名人面孔、动物和人造物类别特异性命名区脑定位的功能磁共振研究(英文)

目的在一些疾病中,病人会出现类别特异性的识别和命名障碍,但有关名人面孔、动物和人造物三种不同类型命名任务的脑定位研究仍存在争议。本研究旨在利用功能磁共振(fMRI)研究这三种不同类型命名任务的脑激活特点。方法采用SPM8软件进行脑功能图像分析,命名任务与基线任务采用t检验统计,然后进行群组分析,结果用MNI坐标表示,解剖位置用XJview8自动标记。结果名人面孔命名区主要位于双侧前颞叶包括海马和杏仁核,且存在左侧优势,同时还激活双侧颞下回三角部和盖部;命名动物主要激活左侧辅助运动区;而命名人造物主要激活左侧运动前区和右侧辅助运动区,三种任务均有双侧梭状回激活,但命名人造物激活区范围比其余两种任务都大。结论人、动物和人造物三种不同类型命名任务的脑定位存在差异,这提示在术中定位功能区过程中,需要选择不同类型的命名任务,以减少阴性刺激和术后永久性功能障碍的发生率。     

名人面孔、动物和人造物类别特异性命名区脑定位的功能磁共振研究

目的研究名人面孔、动物和人造物3种不同类型命名任务的脑定位特点,为术中选择合适的命名任务提供依据。方法对21名健康志愿者行3种不同类型命名任务的血氧水平依赖功能磁共振(BOLD-fMRI)扫描,采用SPM8软件进行脑功能区活动图像分析,获取各激活区激活体素的位置和强度。结果名人面孔命名区主要位于双侧前颞叶包括海马和杏仁核,且存在左侧优势,同时还激活双侧颞下回三角部和盖部;命名动物主要激活左侧辅助运动区;而命名人造物主要激活左侧运动前区和右侧辅助运动区,3种任务均有双侧梭状回激活,但命名人造物激活区范围比其他2种任务都大。结论人、动物和人造物3种不同类型命名任务的脑定位存在差异,这提示在术中定位功能区过程中,需要选择不同类型的命名任务,以减少假阴性刺激,降低术后永久性功能障碍的发生率。     

类别特异性命名区脑定位的临床研究

目的 研究人脑内是否存在类别特异性命名区.方法 13例功能区病变患者,术中唤醒状态下,皮层直接电刺激(DES)确定是否存在类别特异性命名区.结果 DES发现命名障碍区28个,错语4个:1个为名人面孔特异性错语,其余为三种类型命名均错语.命名不能24个:(1)名人面孔特异性脑区6个;(2)名人面孔和动物命名共同脑区4个;(3)动物和工具命名共同脑区10个;(4)三种类型命名共同脑区4个;(5)没有单独工具、单独动物或名人面孔和工具共同命名的脑区.结论 人脑内存在名人面孔特异性命名区,提示术中需增加名人面孔命名任务,以减少阴性刺激的发生率.     

词汇与图片刺激在梭状回的视觉加工

目的：根据最近神经影象像的研究,有人提出左侧梭状回中部为视觉词汇区的假设。另外的观点认为,它不仅反映词汇、字母,而且对图片、面孔和数字进行反映。本研究探索“梭状回”在词汇和图片任务中的认知功能,探索梭状回功能的普遍性。方法：本实验以8名母语为粤语的大学生为被试,以图片命名和名词命名为作业任务,以脑功能成像为手段,采用AFNI软件处理数据。结果：发现在中部梭状回感兴趣区,图片命名作业在双侧都显示了明显的激活,名词命名只在左脑有激活。研究结果支持左侧梭状回具有一般性外形加工功能的观点。     

首发抑郁症患者字母工作记忆fMRI研究

目的探讨首发抑郁症患者字母工作记忆的脑激活特征。方法12例首发抑郁症患者与12名健康对照配对进行字母工作记忆任务的功能磁共振成像(fMRI)。以AFNI软件对fMRI数据进行定位与定量分析。结果①两组任务执行正确率均大于75%,患者组字母工作记忆2-back任务正确率低于对照组[(0.79±0.04)%vs(0.83±0.03)%,t=4.69,P<0.05];②两组字母工作记忆激活的感兴趣脑区(ROI)均为左侧Broca区BA44/45、双侧前额叶腹侧BA9/46、顶叶后部BA7/40、前运动区BA6及辅助运动区(SMA)BA6/8(P<0.05);③患者组在右侧与左侧BA9/46、右侧与左侧BA6及左侧Broca区的激活强度分别为:1.38%、1.69%、1.21%、1.32%及0.52%,低于对照组的2.42%、3.53%、2.95%、3.51%及1.62%(P<0.05)。结论首发抑郁症患者存在字母工作记忆损害,而语音环路的双侧BA9/46、BA6与左侧Broca区激活减弱可能为其病理机制之一。     

抑郁症患者恐惧与中性面孔刺激的脑磁图研究

目的:利用脑磁图探讨抑郁症患者给予重复恐惧、中性面孔刺激后早期神经磁场激活特征。方法:8例抑郁症患者及12名健康右利手对照者,在给予恐惧、中性面孔图片刺激同时记录脑磁图信号,使用SPM8b软件进行数据分析;设两样t检验P<0.005(未校正)和K值≥40个体素范围为差异有统计学意义。结果:在0～50Hz频率范围内,与对照组相比,抑郁组在恐惧面孔图片刺激下显示出左侧眶额皮质、腹外侧前额皮质激活增强;在中性面孔刺激下,抑郁组显示出左侧腹外侧前额皮质和眶额皮质、左前扣带回激活增强,双侧顶叶如楔前叶等激活减弱。结论:抑郁症患者情绪感受脑区左侧前额皮质低频脑磁图功率增强。     

汉-英双语言脑功能区外科手术定位的探讨

目的探讨中国人汉-英语的脑功能区定位及手术方法。方法对1例广东籍汉语普通话-英语双语言脑功能区低级别胶质瘤病人，术前通过汉、英语语义、语音和图文实验任务，经功能磁共振（fMRI）定位汉语和英语皮质区．由神经功能导航制定手术计划和定位，术中采用超声探测肿瘤，全麻唤醒下双语定位监测功能区，行显微手术切除病变。结果fMRI检出汉语激活区在肿瘤的前下外部，即额中下回后部，英语激活区则位于近肿瘤的额上中回后部。切除肿瘤过程中英语较汉语出现明显障碍征象。肿瘤获次全切除，术后出现短暂辅助运动区（SMA）综合征，英语运动性失语于术后1周内恢复；术后3个月，fMRI显示英语激活区重塑位移。术后8个月随访，病人恢复正常生活和工作，术前癫痫症状消失。结论①采用双语方式进行fMRI扫描定位、神经导航功能区定位和术中清醒状态下双语监测，使双语言脑功能区病变病人的手术治疗成为可能。②在保留母语功能的前提下，对第2语言区病变做到最大限度切除后，其语言功能仍可能得到恢复。     

利培酮和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者自发性脑活动的不同影响

目的探究利培酮和氯氮平对精神分裂症患者自发性脑活动造成的不同影响。方法采用横断面研究方法,选取2014年6月-2015年6月在成都市第四人民医院住院并分别接受利培酮(n=10)和氯氮平(n=11)治疗的精神分裂症患者为患者组,同期选取10名正常健康被试为对照组。采集每名被试的静息态fMRI数据,计算其低频振幅(ALFF)指标,使用协方差分析方法考察三组被试的组间差异,并采用事后检验进行两两比较。结果①三组被试的年龄、性别、受教育年限差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);②三组被试在双侧丘脑、脑岛、小脑半球、颞中回以及左侧辅助运动区、眶部额中回、左侧梭状回和中央后回的ALFF值差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),事后检验显示两患者组在双侧丘脑和左侧辅助运动区的ALFF值较对照组低;其中,氯氮平组在双侧小脑半球、左侧眶部额中回和左侧梭状回的ALFF值高于对照组,而在双侧脑岛及左侧中央后回的ALFF值低于对照组;氯氮平组在双侧颞中回及左侧中央后回的ALFF值较利培酮组低,而在左侧眶部额中回的ALFF值高于利培酮组,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论氯氮平和利培酮均可能对精神分裂症患者不同脑区的自发性活动造成不同影响,而氯氮平影响更多的脑区自发性活动,这有助于理解两种药物对大脑的不同药理效应。     

运动性失语患者不同疗效的功能MRI研究

目的探讨运动性失语患者不同疗效的脑区激活特点。方法选取处于同一基线水平的运动性失语患者,均进行1个月常规失语症康复训练。根据评价结果分为疗效较好组和疗效较差组,与正常人分别进行图片命名任务的fMRI检查,分析各组激活脑区的差异:结果正常人组双侧岛叶(BA13)、左侧Broca区及其右侧镜像区(BA45)等区域有明显激活,激活区域以左侧半球为多,有明显左侧偏侧性;疗效较差组整体激活较正常人组明显下降,右侧大脑脑区有过多激活,左右间差距较正常人组缩小;疗效较好组则激活区域左侧偏侧性明显,左右间差距较疗效较差组增大,无右侧大脑脑区过多激活。结论语言功能有明显左侧偏侧性,运动性失语症患者语言功能恢复与左侧半球未受损的功能相关。     

矿难后急性重性创伤后应激障碍症状激发和创伤有关短期记忆提取的功能性磁共振成像研究

目的 探讨急性重性创伤后应激障碍(post traumatic stress disorder,PTSD)患者的脑功能及执行记忆功能时的脑反应.方法 采用功能磁共振成像技术,对经历矿难的10例急性重性PTSD患者(PTSD组)和7例非PTSD对照(非PTSD组)执行症状激发任务,并首次采用1项创伤有关的短期记忆提取任务进行记忆功能的测定.结果 症状激发试验中,PTSD组负性图片相比中性图片,左侧后扣带回、双侧尾状核和右侧丘脑等脑区激活增强,右侧扣带回和双侧额中回激活下降;PTSD组相比非PTSD组,右侧前扣带回、左侧额下回、双侧额中回及双侧颞中回等脑区激活下降,左侧海马旁回激活增高.短期记忆提取任务中,PTSD组负性图片相比中性图片,右侧后扣带回和双侧海马存在明显激活;PTSD组相比非PTSD组,右侧额下回、右侧额中回、左侧枕中回等脑区激活下降.记忆提取任务相比症状激发任务,PTSD组右侧海马旁回激活下降.结论 急性重性PTSD患者在急性期已存在部分脑区激活的下降以及记忆功能的减退.     

Sprachdiagnostik bei Patienten mit unilateraler Temporallappenepilepsie

Background

Deficits in visual confrontation naming ability constitute a typical deficit in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy.

Patients and methods

Naming function was assessed in 106 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (left: 58, right: 48) and left hemispheric language representation and in 74 healthy volunteers.

Results

Focus localization was improved with application of the Boston Naming Test. Patients with left and right temporal lobe epilepsy showed significantly worse naming performance compared to controls (p<0.01). Naming performance of patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy was significantly worse compared to patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy (p<0.01). Regression analysis revealed focus localization and verbal intelligence as the most important predictors for naming performance. Naming deficit ≥17.5% was specifically found in patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy and verbal intelligence level lower than average.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the left temporal lobe plays a specific role for controlling speech-related processing of visually perceived objects. Therefore, dysnomia in left temporal lobe epilepsy reflects a deficit in the accurate semantic and/or phonological interpretation of visual information.     

A role for left temporal pole in the retrieval of words for unique entities.

Both lesion and functional imaging studies have implicated sectors of high-order association cortices of the left temporal lobe in the retrieval of words for objects belonging to varied conceptual categories. In particular, the cortices located in the left temporal pole have been associated with naming unique persons from faces. Because this neuroanatomical-behavioral association might be related to either the specificity of the task (retrieving a name at unique level) or to the possible preferential processing of faces by anterior temporal cortices, we performed a PET imaging experiment to test the hypothesis that the effect is related to the specificity of the word retrieval task. Normal subjects were asked to name at unique level entities from two conceptual categories: famous landmarks and famous faces. In support of the hypothesis, naming entities in both categories was associated with increases in activity in the left temporal pole. No main effect of category (faces vs. landmarks/buildings) or interaction of task and category was found in the left temporal pole. Retrieving names for unique persons and for names for unique landmarks activate the same brain region. These findings are consistent with the notion that activity in the left temporal pole is linked to the level of specificity of word retrieval rather than the conceptual class to which the stimulus belongs.     

Category specificity in the naming of natural and man-made objects: Normative data from adults and children

Abstract

Normative data on naming ability are described for sets of category items which are matched and graded in difficulty. The results are based on a test comprising two animate categories (“animals” and “fruit and vegetables”) and two sets of man-made objects (with or without an associated action).

Little evidence was found to show cultural or experiential variation in category bias with the exception that women are better than men at naming “fruit and vegetables” and men are better than women at naming “animals”. Naming ability of adults was significantly different across the categories, and in children a developmental advantage was found in naming the animate categories, and animals in particular. These discontinuities between the categories give further support to the notion of autonomous knowledge bases for natural and man-made objects.     

Category-specific recognition and naming deficits following resection of a right anterior temporal lobe tumor in a patient with atypical language lateralization

We present a patient with right-hemispheric speech lateralization who exhibited severe recognition and naming deficits for unique objects (famous faces and landmarks) and grossly normal recognition and naming performances for nonunique objects (animals and man-made objects) following an anterior right temporal lobe (TL) resection of a ganglioglioma. While recognition deficits have been reported for famous faces following right temporal pole lesions, and for landmarks and geographic regions following right TL damage in general, this is the first reported case of both recognition and naming deficits for these objects resulting from a single lesion. These results are consistent with research suggesting that the neuroanatomic substrates for the recognition and naming of unique objects lie in the anterior TL regions. Left temporal pole lesions have been associated with naming deficits for unique objects while right temporal pole lesions have been associated with recognition deficits for unique objects. However, these findings suggest that the substrates of naming can be located in homotopic regions of the right hemisphere when language lateralization is atypical. As various object categories appear to have different neuroanatomical representations in the TLs, we discuss the possible benefits of sampling a wider array of objects during cortical stimulation mapping of language.     

Category-specific neural processing for naming pictures of animals and naming pictures of tools: An ALE meta-analysis

Using activation-likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis, we identified brain areas that are invoked when people name pictures of animals and pictures of tools. We found that naming animals and naming tools invoked separate distributed networks in the brain. Specifically, we found that naming animals invoked greater responses than naming tools in frontal lobe structures that are typically modulated by emotional content and task demands, and in a number of visual areas in the ventral stream. In contrast, naming tools invoked greater responses in a different set of areas in the ventral stream than those invoked by naming animals. Naming tools also invoked greater responses than naming animals in motor areas in the frontal lobe as well as in sensory areas in the parietal lobe. The only overlapping sites of activation that we found for naming these two categories of objects were in the left pars triangularis, the left inferior temporal gyrus, and the left parahippocampal gyrus. Taken together, our meta-analysis reveals that animals and tools are categorically represented in visual areas but show convergence in higher-order associative areas in the temporal and frontal lobes in regions that are typically regarded as being involved in memory and/or semantic processing. Our results also reveal that naming tools not only engages visual areas in the ventral stream but also a fronto-parietal network associated with tool use. Whether or not this network associated with tool use contributes directly to recognition will require further investigation.     

Anthroposophic therapy for chronic depression: a four-year prospective cohort study

Background

Although differences in brain anatomy in autism have been difficult to replicate using manual tracing methods, automated whole brain analyses have begun to find consistent differences in regions of the brain associated with the social cognitive processes that are often impaired in autism. We attempted to replicate these whole brain studies and to correlate regional volume changes with several autism symptom measures.

Methods

We performed MRI scans on 24 individuals diagnosed with DSM-IV autistic disorder and compared those to scans from 23 healthy comparison subjects matched on age. All participants were male. Whole brain, voxel-wise analyses of regional gray matter volume were conducted using voxel-based morphometry (VBM).

Results

Controlling for age and total gray matter volume, the volumes of the medial frontal gyri, left pre-central gyrus, right post-central gyrus, right fusiform gyrus, caudate nuclei and the left hippocampus were larger in the autism group relative to controls. Regions exhibiting smaller volumes in the autism group were observed exclusively in the cerebellum. Significant partial correlations were found between the volumes of the caudate nuclei, multiple frontal and temporal regions, the cerebellum and a measure of repetitive behaviors, controlling for total gray matter volume. Social and communication deficits in autism were also associated with caudate, cerebellar, and precuneus volumes, as well as with frontal and temporal lobe regional volumes.

Conclusion

Gray matter enlargement was observed in areas that have been functionally identified as important in social-cognitive processes, such as the medial frontal gyri, sensorimotor cortex and middle temporal gyrus. Additionally, we have shown that VBM is sensitive to associations between social and repetitive behaviors and regional brain volumes in autism.     

Neuro-cognitive foundations of word stress processing - evidence from fMRI

Background

To date, the neural correlates of phonological word stress processing are largely unknown.

Methods

In the present study, we investigated the processing of word stress and vowel quality using an identity matching task with pseudowords.

Results

In line with previous studies, a bilateral fronto-temporal network comprising the superior temporal gyri extending into the sulci as well as the inferior frontal gyri was observed for word stress processing. Moreover, we found differences in the superior temporal gyrus and the superior temporal sulcus, bilaterally, for the processing of different stress patterns. For vowel quality processing, our data reveal a substantial contribution of the left intraparietal cortex. All activations were modulated by task demands, yielding different patterns for same and different pairs of stimuli.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that the left superior temporal gyrus represents a basic system underlying stress processing to which additional structures including the homologous cortex site are recruited with increasing difficulty.