茂名市女性按摩从业人员性病/艾滋病相关知识及高危行为调查

目的了解茂名市女性按摩从业人员对性病/艾滋病相关知识的认知情况和高危行为,为茂名市的性病/艾滋病预防控制工作提供参考。方法采用便利抽样和整群抽样相结合的方法抽取茂名市5间酒店的650名女性按摩从业人员进行性病/艾滋病相关知识及高危行为问卷调查。结果 650名女性按摩从业人员中,以（22±2）岁左右的年青人为主,占69.23%,大部分未婚,文化程度偏低;调查对象对性病/艾滋病的基本知识的正答率达80%以上的仅占21.54%,对艾滋病三大传播途径的正答率也只有18.46%,只有13.85%的调查对象能正确完整回答安全套正确使用知识方面的题目,全部调查对象均没能正确认知国家＂四免一关怀＂政策;部分调查对象存在不安全性行为;在性病/艾滋病的求医上也存在误区。结论应加强对茂名市女性按摩从业人员的性病/艾滋病相关知识和安全性行为教育,倡导正确的求医行为,减少和避免该人群感染性病/艾滋病,构筑一道预防性病/艾滋病从高危人群向一般人群传播的屏障。     

657例早孕人工流产原因分析

为了分析人工流产原因 ,探讨降低人工流产率的对策 ,本文对我所 1 998年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 7月 657例早孕行人工流产的妇女进行现场调查 ,结果显示 :人工流产者年龄多数在 2 3～ 33岁之间 ,占 75 95 %;未产妇占 41 55 %,经产妇占58 4 5 %;本次妊娠原因以未采用避孕措施妊娠者居多 ,占 56 4 7%,在未采用避孕措施原因中 ,未婚无措施排在首位 ,占未采用避孕措施的 47 98%,其它依次为存在侥幸心理、新婚期、哺乳期、流引产后、原避孕措施终止后等。采用避孕措施失败的占43 53 %,失败的原因首位是IUD ,占避孕措施失败的 51 4 0 %。在本次流产原因中 ,已婚计划外妊娠占 59 2 1 %,未婚先孕占2 8 92 %,优生原因占 7 61 %,无生育意愿的占 4 2 8%。结论　加强对育龄群众的生殖健康和避孕知识宣传教育 ,提高自我保健水平 ,积极主动的采用避孕措施 ,并加强对已采用避孕措施者的随访工作 ,搞好优生咨询与指导 ,是减少意外妊娠 ,降低人工流产率的有效措施     

人工流产后科学避孕方法选择与生殖安全

人工流产对女性生殖健康有着极大的危害，容易导致不良妊娠结局、继发性不孕等严重后果，采用优质人工流产后避孕服务，规范流产后女性计生服务，能够最大限度的降低人工流产率和高危人工流产率。人工流产后科学避孕方法和生殖安全教育的目的是落实科学的避孕措施，指的是在行人工流产前，根据受术者的实际情况和要求进行相应的避孕指导。     

盘县地区未婚女性避孕情况及心理调查

目的:通过对县区各级医院、诊所、妇幼保健机构的调查,统计分析未婚女性避孕方法,药具的使用情况及分析不同文化阶层女性的心理。减少因无知造成意外怀孕及不洁性交引起生殖系统疾病对女性造成伤害。方法:采用表格式匿名问卷对贵州盘县地区346名未婚流动人口随机调查。结果:大部分有婚前性行为的未婚青年在过性生活时没有采取任何保护措施,其避孕知识、态度和实践方面的无知令人担忧。结论:对于未婚流动人口,提高他们的避孕知识水平和对避孕服务的可及性非常必要完善,推广避孕指导机制,实施推广相关健康教育势在必。     

某高中女学生性知识来源和影响因素

目的了解学生获得性知识的途径和可能影响她们从父母获得相关知识的因素。方法采取整群随机抽样的方法，对395名重点高中女学生进行性知识、性病防治和避孕知识来源的问卷调查。结果65．1％（257／395）的学生性知识源自学校教育，其次为源自同学朋友（25．3％）和父母（15．9％）。分别有48．9％，85．1％和61．3％的父母不与女儿谈性知识、避孕知识和性病防治知识。学生自评学业成绩越差，越不会从父母处获得性教育、避孕和性病防治知识（P=0．001，0．033，0．028）。学生与家人关系密切程度，与学生能否从父母处获得性教育、避孕和性病防治知识均无相关（P=O．066，0．119，0．057）。结论学校教育是重点高中女生获得性知识的主要来源，鼓励和帮助父母参与对子女性教育的工作有待加强。     

非意愿妊娠的未成年少女避孕现状的调查研究

对于非意愿怀孕有多种解释,美国医学会( IOM) 专家委员会将非意愿怀孕定义为"不管是否采用避孕措施,妇女在不想怀孕时却发生了怀孕" ,而未成年少女的非意愿妊娠是一个世界性的公共卫生难题.由于青少年首次性行为年龄的提前,无避孕措施、避孕套的使用率低,青少年对性与生殖健康知识的理解和掌握仍旧不足,致使未成年女性意外妊娠逐年上升,并有向低龄化发展的趋势.为此,我们对非意愿妊娠的青少年做问卷调查,以其避孕状况入手,找到她们避孕措施中存在的问题,以减少未成年少女非意愿妊娠的发生.     

南京某大学低年级学生性态度、行为和性健康知识的调查分析

目的了解低年级大学生性态度、行为和性健康知识状况,为高校开展生殖健康教育与服务提供参考。方法参考以往同类型调查和项目自行设计问卷,调查内容包括性态度、性行为、生殖健康知识、性病知识的知晓率和对性健康知识和服务需求状况。结果低年级大学生性态度性别差异大,男生性态度较开放,有性经历的男生（13.9%）明显多于女生（6.4%）,差异有统计学意义（χ2=11.532,P〈0.01）;对于人流危害的认识女生优于男生（P〈0.05）;对AIDS知识的知晓情况男生优于女生（P〈0.05）,但两者对避孕知识及性健康知识掌握均有所不足;男女生性健康知识的获取途径主要为互联网、媒体和同伴;男女生希望提供的服务均依次为知识教育、生殖健康咨询及性病/艾滋病防治知识、避孕方法。结论对大学生进行性健康咨询、性知识教育、性病/艾滋病防治知识及避孕方法知识的教育非常迫切。     

广州市年轻女性流动人口性行为知信行现状调查

目的了解广州市年轻女性流动人口性行为知信行现状,为今后女性流动人口健康性行为的指导提供科学依据。方法采用随机整群抽样方法,在广州市黄埔区劳动密集型工厂中随机抽取8家,对18～29岁非广州籍女性工人进行问卷调查。结果 1374名调查对象中,性健康知识平均得分为（61.57±26.02）分,及格率为56.6%。多因素分析发现,文化程度低、未婚、未接受过生殖健康信息或服务者性健康知识及格率低。婚前性行为的发生率为21.1%,年龄大、未接受过生殖健康信息或服务者更有可能发生婚前性行为。在过去6个月有过性行为的661名调查对象中,3.9%存在多性伴侣,17.2%存在非意愿性行为,14.5%未采取避孕措施。在有过性行为的785名调查对象中,8.5%在过去1年中发生人工流产。结论流动女工知识和行为分离现象严重,虽然性健康知识掌握情况较好,但婚前性行为发生率高,高危性行为和人工流产比例较高。     

未婚人流患者性心理状态调查

目的 探索如何对未婚青年女性进行性及避孕知识教育，以及调查人流后的心理状态。方法 采用症状自评量表（SCL－90）及自编问卷进行评定分析。结果 ①未婚先孕人流女性存在有明显的心理障碍。②未婚女性缺乏必要的性及避孕知识。结论 对未婚先孕人流女性进行必要的心理疏导、给予同情、帮助。青年妇性自身要自尊、自爱、自强，提高自身素质，全社会开展性及避孕知识的教育，提供必要的性与避孕咨询和服务。     

自贡市娱乐场所服务小姐性病艾滋病健康教育效果对比研究

目的为了有效控制公共娱乐场所服务小姐性病艾滋病的蔓延,探讨女性高危人群性病艾滋病教育措施。方法对自贡市公共娱乐场所180名服务小姐进行了性病艾滋病干预(健康教育)研究,干预后采用与基线调查相同问卷访谈。结果干预一年后,目标人群对STD、AIDS的正确知晓率均具有显著提高,其它指标也明显高于未进行干预前的认识水平。结论对女性高危人群性病艾滋病知识进行健康教育很有必要,它对提高公共娱乐场所服务小姐的性病艾滋病知识水平具有重要意义。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.