The use of chitosan based hydrogel for enhancing the therapeutic benefits of adipose-derived MSCs for acute kidney injury

Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been reported a great therapeutic potential for acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the therapeutic benefits are limited due to the low retention and survival of transplanted cells within target sites. In this study, thermosensitive chitosan chloride (CSCl) hydrogel was explored as injectable scaffold for adipose-derived MSCs (ADMSCs) delivery into ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Thermosensitive CSCl hydrogels with/without ADMSCs were injected into the I/R site of rat AKI models. Dihydroethidium staining was used to detect the number of ROS in vivo. In order to track ADMSCs in vivo, ADMSCs were transfected with firefly luciferase and monomeric red fluorescent protein reporter genes (fluc-mrfp). The retention and survival of ADMSC were assessed using bioluminescence imaging, differentiation behaviors of ADMSCs were investigated using immunofluorescent and immunohistochemical staining. Proliferation and apoptosis of host renal cell in vivo were characterized by PCNA and TUNEL staining. Results suggested that CSCl hydrogels could improve the retention and survival of grafted ADMSCs, moreover, CSCl hydrogels could enhance the proliferation activity and reduce apoptosis of host renal cells. At 4 weeks, significant improvement of the renal function, microvessel density and tubular cell proliferation were observed in CSCl hydrogels with ADMSCs groups. Therefore, the application of thermosensitive CSCl hydrogel as scaffold for ADMSCs delivery into renal region could resolve the main obstacle of cell transplantation for acute kidney injury (AKI). Therefore, CSCl hydrogel is a potential cell carrier for treatment of AKI.     

老龄大鼠脑缺血再灌注神经细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax表达与caspase-3活性变化

目的：研究老年与青年急性局灶性脑缺血及再灌注(I/R)后细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax表达与caspase-3活性变化的异同。方法： 采用线栓法建立急性局灶性脑I/R模型，检测青年与老龄大鼠脑缺血3 h及I/R 3 h、6 h、12 h、24 h、 72 h后脑梗死面积、神经细胞凋亡、Bcl-2、Bax表达及caspase-3活性。结果： 老龄大鼠脑缺血3 h和I/R 12 h脑梗死面积较青年大鼠增大。随着I/R时间延长，细胞凋亡明显增加，老龄大鼠出现的早、持续时间长。青年大鼠随着I/R时间的延长Bcl-2表达明显增强，老龄大鼠不明显。老龄大鼠I/R Bax表达早于青年大鼠，其表达增强及持续时间较长。老龄大鼠I/R caspase-3的激活早于青年大鼠。结论： 老龄大鼠I/R脑组织损伤严重，神经细胞凋亡显著，其机制与Bax表达增加、casspase-3活性增高及其持续时间长有关。     

Effects and Mechanism of Action of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase on Apoptosis in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is a key enzyme in regulating nitric oxide (NO) synthesis under stress, and NO has varying ability to regulate apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects and possible mechanism of action of iNOS on neuronal apoptosis in a rat model of cerebral focal ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats treated with S‐methylisothiourea sulfate (SMT), a high‐selective inhibitor of iNOS. Seventy‐two male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: the sham, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) + vehicle, and MCAO + SMT groups. Neurobehavioral deficits, infarct zone size, and cortical neuron morphology were evaluated through the modified Garcia scores, 2,3,5‐triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC), and Nissl staining, respectively. Brain tissues and serum samples were collected at 72 hr post‐reperfusion for immunohistochemical analysis, Western blotting, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP‐biotin Nick End Labeling assay (TUNEL) staining, and enzyme assays. The study found that inhibition of iNOS significantly attenuated the severity of the pathological changes observed as a result of ischemia‐reperfusion injury: SMT reduced NO content as well as total nitric oxide synthase (tNOS) and iNOS activities in both ischemic cerebral hemisphere and serum, improved neurobehavioral scores, reduced mortality, reduced the infarct volume ratio, attenuated morphological changes in cortical neurons, decreased the rate of apoptosis (TUNEL and caspase‐3‐positive), and increased phospho (p)‐AKT expression in ischemic penumbra. These results suggested that inhibition of iNOS might reduce the severity of ischemia‐reperfusion injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis via maintaining p‐AKT activity. Anat Rec, 299:246–255, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

川芎嗪联合骨髓间充质干细胞移植抑制脑缺血大鼠神经细胞凋亡

目的:研究川芎嗪(tetramethylpyrazine,TMP)联合骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)对脑缺血大鼠神经细胞凋亡及Bcl-2、Bax表达的影响。方法:采用全骨髓贴壁法体外培养BMSCs,传代至第3代用于尾静脉移植。采用线栓法诱导大鼠右侧大脑中动脉阻塞模型,除假手术组外,大鼠随机分为模型组、BMSCs(1×10~9/L)组、川芎嗪(40 mg/kg)组和联合(川芎嗪+BMSCs)组,每组12只。缺血后第1、7和14天采用改良的神经损伤严重程度评分(modified neurological severity scoring,m NSS)进行神经功能评价。缺血后第14天,甲苯胺蓝染色检测脑梗死体积,HE染色观察脑组织病理学变化,采用原位末端标记(TUNEL)法观察神经细胞凋亡数,采用实时荧光定量PCR法和Western blot法检测Bax和Bcl-2的mRNA及蛋白表达。结果:与BMSCs组和川芎嗪组比较,联合组m NSS评分显著减少(P0.01),梗死体积显著减少(P0.01),缺血引起的脑缺血周边区病理性损伤明显减轻,TUNEL阳性细胞数显著减少(P0.01),Bcl-2的mRNA及蛋白表达显著增加,Bax的mRNA及蛋白表达显著降低(P0.01)。结论:川芎嗪联合BMSCs移植能显著促进脑缺血后大鼠的功能恢复,减少梗死体积,减轻脑组织缺血性损伤,抑制神经细胞凋亡,机制可能与调控Bcl-2和Bax的表达有关。     

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) activation in exercise-reduced neuronal apoptosis after stroke

Exercise preconditioning has been shown to reduce neuronal damage in ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. ERK1/2 signaling in injury has been thought to modulate neuroprotection. In this study, we investigated the effects of ERK1/2 activation on the expression and activity of MMP-9 and downstream neuronal apoptosis. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to 30 min of exercise on a treadmill for 3 weeks. Stroke was induced by a 2-h middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion using an intraluminal filament. Apoptotic protein caspase-3 and neuronal apoptosis in cortex and striatum was determined by Western blot at 24 h reperfusion and TUNEL staining at 48 h reperfusion in 5 I/R injury groups: no treatment, MMP-9 inhibitor (doxycycline), pre-ischemic exercise, exercised animals undergone ERK1/2 inhibition (U0126), and dual inhibition of ERK1/2 and MMP-9 in exercised ischemic rats. Cerebral MMP-9 expression in ischemic rats with different treatment was determined at 6, 12 and 24 h reperfusion by real-time PCR for mRNA, Western blot for protein and zymography for enzyme activity. Exercise preconditioning significantly (p < 0.05) reduced apoptosis determined by caspase-3 and TUNEL. In non-exercised rats, doxycycline treatment had significant (p < 0.05) reductions in apoptosis after I/R injury. The dual ERK1/2–MMP-9 inhibited exercised animals had significantly (p < 0.05) reduced neuronal apoptosis that was similar to that seen in exercised ischemic rats. MMP-9 expression in I/R injury was significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the exercised animals as compared to non-exercised controls. When ERK1/2 was inhibited, the reduced MMP-9 expression was reversed to the level seen in the non-exercised controls. This study has suggested that exercise-induced neuroprotection in I/R injury may be mediated by MMP-9 and ERK1/2 expression, leading to a reduction in neuronal apoptosis.     

Autologous transplantation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorates streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats by inhibiting oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokines and the p38 MAPK signaling pathway

Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the renoprotective effects of autologous transplantation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) and to delineate its underlying mechanisms of action in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes was induced in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. ADMSCs were administered intravenously 4 weeks after STZ injection and metabolic indices and renal structure were assessed (12 weeks). Markers of diabetes including blood glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea nitrogen and creatinine were measured. Renal pathology, levels of oxidative stress and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the MAPK signaling pathway members were also determined. Autologous transplantation of ADMSCs significantly attenuated common metabolic disorder symptoms associated with diabetes. Furthermore, ADMSC administration minimized pathological alterations, reduced oxidative damage and suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the renal tissues of diabetic rats. ADMSC transplantation also decreased the expression of p-p38, p-ERK and p-JNK, which are all important molecules of the MAPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, we provide experimental evidence demonstrating that autologous transplantation of ADMSCs can be used therapeutically to improve metabolic disorder and relieve renal damage induced by diabetes, and that the key mechanisms underlying the positive therapeutic impact of ADMSC treatment in kidneys could be due to the suppression of inflammatory response and oxidative stress.     

MiR-494-3p Upregulation Exacerbates Cerebral Ischemia Injury by Targeting Bhlhe40

PurposeCerebral ischemia is related to insufficient blood supply and is characterized by abnormal reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell apoptosis. Previous studies have revealed a key role for basic helix-loop-helix family member e40 (Bhlhe40) in oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the roles of miR-494-3p in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.Materials and MethodsA mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO/R) model was established to mimic cerebral ischemia in vivo. Brain infarct area was assessed using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) operation was adopted to mimic neuronal injury in vitro. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by flow cytometry. The relationship between miR-494-3p and Bhlhe40 was validated by luciferase reporter and RNA immunoprecipitation assays.ResultsBhlhe40 expression was downregulated both in MCAO/R animal models and OGD/R-induced SH-SY5Y cells. Bhlhe40 overexpression inhibited cell apoptosis and reduced ROS production in SH-SY5Y cells after OGD/R treatment. MiR-494-3p was verified to bind to Bhlhe40 and negatively regulate Bhlhe40 expression. Additionally, cell apoptosis and ROS production in OGD/R-treated SH-SY5Y cells were accelerated by miR-494-3p overexpression. Rescue experiments suggested that Bhlhe40 could reverse the effects of miR-494-3p overexpression on ROS production and cell apoptosis.ConclusionMiR-494-3p exacerbates brain injury and neuronal injury by regulating Bhlhe40 after I/R.     

Fasudil, a Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor, attenuates retinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats

Abnormal activation of Rho kinase (ROCK) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced retinal injury. The aim of this study was to investigate whether fasudil, a potent inhibitor of ROCK, has a protective effect on retinal I/R injury in rats and to explore the possible underlying mechanisms. Forty adult Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into sham, I/R injury model (I/R), model plus normal saline (control), and model plus fasudil (fasudil) groups. Rats in the control and fasudil groups were intravitreously injected with normal saline and fasudil, respectively, 5 min prior to the induction of ischemia. Retinal ischemia was induced by increasing the intraocular pressure to 100 mmHg for 60 min. Overall retinal thickness and retinal cell apoptosis was evaluated by histological analysis and the TUNEL assay, respectively. The protein expression of caspase-3 and the Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio were also examined. Moreover, the retinal expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined by immunohistochemical staining, quantitative real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Fasudil attenuated the I/R-induced apoptosis of retinal cells in the inner nuclear and ganglion cells of the rat retina. Fasudil significantly decreased the Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA ratio and the expression of caspase-3 and iNOS compared to the control group (P<0.05). Seven days after I/R, the overall retinal thickness in the fasudil group was significantly greater compared to that in the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, fasudil can protect the rat retina from I/R injury by inhibiting apoptosis and iNOS expression, suggesting that fasudil may have a therapeutic potential for the prevention of retinal diseases associated with I/R.     

大蒜新素对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马的保护作用及对P53蛋白表达的影响

目的： 观察大蒜新素对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元的保护作用及对海马P53蛋白表达的影响。 方法: 采用大鼠全脑缺血模型（4VO法）,大蒜新素10、20和30 mg/kg分两次于缺血前30 min 和再灌注10 min时经尾静脉注入,每次注射总量的1/2。再灌注24 h时取大鼠海马,甲苯胺蓝染色观察海马CA1区神经元的形态学改变,流式细胞技术检测海马神经元凋亡率,免疫组织化学方法检测海马CA1区P53蛋白的表达。结果: 与sham组比较,大鼠全脑缺血10 min再灌注24 h时,海马CA1区部分神经元死亡,存活神经元数目明显减少,海马神经元凋亡率明显增高,P53蛋白表达增多。静脉给予大蒜新素可使缺血再灌注大鼠海马组织损伤程度减轻,存活神经元数目增加,神经元凋亡率降低,P53蛋白表达减少。结论: 大蒜新素对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马神经元具有保护作用,通过下调P53蛋白的表达而抑制神经元凋亡可能是其发挥保护作用的重要机制之一。     

他米巴罗汀减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤

目的探讨他米巴罗汀(Am80)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIR)的作用。方法将大鼠随机分为:假手术组(sham)、模型组(I/R)和他米巴罗汀干预组(Am80,灌胃给予Am80 6 mg/kg)。采用线栓法建立大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型。术后24 h断头取脑,在处死前采用双盲法进行神经行为学评分;TTC染色测定脑梗死体积;Western blot和RT-q PCR法分别检测RARα、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果 Am80可显著改善MCAO大鼠神经功能缺损,有效地降低脑梗死体积(P0.01),上调RARα和Bcl-2表达(P0.01),降低Bax的表达(P0.01)。结论他米巴罗汀对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠有保护作用,其作用可能与抗凋亡有关。     

The protective effect of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of ischemic stroke via reducing the C-Jun N-terminal kinase expression

Ischemic stroke is the main cause of disability and mortality worldwide. Apoptosis and inflammation have an important role in ischemic brain injury. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have protective effects on stroke treatment due to anti-inflammatory properties. The inhibition of the C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway may be one of the molecular mechanisms of the neuroprotective effect of MSCs in ischemic brain injury.Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided randomly into 3 groups. Except the sham group, others subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Bone marrow MSCs or saline were injected 3 h after tMCAO. Sensorimotor behavioral tests were performed 24 and 72 h after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). The rats were sacrificed 72 h after I/R and infarct volume was measured by TTC staining. The number of apoptotic neurons and astrocytes in the peri-infarct area was assessed by TUNEL assay. The morphology of cells was checked by Nissl staining, and the expression of p-JNK was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.Behavioral scores were improved and infarct volume was reduced by MSCs 24 h and 72 h after tMCAO. TUNEL assay showed that neuronal apoptosis and astroglial activity in the penumbra region were reduced by MSCs. Also, Nissl staining showed lower neuronal apoptosis in BMSCs-treated rats compared to controls. JNK phosphorylation which was profoundly induced by ischemia was significantly decreased after MSCs treatment.We concluded that anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of MSCs therapy after brain ischemia may be associated with the down-regulation of p-JNK.     

尼可地尔激活RISK通路减轻高胆固醇大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤

目的探讨尼可地尔对高胆固醇大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤的影响及其可能机制。方法应用高胆固醇饮食喂养健康雄性Wistar大鼠8周建立高胆固醇大鼠模型,应用Langendorff灌流装置采用全心缺血30min和再灌注120min建立离体心脏缺血/再灌注(I/R)模型。在缺血前或再灌注即刻灌注含有尼可地尔的KH液10min以制备尼可地尔药物预处理(NIC-pre)与后处理(NIC-post)模型。通过TTC染色测量心肌梗死面积、TUNEL染色检测心肌细胞凋亡率,Western blot检测RISK通路p-Akt和p-Erk1/2蛋白表达水平。结果与I/R对照组相比,NIC-30pre组与NIC-30post组均可降低心肌梗死面积和心肌细胞凋亡率,并显著上调p-Akt和pErk1/2的表达水平。结论尼可地尔减轻高胆固醇大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤,与其激活RISK通路相关。     

半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C对脑缺血再灌注大鼠Bcl-2、Bax和Beclin-1的表达及细胞凋亡的影响

目的:应用不同浓度的半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C(cystatin C,Cys C)干预脑缺血再灌注大鼠,检测Bcl-2、Bax、Beclin-1阳性细胞的表达,探讨自噬蛋白Beclin-1与凋亡之间的关系。方法:成年雄性SD大鼠随机分成假手术组(Sham组),缺血再灌注组(I/R组),Cys C低、中、高浓度组。用线栓法制备大鼠右侧大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型,缺血2 h再灌注24 h。采用免疫印迹半定量检测损伤中心脑皮质组织凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2、Bax和Beclin-1的表达;免疫组织化学检测Bcl-2、Bax和Beclin-1阳性细胞数;TUNEL染色法检测脑组织细胞凋亡。结果:与I/R组相比,Cys C低、中浓度组Bcl-2的表达有不同程度的升高,Bax的表达降低,细胞凋亡减少;而Cys C高浓度组Bcl-2的表达明显降低,Bax的表达显著上升,细胞凋亡增加;Cys C各浓度组Beclin-1的表达都有不同程度的升高。凋亡细胞与Beclin-1表达的相关性分析显示,Cys低、中浓度组细胞的自噬和凋亡呈负相关;Cys C高浓度组细胞的自噬和凋亡呈正相关。结论:Cys C在一定浓度范围内,随自噬蛋白Beclin-1表达的升高可抑制细胞的凋亡,对缺血再灌注损伤脑组织具有保护作用。其作用机制和Bcl-2的表达上调,Bax的表达下调有关;而Cys C较高浓度则无上述作用。     

缺血预处理减轻脑皮质缺血再灌注损伤的研究

目的观察缺血预处理对脑皮质缺血再灌注期间神经元凋亡及磷酸化糖原合酶激酶-3β（GSK-3β）的影响,探讨其保护作用机制。结论雄性Wistar大鼠30只,随机分为假手术组（S）、缺血再灌注组（I/R）及预处理组（IPC）,每组各10只。采用4-VO法建立大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型。IPC组分离双侧颈总动脉,夹闭10s,开放30s,反复3次,最后夹闭10min。于术后2d处死大鼠,取出脑组织,采用TUNEL法检测大鼠皮质神经元凋亡情况;TTC法检测大鼠脑部梗死面积;光谱法检测磷酸化的GSK-3β水平（p-GSK-3β）;采用Linear Regression分析GSK-3β活性与大鼠皮质神经元凋亡、脑部梗死面积的相关性。结果与S组相比,I/R组和IPC组皮质神经元凋亡和梗死面积显著增多（P〈0.01）,p-GSK-3β水平降低（P〈0.01）;与I/R组相比,IPC组皮质神经元凋亡和梗死面积显著减少（P〈0.01）,p-GSK-3β水平增高（P〈0.01）;p-GSK-3β与大鼠皮质神经元凋亡、脑部梗死面积之间具有高度相关性（P〈0.01）。结论缺血预处理使p-GSK-3β水平增高,脑皮质神经元凋亡和梗死面积减少,从而减轻脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

Qingda granule exerts neuroprotective effects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced cerebral injury via lncRNA GAS5/miR-137 signaling pathway

Background: Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide, which needs to develop new pharmaceuticals for its prevention and treatment. Qingda granule (QDG), a traditional Chinese medicine formulation, could improve angiotensin II-induced brain injury and decrease systemic inflammation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of QDG against ischemia/reperfusion-induced cerebral injury and illustrate the potential mechanisms.Methods: The middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) surgery in vivo and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) in vitro models were established. Ischemic infarct volume was quantified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Neurobehavioral deficits were assessed using a five-point scale. Cerebral histopathology was determined by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL and immunostaining with NeuN antibodies. The protective effect of QDG on OGD/R-injured HT22 cells was determined by MTT assay and Hoechst 33258 staining. The expression of lncRNA GAS5, miR-137 and apoptosis-related proteins were investigated in MCAO/R-injured rats and in OGD/R-injured HT22 cells using RT-qPCR and western blot analysis.Results: QDG significantly reduced the ischemic infarct volume, which was accompanied with improvements in neurobehavioral deficits. Additionally, QDG significantly ameliorated cerebral histopathological changes and reduced neuron loss in MCAO/R-injured rats. Moreover, QDG improved growth and inhibited apoptosis of HT22 cells injured by OGD/R in vitro. Finally, QDG significantly decreased the expression of lncRNA GAS5, Bax and cleaved caspase3, whereas it increased miR-137 and Bcl-2 expression in MCAO/R-injured rats and in OGD/R-injured HT22 cells.Conclusion: QDG plays a neuroprotective role in ischemic stroke via regulation of the lncRNA GAS5/miR-137 signaling pathway.     

葱白提取物对心肌缺血/再灌注损伤具有保护作用

目的 探讨葱白提取物(FOB)对心肌缺血/再灌注（I/R）损伤的影响及其机制。方法 结扎成年大鼠36只左冠状动脉前降支30 min,再灌注120 min建立在体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤模型;培养乳鼠心肌细胞缺氧6 h,复氧18 h建立离体心肌细胞缺氧/复氧(H/R)损伤模型。分别随机分为对照组、I/R组(或H/R组)和FOB预处理+I/R组(或H/R组)。应用PowerLab多通道生理记录仪分析左心室功能;2,3,5-三苯基四唑氯铵（TTC）染色检测心肌梗死体积。流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;Western blotting和Real-time PCR检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白和mRNA(Bcl-2、Bax、Caspase-3)的表达;免疫荧光检测细胞色素C(cytochrome C, Cyt-C)的表达。结果 在体大鼠实验中,与对照组比较,I/R组左心室收缩和舒张功能明显恶化(P<0.05);与I/R组比较,FOB预处理能明显改善左心室收缩和舒张功能,且减小心肌梗死体积(P<0.05)。在培养心肌细胞实验中,与对照组比较,H/R组细胞凋亡率明显升高（P<0.01）,Bcl-2蛋白及mRNA表达明显降低,而Bax、Caspase-3和Cyt-C的相关表达则明显升高(P<0.05);与H/R组比较,FOB预处理显著降低细胞凋亡率(P<0.05),增加Bcl-2蛋白及mRNA的表达水平,同时减少Bax、Caspase-3和Cyt-C的相关表达(P<0.05)。结论 葱白提取物对心肌缺血再灌注损伤具有保护作用,其机制可能是通过线粒体途径减少心肌细胞凋亡从而发挥作用。     

乐尔脉对脑缺血再灌注损伤后期大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡的作用

 目的： 探讨乐尔脉胶囊（LEM）对脑缺血再灌注损伤后期大鼠海马神经细胞凋亡的作用与机制。方法: 采用大鼠左侧大脑中动脉内栓线阻断法(MCAO)造成局灶性脑缺血再灌注模型。缺血2 h再灌注30 d后,应用原位末端标记法（TUNEL）检测海马神经细胞凋亡,免疫组化、RT-PCR 法检测海马神经细胞Fas、Bax、caspase-3、caspase-9蛋白及 mRNA的表达,并进行阳性细胞计数及Mias图像程序分析结果。结果: 大鼠缺血再灌注30 d后,模型组缺血侧海马CA1、CA2区凋亡细胞显著高于假手术组(P<0.05), Fas、Bax、 caspase-3、caspase-9蛋白表达明显增加,fas、bax、caspase-3、caspase-9 mRNA的表达上调(P<0.05)。LEM2.00 g/kg、0.87 g/kg和氟桂利嗪可显著减少海马神经细胞凋亡数,降低Fas、Bax、caspase-3、caspase-9蛋白表达,fas、bax、caspase-3、caspase-9 mRNA的表达下调,LEM 0.87 g/kg作用次于2.00 g/kg。LEM对bax mRNA有显著抑制作用。结论: LEM抑制海马神经细胞的凋亡,明显地减轻缺血再灌注后期大鼠海马神经细胞的损伤,其作用机制与调节细胞凋亡信号转导通路及相关蛋白有关。     

西洋参茎叶总皂苷对缺血/再灌注大鼠心肌线粒体膜电位及细胞凋亡的影响

 目的：研究西洋参茎叶总皂苷 (PQS) 对大鼠缺血/再灌注 (I/R) 损伤后心肌细胞凋亡的影响,并从线粒体膜电位 (ΔΨm) 及线粒体凋亡通路探讨其可能的机制。方法：健康雄性SD大鼠90只,随机分为假手术(sham)组、模型(I/R)组、PQS (200 mg·kg-1·d-1, 灌胃6周)+I/R组、环孢霉素A (CsA;10 mg·kg-1,再灌前10 min腹腔注射)组、CsA+I/R组和PQS+CsA+I/R组,各组n=15。除sham组和CsA组大鼠开胸后冠状动脉左前降支（LAD）下穿线不结扎外,其余各组大鼠常规麻醉后,结扎LAD 30 min,再灌注120 min复制I/R模型。生化分析仪测血清乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）含量,氯化三苯基四氮唑（TTC）和伊文思蓝双染法测心梗面积,原位缺口末端标记法（TUNEL）检测各组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡情况,Western blotting检测细胞凋亡相关蛋白的表达。采用JC-1作为荧光探针,用激光共聚焦显微镜和荧光酶标仪测定ΔΨm水平。结果：与sham组比较,I/R组血清LDH活性、心梗面积和心肌细胞凋亡率均显著升高（P<0.05）;与I/R组相比,PQS+I/R组、CsA+I/R组和PQS+CsA+I/R组血清LDH活性、心梗面积和心肌细胞凋亡率均显著降低（P<0.05）。Western blotting结果显示,与sham组相比,I/R组心肌Bcl-2蛋白表达量降低,Bax、胞浆cytochrome C和cleaved caspase-3升高（均P<0.05）;与I/R组相比,PQS+I/R组、CsA+I/R组和PQS+CsA+I/R组心肌Bcl-2蛋白表达量升高,Bax、胞浆cytochrome C及心肌cleaved caspase-3蛋白表达量均降低（P<0.05）。激光共聚焦显微镜观察结果示,I/R组线粒体JC-1染色后红色荧光强度减弱,荧光酶标仪测相对荧光单位（RFU） 较sham组降低（P<0.05）;PQS+I/R组、CsA+I/R组和PQS+CsA+I/R组RFU均较I/R组升高（P<0.05）。结论：PQS显著降低大鼠I/R后心肌细胞损伤,减少细胞凋亡,其机制与维持再灌注期ΔΨm稳定、抑制线粒体凋亡通路的激活有关。     

大鼠活体心肌缺血再灌注损伤模型的建立与综合评估

目的: 构建并评估大鼠活体心肌缺血再灌注损伤(I/R)的实验动物模型。 方法: 将清洁级成年SD雄性大鼠72只,随机分为正常组、假结扎组和I/R模型组, 手术的两组全麻下开胸暴露心脏,假结扎组只过线不结扎,模型组使用"U形金属管"进行冠状动脉左前降支结扎,持续心电图监测,并于再灌注2 h与4 h后进行血浆生化﹑心肌组织学的检测。结果: 与正常组和假结扎组比较,I/R模型组心电图有明显ST-T改变和再灌注后病理性Q波,再灌注2 h和4 h时存在比较明显的ST-T改变;血标本检测示心肌型肌酸激酶同功酶(CK-MB)、心肌钙蛋白I(cTnI)、一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)水平显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),T-SOD水平在2 h和4 h也应激性升高(P<0.05);心肌组织病理学检测显示模型组左心室心肌损伤疤痕明显,且2 h模型组左室心肌存在间隔性梗死区域,4 h模型组心肌组织区域性梗死和梗死面积明显增加;TUNEL法与Bcl-2﹑Bax蛋白实验显示2 h和4 h心肌细胞凋亡数量明显增加;Bcl-2/Bax蛋白表达阳性细胞比值下降显著(P<0.01)。 结论: 成功建立大鼠活体心肌I/R模型,模型大鼠的心电图、血清学、心梗面积﹑心肌细胞凋亡和心肌组织病理学等发生显著改变。     

Activated protein C protects myocardium via activation of anti-apoptotic pathways of survival in ischemia-reperfused rat heart

Activated protein C (APC) is known to be beneficial on ischemia reperfusion injury in myocardium. However, the protection mechanism of APC is not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and possible mechanisms of APC on myocardial ischemic damage. Artificially ventilated anaesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 30 min of left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 2 hr of reperfusion. Rats were randomly divided into four groups; Sham, I/R, APC preconditioning and postconditioning group. Myocardial infarct size, apoptosis index, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, Bcl-2, Bax and cytochrome c genes and proteins were assessed. In APC-administrated rat hearts, regardless of the timing of administration, infarct size was consistently reduced compared to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) rats. APC improved the expression of ERK1/2 and anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 which were significantly reduced in the I/R rats. APC reduced the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, Bax and cytochrome c. These findings suggest that APC produces cardioprotective effect by preserving the expression of proteins and genes involved in anti-apoptotic pathways, regardless of the timing of administration.