基质配方的研究

目的筛选出对家蝇产卵行为具有强引诱作用的因子,研制引诱家蝇产卵基质的最佳配方。方法在实验室条件下,比较家蝇对不同配方诱卵基质的产卵行为反应,完成引诱家蝇产卵基质的最佳配方研究。结果白糖对家蝇产卵具有较强的引诱力;10%白糖和10%碳酸氢铵混合物对家蝇产卵的引诱率达95%以上;家蝇信息素对家蝇的产卵行为没有明显影响。结论白糖对家蝇产卵具有明显引诱作用,10%白糖和10%碳酸氢铵的混合物对雌蝇的引诱力更强,可以在下一步捕蝇诱卵器的研制中作为引诱物加以利用。家蝇信息素对家蝇产卵没有引诱力。     

家蝇产卵行为的偏好研究

目的探索家蝇产卵对颜色、气味的选择,为蝇类防治提供依据。方法比较分析3种品系家蝇在不同处理的集卵杯中的产卵量。结果试验颜色中,黑色对家蝇的吸引力最强,产卵量占63.50%~64.56%;试验浓度中,5%酵母浓度对家蝇的吸引力最强,产卵量占74.29%~75.99%。结论黑色和5%的酵母浓度对家蝇产卵具有较强的引诱作用。     

湖北省1990年蝇类监测结果分析

1990年蝇类监测结果表明,蝇类3月份开始出现,6～8月达高峰,11月份后逐渐消失.大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇、家蝇为优势蝇种,分别占42.73%、29.92%和10.78%.气温与蝇类种群数量呈正相关.居民区、食品加工厂以大头金蝇居多,家蝇、丝光绿蝇次之;饮食服务业、垃圾堆则以丝光绿蝇最多,大头金蝇次之;而肉类联合加工厂为大头金蝇占绝对优势,丝光绿蝇、市蝇次之.应根据不同时间和生境重点予以杀灭.     

宁波市不同生境蝇类结构分析

目的了解宁波市区农贸市场、餐饮外环境、绿化带和居民区等生境的蝇类构成与季节变化规律,为蝇类防制策略的制定提供依据。方法采取笼诱法定期调查,将捕获成蝇分类计数,并计算出相应密度和构成比。结果宁波市农贸市场、餐饮外环境、绿化带和居民区等生境的优势蝇种为家蝇、大头金蝇和铜绿蝇,其中农贸市场为家蝇、大头金蝇和丝光绿蝇;餐饮外环境为大头金蝇、家蝇和丝光绿蝇;绿化带内为大头金蝇、铜绿蝇和家蝇;居民区为家蝇、大头金蝇和铜绿蝇。所有蝇类中,家蝇的活动时间最早、持续时间最长,其他蝇种发生的时间大多短于8个月,高峰大多在5—10月。结论制定防制措施时,应以5—10月为重点,并充分考虑家蝇、大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇和铜绿蝇的生活习性和发生规律。     

武汉市2017—2020年蝇类密度监测及抗药性调查

目的了解武汉市蝇类种群构成、密度、季节消长规律及家蝇、大头金蝇和丝光绿蝇对常用杀虫剂的抗性水平,为蝇类防制工作提供科学依据。方法蝇类密度监测采用笼诱法;蝇类抗药性调查采用点滴法,计算半数致死剂量(LD_(50))和家蝇种群的抗性倍数,并分析蝇种间抗性的差异。结果 2017—2020年武汉市共捕获蝇类3 271只,平均蝇密度为4.01只/笼,蝇密度季节消长呈双峰型,最高峰在6月(6.80只/笼)。武汉市家蝇种群对敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯的抗性倍数分别为46.58、1059.83、151.79和325.78倍;大头金蝇种群的LD_(50)依次分别为0.3714、0.4933、0.3565和0.5696μg/只;丝光绿蝇种群的LD_(50)依次分别为0.3939、0.6029、0.3917和0.7274μg/只,3种蝇类对4种常用杀虫剂的抗药性差异均无统计学意义(χ~2=0.738、0.917、1.609、0.232,P=0.691、0.906、0.447、0.890)。结论基本掌握了武汉市蝇类种群构成及季节消长规律,了解到家蝇、大头金蝇和丝光绿蝇对敌敌畏、溴氰菊酯、氯菊酯和高效氯氰菊酯产生了严重的抗药性。建议在今后的灭蝇工作中继续加强蝇类密度监测工作,采取环境治理、合理选用化学杀虫剂等综合防制措施,以延缓抗药性的发展。     

武汉市江夏区蝇类种群动态调查研究

目的了解江夏区纸纺街2010年蝇类的种群动态,为蝇传疾病的预防和灭蝇工作提供理论依据。方法蝇类采用笼诱法。结果蝇类有4科7属11种,家蝇、丝光绿蝇、大头金蝇和巨尾阿丽蝇为优势种,分别占蝇类总数的34.8%、18.4%、13.7%和13.4%;家蝇密度季节消长曲线呈双峰状,丝光绿蝇和大头金蝇呈单峰状,而巨尾阿丽蝇呈多峰状。年均蝇密度为:农贸市场>绿化带>餐饮外环境>居民区。优势蝇种优势度季节消长曲线和密度季节消长基本一致。结论家蝇、丝光绿蝇和大头金蝇为主要防治对象,全区5-11月应开展灭蝇工作。     

厦门市1998—1999年蝇种调查

目的 调查并分析厦门市蝇种。方法 综合应用昆虫网、捕蝇笼、粘蝇 纸等工具捕蝇,鉴定蝇种和分别计数。结果 厦门市的蝇类计4科20属32种,家蝇、市蝇、丝光绿蝇、棕尾别麻蝇、大头金蝇、厩腐蝇和瘤胫厕蝇以及其它蝇种组成比分别为80.01%、6.44%、6.21%、2.60%、2.57%、1.55%、0.15%、0.46%。结论 2属和7种分别是厦门市首次记录。优势蝇类的群落结构是“家蝇＋市蝇＋丝光绿蝇＋棕尾别麻蝇＋大头金蝇”等,以家蝇为绝对优势种。     

丽蝇蛹集金小蜂和球孢白僵菌对家蝇的协同控制作用

目的探讨丽蝇蛹集金小蜂和球孢白僵菌对家蝇的协同控制作用,为家蝇防制提供科学依据。方法通过"Y"形管气味选择和寄生选择实验,研究表面黏附球孢白僵菌孢子对丽蝇蛹集金小蜂雌蜂寄主选择性和寄生的影响;利用生态模拟实验研究蝇蛹表面喷洒孢子对羽化家蝇生殖能力和寿命的影响。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0软件进行单因素方差分析。结果丽蝇蛹集金小蜂雌蜂对表面喷洒球孢白僵菌孢子后0、1、3、5、7 d蝇蛹的选择性与对照蝇蛹比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);在表面喷洒球孢白僵菌孢子蝇蛹中羽化出的家蝇雌虫平均产卵前期为(6.00±0.94)d,对照组为(6.07±0.78)d,差异无统计学意义(P=0.200);表面喷洒球孢白僵菌孢子蝇蛹中羽化出的家蝇和对照组家蝇的单雌产卵量分别为(152.20±14.37)和(633.17±17.08)枚,卵孵化率分别为(20.64±1.74)%和(88.63±2.05)%,雌蝇寿命分别为(4.93±1.74)和(28.93±2.70)d。家蝇蛹表面喷洒球孢白僵菌孢子可使其单雌产卵量和卵孵化率均下降为对照组的1/4,雌蝇寿命下降为对照组的1/6,生殖潜力下降为对照组的1%。结论在蝇蛹孳生地周围释放丽蝇蛹集金小蜂可控制80%以上的蝇蛹,同时在孳生地表面喷洒球孢白僵菌孢子,可使未被寄生蝇蛹中羽化出家蝇的生殖潜力下降近99%,从而达到双重控制家蝇的目的。     

Muscoid dipterans as helminth eggs mechanical vectors at the zoological garden,Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To assess muscoid dipterae species who are able to carry helminth eggs and larvae and to evaluate the potential contamination of trapped dipterae. METHODS: The study was conducted in two different sites of the Zoological Garden of Rio de Janeiro from May 1996 to April 1998. Flies were captured weekly using traps containing putrefied fish, left out in the open for an hour at two sites in the zoo: Site 1 was next to the garbage and Site 2 was near the hippopotamus and birds of prey cages. Of the 41,080 flies captured, Chrysomya megacephala was the most representative species (69.34%), followed by Chrysomya albiceps (11.22%), Musca domestica (7.15%), Chrysomya putoria (4.52%), Fannia sp. ( 3.12%), Ophyra sp. ( 2.53%), and Atherigona orientalis (2.08%). Captured flies had their body surface washed out with distilled water and their gut dissected. RESULTS: Among the species studied, C. megacephala and M. domestica presented higher helminth eggs on their body surface and in their intestinal content. Ascaroidea and Trichinelloidea eggs prevailed in the intestinal content of C. megacephala. The helminth eggs found on the body surface and in the intestinal content were identified as Ascaris sp., Toxascaris sp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., Capillaria sp., Oxyuridae, Trichostrongylidae and Acantocephala. Besides eggs it was also found helminth larvae on the body surface of flies. There were significant differences between the two different capture sites related to the number of helminth eggs found on the flies. CONCLUSIONS: Faeces of zoo animals frequently found in their cages and in the zoo garbage contributed to the proliferation of muscoid dipterans who play an important role in spreading helminth eggs, mainly by direct contact of the flies' body with the animals' food.     

斑蹠黑蝇和裸芒综蝇在口岸蝇类监测中的重要性探讨

目的了解口岸斑蹠黑蝇和裸芒综蝇的本底情况以及这两种昆虫在媒介生物中的重要性。方法选择新会口岸港区内2个不同生态环境作为调查点,以鱼肠、发酵花生麸为诱饵进行4次诱蝇笼捕获,分类统计。结果综合鱼肠和发酵花生麸为诱饵的调查结果显示,新会口岸优势蝇种为大头金蝇,其次为家蝇、斑蹠黑蝇和裸芒综蝇。用两种诱饵诱捕结果显示后3种蝇密度差异性都不明显。这4种蝇构成新会口岸蝇类的绝对优势。结论斑蹠黑蝇和裸芒综蝇是珠江三角洲的优势蝇类之一,且具有传播疾病的能力,建议将这两种蝇作为华南地区口岸卫生性蝇类的重点监测目标;制定了适合广东省的媒介蝇类监测名录。     

The effect of food fiber on the biological value of meat products

The effect of food fibres of wheat bran, beet pectin and methylcellulose on the biological value of meat proteins has been studied in experiments on the growing rats. It has been shown, that up to 1% on food fibres of wheat bran and up to 0.5% of pectin and methylcellulose can be added to meat products without spoiling their qualitative indices. Higher levels of these substances cause the reduction of the biological value of meat products.     

Effects of guar gum and wheat bran on lipid metabolism of rats.

The effects of guar gum and wheat bran on blood and liver lipid levels of rats were measured. In experiment 1, rats were fed ad libitum a 55% sucrose diet containing 0, 15 or 25% wheat bran for 3 weeks. Postprandial plasma triglyceride, liver triglyceride and liver cholesterol values in rats fed the sucrose diet with wheat bran were significantly lower than values for rats fed the diet without wheat bran. Neither fasting plasma triglyceride nor cholesterol values were altered by wheat bran. In experiment 2, rats were meal-fed one of four experimental diets for 3 weeks: sucrose, sucrose-cholesterol, sucrose-cholesterol-bran or sucrose-cholesterol-guar gum. Rats fed sucrose-cholesterol-guar gum diet had significantly lower fasting plasma total cholesterol, liver triglyceride and liver cholesterol values, but higher plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol values than those fed sucrose-cholesterol diet. These values were similar for the sucrose-cholesterol and sucrose-cholesterol-bran groups. Fasting plasma triglyceride levels were not altered by wheat bran or guar gum. These studies indicate that while guar gum lowers fasting plasma total cholesterol and raises HDL cholesterol, wheat bran does not.     

Dietary wheat bran inhibits DNA synthesis and enhances 5-fluorouracil toxicity in rat pancreas

The effect of a 20% wheat bran dietary supplement on pancreatic growth and on the content and synthesis of pancreatic RNA and DNA was examined in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed defined diets for 4-5 weeks. Nutrient intake and body weight gain were similar in the control group (fed a fiber-free diet) and the groups fed the wheat bran supplement. The wheat bran diet produced no significant change in pancreatic weight, protein, RNA content, or DNA content, but was associated with a 28.8% fall in pancreatic DNA synthesis, measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, when compared with the controls (p less than 0.05). When rats were injected with 50 mg/kg of 5-fluorouracil (two injections, one week apart), those fed wheat bran exhibited a 40.1% increase in pancreatic wet weight (p less than 0.005) and a 24.5% decrease in RNA content (p less than 0.001), when compared to controls fed a fiber-free diet. RNA synthesis, measured by the incorporation of 32P into RNA, increased 3.6-fold in rats fed wheat bran, when compared with controls (p less than 0.01). These results suggest that wheat bran should be tested further for any inhibitory action on pancreatic carcinogenesis and for its modifying effect on 5-fluorouracil toxicity.     

The effects of complex polysaccharides on growth,digestibility and blood parameters in pair-fed chicks

A pair-feeding study was conducted on chicks to evaluate the growth-depressing and hypocholesterolemic effects of guar gum and pectin compared to other sources of dietary fiber. Fibers were fed so that the diet contained 2% hemicellulose or related complex carbohydrate from wheat bran, corn bran, a wood hemicellulose product, guar gum or pectin. A diet containing 10% wheat bran was also fed. Despite pair feeding, final body weights of guar gum-fed chicks were lower than that of all other groups at four weeks. Pectin-fed chicks, though heavier than those fed guar gum, weighed less than those fed the control, wood hemicellulose or wheat bran at either level. Digestibility of the diets appeared to influence growth rates. Metabolizable energy and feed efficiency in guar gum and pectin-fed chicks were also lower, and excreta weight was greater than in chicks fed other sources of fiber. Although not correlated to body weight, total serum cholesterol levels in chicks fed guar gum were lower than those of all other groups. Post-prandial glucose levels in whole blood were highest in chicks fed wood hemicellulose and lowest in those fed guar gum, corn bran or 10% wheat bran.     

Dietary wheat bran inhibits DNA synthesis and enhances 5‐fluorouracil toxicity in Rat pancreas

The effect of a 20% wheat bran dietary supplement on pancreatic growth and on the content and synthesis of pancreatic RNA and DNA was examined in male Sprague‐Dawley rats fed defined diets for 4–5 weeks. Nutrient intake and body weight gain were similar in the control group (fed a fiber‐free diet) and the groups fed the wheat bran supplement. The wheat bran diet produced no significant change in pancreatic weight, protein, RNA content, or DNA content, but was associated with a 28.8% fall in pancreatic DNA synthesis, measured by [³H]thymidine incorporation into DNA, when compared with the controls (p <0.05). When rats were injected with 50 mg/kg of 5‐fluorouracil (two injections, one week apart), those fed wheat bran exhibited a 40.1% increase in pancreatic wet weight (p <0.005) and a 24.5% decrease in RNA content (p < 0.001), when compared to controls fed a fiber‐free diet. RNA synthesis, measured by the incorporation of ³²P into RNA, increased 3.6‐fold in rats fed wheat bran, when compared with controls (p <0.01). These results suggest that wheat bran should be tested further for any inhibitory action on pancreatic carcinogenesis and for its modifying effect on 5‐fluorouracil toxicity.