上颌磨牙近中颊根根管截面形态的研究

目的：研究国人离体上颌第一、二磨牙近中颊根根管的内径和截面形态，为临床进行上颌磨牙根管治疗提供理论参考。方法：收集离体上颌第一磨牙108个，上颌第二磨牙167个。自根管口水平截取近中颊根，包埋。自根尖面开始每隔1mm横切牙根至距根尖6mm处，第7个横切面平近中颊根的根管口水平面。根管显微镜（DOM）下观察、拍摄每个牙根的7个切片的冠面，记录每个冠面含有的根管数，测量各截面各根管的颊舌径和近远中径，并按标准记录根管截面形状。结果：上颌第一磨牙共截取756个切片，均见近中颊根主根管（MB），464个切片中可观察到近中颊根第二根管（MB2）；上颌第二磨牙共截取1169个切片，含MB共1169个，MB2共442个；含MB2的标本数在上颌第一磨牙和第二磨牙分别为96个和90个，占88．89％和53．89％。近中颊根主根管（MB）的颊舌径多大于近远中径，截面形状以扁形和椭圆形多见，但愈近根尖，两径间的差距愈小，即MB愈近根尖，愈趋向成圆形：近中颊根第二根管（MB2）的颊舌径和近远中径间的差距变化不大，截面形状以圆形最多，椭圆形次之，扁形最少。结论：上颌第一、二磨牙近中颊根的根管截面形态复杂，提示临床上需配合有效的清理和成形技术以提高该牙位的根管治疗成功率。     

Operating microscope improves negotiation of second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary molars.

This in vitro study investigated the prevalence, location, and pathway of the second mesiobuccal canal (MB-2) in 45 first and second maxillary molars using the operating microscope (OM). Initially location and negotiation of MB-2 were attempted without magnification. Teeth in which MB-2 was not located or could not be negotiated were further explored under OM. Roots where MB-2 could not be negotiated even with OM were cross-sectioned and inspected microscopically. Morphometric measurements were performed to map the location of MB-2. Without magnification an apparent MB-2 orifice was located in 42 teeth and the canal negotiated in 31 (69%). With OM one additional apparent MB-2 orifice was located, and five previously identified canals were negotiated (total 80%). The root cross-sections confirmed the absence of MB-2 in all nine teeth where it was not negotiated. Location of MB-2 varied randomly. In conclusion MB-2 can be negotiated in 80% of maxillary molars, although an orifice is apparent in 96% of the teeth. Ability to negotiate MB-2 is facilitated by OM.     

根管显微镜在定位上颌磨牙近颊根第二根管中的作用

目的:评价改进开髓口和应用根管显微镜(DOM)定位离体上颌第一、二磨牙近颊根第二根管(MB2)的能力.方法:收集离体上颌第一、二磨牙共550颗.在肉眼、传统三角形开髓口(N.E-1),肉眼、改进开髓口(N.E-2)和根管显微镜辅助(DOM)三种不同条件下分别探查根管,记录MB2数目.结果:N.E-1、N.E-2和DOM三种不同条件下,MB2发现率在上颌第一磨牙分别为34.26%、51.85%和78.24%;第二磨牙分别为16.17%、23.65%和41.32%.改进开髓口和使用DOM可显著提高MB2发现率,与传统开髓口间的差别有统计学意义,P＜0.05.结论:建议将上颌磨牙开髓口由传统的三角形改为斜四边形,并使用合适的放大技术和增强照明,以提高MB2发现率和治疗率.     

上颌第一磨牙遗漏近颊第二根管的显微根管再治疗

目的：探讨运用根管显微镜对经治的上颌第一磨牙遗漏近颊第二根管（MB2）的诊治方法。方法：选择需行根管再治疗的上颌第一磨牙64个。依据x线片特征,牙冠与髓底的形态特点判断是否存在MB2。采用斜方形开髓入口,小号K锉探查,必要时使用根管手术显微镜定位MB2根管。镍钛机用根管锉冠向下法预备根管,1％NaOCL冲洗根管系统,冷牙胶侧方加压与热牙胶垂直加压充填根管。记录近颊根根管分型、根管预备过程中并发症的情况,评价疗效。结果：再治疗中共发现MB2根管55个（85．81％）,疏通45个（80％）。近颊根双根管以2—1型、2—2型较常见（76．56％）。治疗过程中未发生器械折断、管壁侧穿等并发症,治疗成功率为95．55％。结论：上颌第一磨牙MB2发生率高,通常狭窄、弯曲、隐蔽,是临床治疗的难点;临床医生有意识地寻找和在显微镜下的可视化操作能提高MB2根管的发现率和治疗的成功率。     

Frequency of second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary molars as determined by use of an operating microscope: a clinical study

Operating microscopes have recently been introduced to facilitate treatment of surgical and nonsurgical endodontic cases. The aim of this study was to determine in an in vivo clinical study if the use of an operating microscope would increase the number of second mesiobuccal canals located and obturated in maxillary first and second molars. Two hundred maxillary first and second molars treated with the aid of a microscope were evaluated. The number of second mesiobuccal canals that could be negotiated and obturated within 4 mm of the apex was recorded. Thirty percent of all maxillary molars had a negotiable second mesiobuccal canal. Evaluated separately, 33.1% of the maxillary first molars and 24.3% of the second molars had a negotiable second mesiobuccal canal. Results indicated that use of a surgical microscope did not increase the number of second mesiobuccal canals located, compared with those reports where access preparations were modified and the microscope was not used.     

上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管的定位与扩通

目的　研究上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管口 (secondmesiobuccalcanal,MB2 )与近中颊根管口 (mesiobuccalcanal,MB)、腭侧根管口 (palatal,P)的相对位置关系 ;探讨根管显微镜在上颌磨牙MB2治疗中的作用。方法　选取 1 1 3颗上颌磨牙 ,截去牙冠后肉眼寻找并扩通MB2根管 ,然后将未找到MB2或不能扩通的标本利用根管显微镜重复上述操作。对找到MB2根管的标本进行扫描 ,利用Image Proplus 4 .0图像分析软件分析MB2根管口与MB、P根管口的关系。结果　MB MB2距离为(1 47± 0 54)mm ,MB P距离为 (5 77± 0 66)mm ,MB2根管口与MB P连线的垂直距离为 (0 53±0 2 8)mm ,MB P连线与MB MB2连线的夹角 (α)为 2 3 0 7°± 1 3 0 8°。肉眼下有 70颗找到MB2根管口(61 9% ) ,其中 53颗通畅 (46 9% ) ;在根管显微镜下又有 6颗找到MB2 ,其中 4颗MB2根管通畅 ,MB2根管发现率提高 5 4% ;原MB2不通畅的根管又有 2颗通畅 ,MB2根管通畅率提高 5 4%。结论　MB2根管位于MB舌侧 2mm以内及MB P连线近中 1mm以内 ;上颌磨牙MB2发现率为 67 3 % ,其中52 2 %通畅 ;根管显微镜可以提高MB2的发现率及扩通率     

上颌第一磨牙近颊第二根管的临床治疗

目的 探讨上颌第一磨牙近烦第二根管（second mesiobuccal canal，MB2）的特征及临床治疗方法。方法 选取患牙髓炎或根尖用炎的上颌第一磨牙95颗，拍摄术前X线片，术中采用小号K锉配合15％EDTA溶液探查根管，记录根管数目、形态和类型；采用机动镍钛器械Hero642进行根管预备，侧向加压充填技术充填根管。结果上颌第一磨牙MB2的发现率为81．1％，扩通的MB2占72．6％，多数MB2根管细小弯曲，需用小号锉配合使用EDTA进行疏通，机动镍钛器械预备根管无明显并发症。结论上颌第一磨牙MB2的发生率高，多数根管细小弯曲，小号K锉配合EDTA疏通根管，机动镍钛器械预备可获得良好的治疗效果。     

上颌磨牙近中颊根的寻找和扩通

目的：寻找并尽量扩通上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管，统计其发生率及通畅率。方法：离体上颌磨牙11颗，开髓、拔髓，寻找并尽量扩通近中颊根第二根管即MB2，根管预备、充填，拍片。统计其发生及发现率。临床上对146颗上颌磨牙开髓、拔髓，寻找并尽量扩通近中颊根第二根管即MB2，根管预备，充填，拍片。结果：离体牙10颗，上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管发现率为60％，通畅率为50％。94颗上颌第一磨牙，近中颊根第二根管发现率为44.68％.通畅率为29.78％，52颗上颌第二磨牙，发现率为11.53％，通畅率为7.69％。结论：上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管的发生率较高，其寻找、定位及扩通尽管有一定的困难，临床医生仍应注意寻找，以提高上颌磨牙根管治疗的成功率。     

上颌第二磨牙近中颊根第二根管的解剖定位

目的:观察髓室底的解剖形态和根管口的数目和位置,探寻近颊根第二根管(MB2)根管口的定位规律.方法:选择 (7|7)离体牙220 颗,利用耳鼻喉科内窥镜系统对髓室底进行观察,测量髓室底根管口之间的位置关系,统计MB2出现率,探寻MB2根管口定位规律. 结果:髓室底观察发现,MB2基本上发生在MB-P连线的近中舌侧,MB2的发生率为38.2%. MB2-MB的距离为(1.56±0.65) mm.MB-DB的距离为(2.34±0.78) mm, MB-P的距离为(5.05±1.26) mm.∠MB2-MB-P的角度为(22.21±10.35)°. 结论:MB2根管口多位于MB-P连线的近中舌侧,且在以MB为中心, MB-P为一边,向近中做角度为(22.21±10.35)°的扇形范围内基本上能找到MB2.     

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目的    探讨上颌第一磨牙近中颊根第二根管（MB2）的寻找与扩通方法。方法    将2006—2008年于沈阳市口腔医院口内门诊就诊患者的因牙髓炎需要做根管治疗的上颌第一磨牙84颗,随机分成试验组（42颗）、对照组（42颗）。试验组根管显微镜下寻找MB2并扩通,而对照组常规裸眼下进行操作,比较分析两组MB2的发现率及通畅率。结果    试验组上颌第一磨牙MB2发现率、通畅率分别为80.95% 、82.35% ,对照组上颌第一磨牙MB2发现率、通畅率分别为42.86% 、77.78%,两组上颌第一磨牙MB2发现率比较,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,通畅率比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05） 。结论    在对上颌第一磨牙进行根管治疗时,用根管显微镜寻找MB2的比例远大于临床用裸眼下操作。     

Efficacy of clinical and radiological methods to identify second mesiobuccal canals in maxillary first molars

Abstract

Introduction. The success of endodontic treatment depends on the identification of all root canals. Technological advances have facilitated this process as well as the assessment of internal anatomical variations. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of clinical and radiological methods in locating second mesiobuccal canals (MB2) in maxillary first molars. Methods. Fifty patients referred for analysis; access and clinical analysis; cone-beam endodontic treatment of their maxillary first molars were submitted to the following assessments: analysis; access and clinical analysis; cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT); post-CBCT clinical analysis; clinical analysis using an operating microscope; and clinical analysis after Start X ultrasonic inserts in teeth with negative results in all previous analyses. Results. Periapical radiographic analysis revealed the presence of MB2 in four (8%) teeth, clinical analysis in 25 (50%), CBCT analysis in 27 (54%) and clinical analysis following CBCT and using an operating microscope in 27 (54%) and 29 (58%) teeth, respectively. The use of Start X ultrasonic inserts allowed one to detect two additional teeth with MB2 (62%). According to Vertucci's classification 48% of the mesiobuccal canals found were type I, 28% type II, 18% type IV and 6% type V. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences (p > 0.5) in the ability of CBCT to detect MB2 canals when compared with clinical assessment with or without an operating microscope. A significant difference (p < 0.001)was found only between periapical radiography and clinical/CBCT evaluations. Conclusion. Combined use of different methods increased the detection ofthe second canal in MB roots, but without statistical difference among CBCT, operating microscope, Start X and clinical analysis.     

上颌磨牙近颊第二根管的定位与治疗

目的:探讨上颌磨牙近颊第二根管(second mesiobuccal canal,MB2)的临床发现率、特征及治疗方法.方法:选取患牙髓炎或根尖周炎的上颌第一磨牙106颗、上颌第二磨牙80颗,拍摄术前X线片,探查根管,记录根管数目、形态和类型;采用机动镍钛器械Hero 642进行根管预备,侧向加压充填技术充填根管.结果:上颌第一磨牙、上颌第二磨牙MB2的发现率分别为82.1%和45.0%,多数MB2根管细小,用8或10号锉结合EDTA溶液可通畅根管.根管预备中有1枚器械折断,无其它并发症发生.结论:上颌第一磨牙MB2的发现率高于上颌第二磨牙,多数MB2根管口隐蔽,根管细小;机动镍钛器械预备可获得良好的成形效果.     

Morphological measurements of two separate mesiobuccal canals in maxillary first molars using micro-computed tomography

Objectives

To obtain radicular measurements of two separate mesiobuccal (MB) root canals in maxillary first molars using micro-computed tomography (μCT) with customized software.

Materials and methods

Human maxillary first molar MB roots (N = 36) with two separate canals (MB1, MB2) and apical foramina were scanned by μCT and analyzed with Kappa2 software to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) surface models of roots and canals. These models were sectioned at 0.1 mm intervals perpendicular to the central axis of each canal. Canal widths, 3D curvatures, and surrounding dentine thicknesses were measured concurrently on each section. Dentine thicknesses were analyzed statistically for differences between each direction and the different levels of both canals.

Results

Dentine walls around MB1 were thicker than MB2 (p < 0.05). Thinnest dentine was most often located at disto-inside direction in both canals. Canal widths were significantly smaller in MB2 than MB1 (p < 0.01). Apical constrictions were smaller (p < 0.05) and further (p < 0.05) from the apex in MB2 than MB1. Canal curvatures were greatest in the apical third of both canals (p < 0.001), and they were greater in MB2 than MB1 (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

MB2 canals had shorter lengths, smaller widths, and more severe curvatures and were surrounded by thinner dentine walls. In MB2, apical constrictions were between 1 and 2 mm from the apex, compared to about 1 mm for MB1.

Clinical relevance

These detailed measurements and in-depth 3D analyses of maxillary first molar MB roots with two separate canals and apical foramina provide morphologic references for root canal therapy.

     

上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管的检出率

目的 探讨上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管(MB2)的临床检出率以及手术显微镜在提高上颌磨牙临床检出率中的作用.方法 选取进行常规根管治疗的63颗上颌第一磨牙.27颗上颌第二磨牙,以及进行显微根管治疗的55颗上颌第一磨牙,20颗上颌第二磨牙,2颗上颌第三磨牙,分别拍摄术前X线片,探查根管,记录根管数目.结果 进行常规根管治疗的上颌第一磨牙和上颌第二磨牙,MB2检出率分别为28.6%和3.7%;进行显微根管治疗的上颌第一磨牙和上颌第二磨牙,MB2检出率分别是61.8%和25%:对上颌第一磨牙常规根管治疗和显微根管治疗的MB2临床检出率进行卡方检验,X2=13.17,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001);对上颌第二磨牙常规根管治疗和显微根管治疗的MB2临床检出率进行Fisher确切概率值检测,单侧比较值为0.043,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 手术显微镜有助于提高上颌磨牙MB2的临床检出率,选择显微根管治疗有助于提升上颌磨牙根管治疗的成功率.     

Incidence and configuration of canal systems in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first and second molars

The anatomy of the mesiobuccal (MB) root of 51 maxillary first and 32 maxillary second molars was studied. Initially, an attempt was made to locate all canals using a standard access and hand instruments. A bur was next used carefully to locate any additional second mesiobuccal (mesiolingual (ML)) canals. Finally, after crown removal, the teeth were reduced horizontally in 1-mm increments and examined by microscope. A second ML canal was located in the coronal half of 95.2% of the roots: by hand instruments in 54.2%; bur in 31.3%; and microscope in 9.6%. There were no root perforations when the bur was used as described. The ML canal orifice averaged 1.82 mm lingual to the MB canal orifice. The difference in incidence of ML canals between the first and second molars was not statistically significant. The canal systems were type 1, 4.8%; type 2, 49.4%, and type 3, 45.8%.     

离体上颌磨牙近中颊根第二根管出现率的研究

目的运用透明标本观察法、螺旋CT薄层扫描技术和牙根硬组织切片观察法研究中国人离体上颌第一、二磨牙近中颊根第二根管（MB2）的出现率。方法分别收集离体上颌第一磨牙216例、第二磨牙334例，均随机分为两组：A组制成透明标本；B组标本经螺旋CT扫描后，自根尖开始每隔1mm横切牙根。所有离体牙标本均在牙科手术显微镜下观察并记录近中颊根的根管数目。结果透明标本观察法所得的上颌第一、第二磨牙MB2出现率分别为81．48％和49．70％；螺旋CT扫描技术所得的结果分别为77．78％和47．31％；牙根硬组织切片法所得的结果分别为88．89％和53．89％。上颌第一磨牙MB2出现率高于第二磨牙，其差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。同一牙位不同实验方法间的结果差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论上颌第一、二磨牙MB2出现率高，提示临床医师应努力探查该根管，以提高上颌磨牙根管治疗的成功率。     

Prevalence of a second canal in the mesiobuccal root of permanent maxillary first molars from an Indonesian population

A sample of 308 extracted human permanent maxillary first molars from an Indonesian population was randomly selected. A rhomboid access cavity was made in all teeth in anticipation of identifying a second mesiobuccal canal (MB2). Ultrasonic tips were used to open the subpulpal groove to locate the second canal in the mesiobuccal root. Dentin was carefully removed from the trifurcation area at the expense of the mesial wall. If a second canal was located, a 0.8 C+ file was inserted into it until the file reached the apex. The prevalence of a second canal in the mesiobuccal root of the permanent maxillary first molar was 68.5% (95% CI: 63.1%-73.4%) in this population. Sections of the mesial root showed that the MB2 was a separate canal in 52.6% of the sample and a joined canal in 47.4%. The mean (SD) distance between MB1 and MB2 was 1.55 (0.66) mm. The data obtained from this study provide theoretical and experimental evidence to aid in the clinical management of the MB2 canal and may increase the success rate for root canal treatment of the maxillary first molar.