Dome corrective osteotomy for cubitus varus deformity

Between 1994 and 1998, 15 patients had corrective dome-shaped osteotomy of the humerus for posttraumatic cubitus varus deformity. Thirteen patients had surgery before puberty and two patients had surgery after puberty. In the prepuberty group, all the osteotomies were done by a posterior approach with triceps muscle splitting, and cross pins were used to fix the osteotomy. In the postpuberty group, the osteotomies were done by a posterior approach with olecranon osteotomy, and reconstructive plates were used for fixation. The average followup was 2 years and 4 months. Preoperative carrying angle ranged from 19 degrees to 31 degrees varus (average, 26.2 degrees) and postoperative carrying angle ranged from 7 degrees to 15 degrees valgus (average, 10.7 degrees). No loss of correction was observed and all osteotomies united. The preoperative and postoperative differences of the lateral condylar prominence index ranged from -67% to +6% (average, -30.1%). After reviewing these cases, a dome-shaped osteotomy was found to have the following advantages for correction of cubitus varus deformity: the osteotomy site is more stable than a lateral closing wedge osteotomy for maintaining the correction obtained; the domed osteotomy avoids having the lateral condyle becoming prominent; and the posterior scar is more cosmetically acceptable than the lateral scar in the lateral closing wedge osteotomy.     

A new osteotomy for cubitus varus

From 1974 to 1986, a step-cut technique of distal humerus valgus osteotomy using one cortical screw for fixation was used to correct cubitus varus deformity in 11 patients. The results were graded as excellent, eight patients, good, two, and poor, one. The poor result was secondary to persistent varus. The average humeral-elbow-wrist angle in the ten patients with valgus correction roentgenographically measured 9.3 degrees. The average amount of correction was 28.4 degrees. All patients retained their preoperative level of elbow motion. There were no radial or ulnar nerve injuries, nonunions, infections, or hypertrophic scars. The osteotomy requires careful preoperative planning and special attention to surgical detail. Large amounts of deformity may be corrected safely with a low complication rate.     

Corrective French's osteotomy in treatment of cubitus varus]

Cubitus varus is the most common late complication of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. The normal carrying angle can be restored by supracondylar osteotomy. This operation using the technique described by French. was done in 10 patients. During follow up examination motion of the cubitus was assessed and compared with an uninjured side. The x-ray examination included evaluation of the carrying angle. Favourite results were confirmed by restoration of carrying angle with minor loss of mobility of the elbow joint with no recurrence of the varus deformity during follow up.     

3D打印联合肱骨远端截骨治疗儿童肘内翻畸形

目的:探讨采用3D打印技术联合肱骨远端截骨治疗儿童肘内翻畸形的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析自2017年1月至2020年1月行肱骨远端截骨矫形手术治疗的肘内翻畸形患儿17例,其中男11例,女6例;年龄5~11(7.8±1.7)岁。术前通过3D打印技术制作患侧肘关节模型,在模型上进行预手术,术中利用3D模型指导进行肱骨远端截骨矫形术。比较术前、术后6个月肘关节提携角、肘关节屈曲伸直角度变化情况,采用Flynn分级评价标准评价其临床疗效。结果:17例患儿均获得随访,时间6~12(9.6±1.7)个月。1例患儿出现伤口感染,予换药后完全愈合。所有患儿无骨不愈合、内固定断裂及神经损伤等并发症发生。患肢提携角由术前的(-20.8±2.4)°改善至术后6个月的(7.2±2.3)°;肘关节伸直角度由术前的(-5.6±3.9)°改善至术后6个月的(-2.6±2.1)°,术后6个月肘关节屈曲角度与术前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后6个月患侧肘关节功能与健侧比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。根据Flynn分级评价标准,优13例,良4例。结论:采用3D打印联合肱骨远端截骨治疗儿童肘内翻畸形,能够获得满意的治疗效果,利用该技术可以更精确地完成畸形矫正,恢复肘关节生理结构及功能。     

肱骨髁上楔形截骨联合改良张力带钢丝治疗肘内翻

目的探讨应用肱骨髁上楔形截骨矫形联合改良张力带钢丝内固定治疗肘内翻畸形的可行性与临床疗效。 方法选取自贡市第一人民医院2015年1月至2019年1月共37例肘内翻畸形患者,男21例,女16例;平均年龄(12.9±2.1)岁;有10例合并内旋畸形。采用肱骨髁上楔形截骨联合改良张力带钢丝进行治疗。采用配对设计资料t检验比较患侧肘关节术前及术后的内翻角、屈曲活动及伸直活动度;采用成组设计资料t检验比较患侧及健侧肘关节的提携角、屈曲活动及伸直活动度。 结果所有患者均得到随访,平均(2.0±0.8)年;截骨均全部愈合,完全愈合时间平均(74±10)d。术后患侧肘关节内翻畸形均明显矫正(t＝19.749,P<0.05);患侧肘关节屈曲活动、伸直活动度与术前比较改善(t＝3.279、-10.573,均为P<0.05);术后患侧肘关节提携角、屈曲活动及伸直活动度与健侧比较无差异(均为P>0.05)。所有患者术后切口均一期愈合,无感染、神经损伤发生,无内固定松动、脱落及断裂等并发症发生。 结论肱骨髁上楔形截骨矫形联合改良张力带钢丝内固定治疗肘内翻畸形,具有术中操作简便,内翻畸形矫正明显,内固定强度可靠,可早期功能锻炼,术后肘关节功能恢复好等优点。     

Tardy posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow due to cubitus varus

BACKGROUND: Cubitus varus has long been considered merely a cosmetic deformity. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate a causal relationship between cubitus varus and instability of the elbow. METHODS: In twenty-four patients (twenty-five limbs) with a cubitus varus deformity following a pediatric distal humeral fracture or resulting from a congenital anomaly (three limbs of two patients), tardy posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow developed approximately two to three decades after the deformity occurred. All patients presented with lateral elbow pain and recurrent instability. The average varus deformity was 15 degrees (range, 0 degrees to 35 degrees ). Surgery was performed in twenty-one patients (twenty-two limbs). Treatment consisted of reconstruction of the lateral collateral ligament and osteotomy in seven limbs, ligament reconstruction alone in ten, osteotomy alone in four, and total elbow arthroplasty in one. RESULTS: In three patients, the triceps muscle was dynamically stimulated intraoperatively to contract while resisting extension of the elbow. This produced posterolateral rotatory subluxation of the elbow, which was reversed by corrective osteotomy and lateral transposition of a portion of the medial head of the triceps that originally had been attached to the elongated, deformed medial aspect of the olecranon. At an average of three years (minimum, one year) after the operation, the result was good or excellent for nineteen of the twenty-two limbs that had undergone an operation; three limbs had persistent instability. CONCLUSIONS: With cubitus varus, the mechanical axis, the olecranon, and the triceps line of pull are all displaced medially. The repetitive external rotation torque on the ulna permitted by these deformities can stretch the lateral collateral ligament complex and lead to posterolateral rotatory instability. Thus, cubitus varus deformity secondary to supracondylar malunion or congenital deformity of the distal part of the humerus may not always be a benign condition and may have important long-term clinical implications. Operative correction can relieve symptoms of instability. The indications for preventive corrective osteotomy remain to be determined.     

外侧闭合楔形截骨并交叉穿针皮外张力带固定治疗儿童肘内翻畸形

目的:探讨外侧闭合楔形截骨并交叉穿针外张力带固定治疗儿童肘内翻畸形的疗效。方法:2011年3月至2015年6月手术治疗肘内翻畸形儿童26例,其中男15例,女11例;年龄4~13岁,平均7.8岁;术前内翻角度11°~24°,平均(17.50±6.73)°,其中3例较健侧屈曲受限角度10°。均采用肘外侧切口,行肱骨远端髁上外侧闭合楔形截骨,保留内侧3~4 mm宽度的连续皮质,截骨对合后采用交叉克氏针穿针并皮外张力带(交叉针皮外部分在外侧反向折弯并针尾再返折相互钩绕)固定,截骨端外侧形成加压,术后随访比较治疗前后和健侧提携角,采用Laupattarakasem标准评价疗效。结果:26例均于术后2个月内骨性愈合,无感染和神经麻痹等并发症,随访时间13~29个月,平均18.8个月,提携角恢复为8°~14°,平均(11.50±3.17)°。Laupattarakasem标准评定术后优14例,良11例,可1例。结论:采用外侧闭合楔形截骨可以有效恢复肘内翻畸形,交叉穿针并皮外张力带固定可以满足术后早期活动要求。     

Medial approach for corrective osteotomy of cubitus varus: a cosmetic incision

Osteotomies described previously to correct cubitus varus had been associated with unsatisfactory results such as a prominent lateral scar and condyle and injury to the triceps. The authors evaluated the results of a medial approach for the corrective osteotomy of 14 consecutive children (mean age 8.4 years) with cubitus varus. The incision was made medially and the ulnar nerve was identified and protected. An image intensifier was used to identify the wedge. Lateral closing wedge osteotomy was performed and secured with cross K-wires, and the distal fragment was translated medially to reduce the lateral prominence. Both hyperextension and internal rotation deformity could be corrected with the osteotomy. The mean carrying angle and hyperextension of the elbow of 19.3 degrees varus and 22.2 degrees were corrected to 2.4 degrees valgus and 8.8 degrees respectively. Radiographically, the Baumann's angle and the flexion angle were improved from 90.1 degrees to 77.3 degrees and 24.2 degrees to 37.2 degrees respectively. No patient had a prominent lateral condyle, and the operative scars were well concealed along the medial aspect of the elbow. There was one case of transient ulnar nerve paresis with residual varus.     

Three-dimensional corrective osteotomy for cubitus varus in adults

In 23 adult patients, cubitus varus deformity was corrected by 3-dimensional osteotomy. During surgery, not only varus but internal rotation, flexion-extension deformity of the elbow, and lateral protrusion of the distal fragment were simultaneously addressed. The mean age of the patients was 26 years. Three showed tardy ulnar nerve palsy. The follow-up period after osteotomy averaged 1 year 10 months. The humeral-elbow-wrist angle improved from a mean 26 degrees of varus preoperatively to a mean of 3 degrees of valgus postoperatively. The mean internal rotation angle improved from 25 degrees to 5 degrees. As there was no recurrence of the deformity, this method of 3-dimensional corrective osteotomy for the treatment of cubitus varus in skeletally mature adults is recommended.     

Correction of cubitus varus by French or dome osteotomy: a comparative study

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of two different techniques of supracondylar osteotomy, French osteotomy and dome osteotomy, for the correction of posttraumatic cubitus varus. METHODS: A comparative randomized study was undertaken of 25 patients (average age 10 years) with an established posttraumatic cubitus varus deformity (mean time from injury to corrective osteotomy, 1.7 years). Patients were followed-up with for 1 year, and carrying angle, Baumann's angle, and internal rotation deformity were measured. Postoperative complications were assessed. RESULTS: A significant (p < 0.01) correction of carrying angle and Baumann's angle was achieved with both techniques, with no statistically significant differences between them. Although internal rotation deformity was corrected by both techniques, the correction was significantly greater with the dome osteotomy (p < 0.01). However, the persistence of internal rotation did not seem to affect the final outcome. There was a higher incidence of postoperative complications in the dome osteotomy group, including infection (1), inadequate correction (1), nerve palsy (1), loss of motion (5), and circulatory compromise (1). CONCLUSION: The dome osteotomy is technically more difficult than the French osteotomy and has a higher incidence of complications. We suggest that the French osteotomy be used for the correction of cubitus varus after supracondylar fractures of the elbow in children.     

Supracondylar osteotomy of the humerus for correction of cubitus varus

Cubitus varus is the most common complication of supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. Although function of the elbow is not greatly impaired, the deformity is unsightly. It usually results from malunion, since growth disturbance of the humerus after this fracture is uncommon. The normal carrying angle can be restored by supracondylar osteotomy. This operation was done in 32 patients over a ten-year period, 16 of them using the technique described by French (1959). The results in 27 patients are reviewed in the light of previous reports. French's method proved safe and satisfactory.     

倒“V”复合截骨术治疗成人肘关节内翻畸形疗效分析

背景:肘关节内外翻畸形是肱骨髁上骨折的常见并发症,发生率为10%~50%。肘关节畸形可导致肘关节不稳定、尺神经麻痹可能,需要手术矫正。目的:探讨倒“V”复合截骨术治疗成人肘关节内翻畸形的疗效。方法:回顾性分析2015年4月至2018年9月收治的肘关节内翻畸形患者27例。肱骨髁上骨折不愈合4例,无法追溯骨折类型23例。利用倒“V”复合截骨术矫正肘关节畸形。分析矫正前后肘关节畸形角度、活动度改变情况,以改良Mayo评分评估患者术后肘关节功能。结果:所有患者均得到随访,随访时间6~28个月,平均(16.9±7.2)个月,平均愈合时间(4.1±0.6)个月。术前肱-肘-腕角为(-19.8±4.3)°,术后为(5.9±3.6)°,两者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),矫正角度15°~35°,平均(25.7±5.2)°。所有患者无切口愈合不良、骨不连、内固定松动断裂,所有患者均达到骨性愈合,未出现矫正丢失情况,4例患者矫正术后存在直肘情况;所有患者在术后康复锻炼过程中可达到术前的肘关节活动度,术后3个月肘关节活动度与术前无明显差异。术后3个月改良Mayo肘关节评分为(91.7±4.9)分,其中优20例,良5例,可2例,总优良率92.6%(25/27)。结论:倒“V”复合截骨术治疗肘关节内翻畸形切实可靠,矫正效果良好,有利于患者肘关节活动度及功能恢复,在治疗肘关节内翻畸形上有一定疗效,但存在截骨术前设计方案与实际操作不安全匹配的缺点。     

The equal limbs lateral closing wedge osteotomy for correction of cubitus varus in children

Many methods have been described for correction of cubitus varus; the lateral closing-wedge osteotomy of French is the most popular. Although many authors reported successful correction, some authors since then have been critical of that osteotomy, alluding to problems with a lateral bulge or the scar. The aim of the present study is to evaluate a technique of correction of posttraumatic cubitus varus in children with an equal limbs laterally closing-wedge osteotomy of the distal humerus. From 2003 to 2006, twelve patients underwent supracondylar osteotomies for correction of cubitus varus in the Mansoura University Hospital. The average age was 8.7 years. The average follow-up was 20 months. The average preoperative carrying angle was 25 degrees varus, and this was corrected to an average of 5 degrees valgus. There was no noticeable prominence of the lateral condyle or an unsightly scar. This study shows that the equal limbs laterally closing-wedge osteotomy is simple, safe, and associated with an excellent cosmetic outcome and a low complication rate.     

肱骨髁上楔形截骨钢板内固定治疗儿童肘内翻畸形

目的 探讨并总结运用重建钢板治疗儿童肘内翻畸形的临床疗效.方法 回顾分析南方医科大学附属小榄医院2005年6月至2011年7月采用外侧肱骨髁上楔形截骨重建钢板内固定治疗的肘内翻畸形患儿31例,男18例,女13例;年龄6～14岁,平均8.39岁.肘内翻角度25.4°(17°～31°).结果 所有患儿术后畸形矫正良好,获得平均6.2°(3°～20°)提携角.术前与术后提携角比较,有统计学差异(t=1.925,P＜0.05).术后关节活动范围平均125°(90°～135°),与术前相比无明显改变.术后随访时间1～3年(平均2.6年),无一例复发,无骨化性肌炎发生.所有病例均无血管损伤、感染等并发症发生,术后肌力正常,1例并发尺神经损伤,经保守治疗2个月后改善,2例旋转轻度障碍,14例肱骨外髁处出现隆起.肱骨截骨处平均骨性愈合时间为3.4个月(3～4个月),所有病例均未出现内固定松动现象,拆除内固定时间为15个月(8～l8个月).结论 尽管侧方肱骨髁上楔形截骨重建钢板内固定治疗儿童肘内翻畸形可能发生肱骨远端外侧突起、肘关节外侧瘢痕等并发症,但是术后总体疗效满意,是一种可以广泛应用的术式.     

肱骨髁上成角旋转中心微创截骨外固定治疗青少年肘内翻畸形

目的 :探讨采用肱骨髁上成角旋转中心(center of roration of angulation,CORA)微创截骨外固定治疗青少年肘内翻畸形的临床疗效。方法:自2013年8月至2017年8月,采用CORA微创截骨外固定治疗肱骨髁上骨折导致的青少年肘内翻畸形患者15例,其中男9例,女6例;年龄13～16岁,平均14.5岁;左侧11例,右侧4例;受伤至手术时间6～10年,平均7.5年,其中5例有肘内翻手术史术后复发。观察患者的矫正时间、骨折愈合时间及提携角,并采用Laupattarakasem标准进行疗效评价。结果:15例患者获得随访,时间12～30个月,平均24个月;畸形矫正时间3～5周,平均4周;骨愈合时间4～6个月,平均5个月;提携角由术前的-12°～-23°提高至术后的9°～14°。根据Laupattarakasem标准,本组优11例,良3例,可1例。结论:采用肱骨髁上CORA微创截骨外固定治疗青少年肘内翻畸形,具有微创、出血少、术后早期功能锻炼,矫形速度、角度可控,无须住院取除外固定等优点。     

Humeral torsional deformity after supracondylar osteotomy for cubitus varus: its influence on the postosteotomy carrying angle.

Humeral torsion was measured in 23 patients by computed tomography (CT) scan after supracondylar osteotomy for cubitus varus. The opposite unoperated humerus was used as the control. The mean torsion in the unoperated humerus was 70 degrees. Patients who did not have "derotation" of the distal fragment during osteotomy had approximately 30 degrees more internal torsion on the operated side than on the opposite side. The carrying angle after osteotomy was not influenced by lack of correction of torsional deformity in the humerus, and correction of torsion during osteotomy was not essential for correction of the carrying angle.     

Posttraumatic progressive cubitus varus deformity managed by lateral column shortening: A novel surgical technique

The outward angulation of elbow with supinated forearm is cubitus varus deformity. This deformity is often seen as sequelae of malunited supracondylar fracture of humerus in paediatric age group of 5e8 years. The deformity is usually non-progressive, but in cases of physeal injury or congenital bony bar formation in the medial condyle of humerus, the deformity is progressive and can be grotesque in appearance. Various types of osteotomies are defined for standard non-progressive cubitus varus deformity, while multiple surgeries are required for progressive deformity until skeletal maturity. In this study we described a novel surgical approach and osteotomy of distal humerus in a 5 years old boy having grotesque progressive cubitus varus deformity, achieving good surgical outcome.     

Corrective osteotomy for humerus varus

PURPOSE: Humerus varus caused by growth arrest of the medial proximal humeral physis is associated with upper limb length discrepancy and limitations in shoulder motion. The purpose of this study was to assess the results of proximal humeral valgus osteotomy for the treatment of humerus varus in skeletally immature patients. METHODS: Six patients were treated at our institution between 1994 and 2006. The average age at the time of surgery was 13 years (range, 9-17 years). The causes of humerus varus were posttraumatic physeal arrest (n = 2), infection (n = 2), acquired physeal arrest secondary to a benign bone cyst (n = 1), and idiopathic cause (n = 1). All patients underwent proximal humeral valgus osteotomy with tension-band fixation. The average clinical and radiographic follow-up period was 21 months (range, 3-81 months). RESULTS: All patients achieved bony union. Mean forward flexion improved from 76 degrees preoperatively (range, 45-100 degrees) to 148 degrees postoperatively (range, 100-180 degrees) (P = 0.01). Mean abduction improved from 63 degrees preoperatively (range, 30-100 degrees) to 116 degrees postoperatively (range, 90-160) (P = 0.02). Radiographically, the mean humeral neck-shaft angle improved from 95 degrees preoperatively (range, 75-105 degrees) to 130 degrees postoperatively (range, 112-160 degrees) (P = 0.001). Two patients had soft tissue irritation from the tension-band pins, which resolved with subsequent pin removal. CONCLUSIONS: Valgus osteotomy with tension-band fixation is an effective means of improving shoulder function and humeral neck-shaft angle in skeletally immature patients with proximal humerus varus.     

Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children. Analysis at maturity of fifty-three patients treated conservatively

From a pool of 131 supracondylar fractures of the humerus in 131 patients who were treated conservatively, all of which healed in an average time of 4.5 weeks without complications related to the treatment itself, the cases of fifty-three patients were reviewed at maturity. The average age at follow-up was twenty-six years. Nine patients had unimportant limitation of elbow motion, and slight atrophy of the musculature of the arm or forearm, or of both, was present in six patients. Arm-length discrepancy was never observed. The carrying angle remained at about the same value that had been present at the time of fracture-healing in eighteen patients, decreased in twenty-two patients, and increased in thirteen. Malrotation of the distal fragment of the fracture only rarely caused medial tilting of the fragment with consequent cubitus varus. Varus deformity was present in four patients and valgus deformity, in three. None of the patients with valgus deformity had ulnar-nerve palsy. According to our results, varus and valgus deformities of the elbow after supracondylar fractures of the humerus seem to be caused either by growth imbalance of the growth plate of the distal end of the humerus (four patients) or by malreduction of the fracture (three patients). Twelve patients in the entire pool had neurological complications at the time of the fracture. Ten of those patients fully recovered from the deficit, whereas two--one with a radial-nerve deficit and the other with ulnar-nerve involvement--still had neurological impairment at follow-up.