Determination and health risk assessment of heavy metals in imported rice bran oil in Iran

In this current study, the contents of heavy metals including Pb, As, Cr, Cd, Zn, Cu, and Mn in imported rice bran oil in Iran were investigated with microwave digestion method based on an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry system (ICP-OES). The concentrations range of Pb, Cr, Cd, As, Zn, and Cu in rice bran oil samples were measured as 0.066–0.30, 0.008–0.014, 0.005–0.01, 0.047–0.01, 0.025–0.74 and 0.01–0.096 μg/g, respectively. A significant difference (p-value < 0.05) in the mean concentration of Pb in imported rice bran oils samples was observed. The sum of incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for heavy metals for children and adults were 2.6 × 10⁻⁴ and 2.4 × 10⁻⁵, respectively, which an acceptable level proposed values (10⁻⁴–10⁻⁶) by U.S. EPA. Moreover, the target hazard quotients (THQs) of As, Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Zn for children were limited to between 1.17 × 10^-5 and 9.49 × 10⁻⁹, and in adults were limited to 2.33 × 10⁻⁷and 6.82 × 10^-7, which were lower than the acceptable limit (THQ < 1). There have been concerns regarding heavy metals since past up to now in all foodstuffs. We demonstrated in this study that there are traceable concentrations of heavy metals in six brand of rice bran oils.     

江西省食品中铅和镉污染调查及健康风险评估

目的 了解2018—2021年江西省6类1 065件食品中铅、镉污染状况对居民膳食暴露的健康风险进行评估,为食品安全风险评估提供可靠的数据支持。方法 统计1 065件食品中铅、镉含量,依据GB 2762—2017对样品中铅、镉超标情况进行判定,同时采用危害系数(HQ)对食用途径所致铅、镉的暴露量及健康风险进行评估。结果 食品中铅、镉平均含量分别为0.037 6 mg/kg、0.119 mg/kg,超标率分别为0.75%、7.66%。从年份看,2020和2021年镉的超标率明显高于其它年份;不同地区铅、镉检出率范围为75.47%～90.57%,超标率范围为0～12.96%。江西居民铅、镉每日暴露量分别为0.516μg/(kg·d)、2.036μg/(kg·d),HQ值分别为0.145、2.452。结论 部分食品中铅、镉含量存在着一定超标,江西居民经食品摄入铅HQ值小于1,处于安全水平,但摄入镉HQ值大于1,存在健康风险,可适当减少镉含量较高食物的摄入量。     

Assessment of human health risk for heavy metals in fish and shrimp collected from Subarnarekha river,India

Five fish species and one shrimp species from the Subarnarekha river were analyzed for heavy metals using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The geometric mean concentration of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr, Co, and Sr for all the samples was found to be 0.248, 0.031, 5.16, 104.9, 0.121, 4.68, 52.2, 0.784, 0.207, and 42.86 mg kg^?1_fresh, respectively. The concentrations of metals in the fish and shrimp exceed the limits of Indian and FAO standards for food for As, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Zn in many samples. The mean target hazard quotient (THQ) values for the 10 metals were below one for all the samples; however, the maximum THQ was more than one for shrimp in case of As, Cu, and Cr. The results indicate that the concentration of metals in some species, especially shrimp, at some locations is alarming and do present an appreciable hazard risk on human health.     

怀化市市售大米Pb、Cd、As和Hg污染状况及健康风险分析

目的了解湖南省怀化市市售大米中Pb、Cd、As和Hg的污染状况,评价其对人体健康产生危害的潜在风险。方法利用单项污染指数法、综合污染指数法和美国环境保护局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价方法对该市市售部分大米中Pb、Cd、As和Hg的污染状况与其导致的健康风险进行评价。结果大米中Pb、Cd、As和Hg的含量超标率分别为8.60%、8.14%、7.69%和6.79%;综合污染指数值均大于1小于2;4种重金属对人体健康危害的年总风险值分别为1.70×10-7/a、4.88×10-5/a、1.23×10-4/a、9.31×10-9/a,总和为1.72×10-4/a;结论该市市售部分大米均有重金属超标;综合污染指数评价结果说明该市大米属轻度污染;健康风险指数表明,该市售大米中Pb、Cd和Hg对人体健康危害的个人年风险处于安全水平,As对人体健康危害的个人年风险水平较高。该市居民通过饮食摄入大米的重金属已具有潜在的健康威胁。     

Occurrence,speciation analysis and health risk assessment of arsenic in Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) collected from China

Arsenic (As) is a major hazardous element in natural environments, and arsenic pollution is becoming an issue of concern worldwide. The more toxic inorganic arsenic, such as trivalent arsenite As(Ⅲ) and pentavalent arsenate As(Ⅴ), which normally can transform to organic arsenic compounds, such as arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenocholine (AsC), monomethyl arsenic acid (MMA), dimethyl arsenic acid (DMA), trimethyl arsenic acid (TMA), arsenosugars and arsenolipids. In this study, a total of 2130 individuals of Chinese mitten crabs were collected from seven locations and mixed to 71 samples. Total arsenic and six major species (AsC, AsB, DMA, MMA, As (Ⅲ), and As (Ⅴ)) were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC-ICP-MS), respectively. The target hazard quotient (THQ) was utilized to evaluate the human health risk. The total arsenic concentration and totals for the six arsenic forms are 0.25–1.66 mg/kg and 0.05–1.19 mg/kg wet mass, respectively. Except for HH and LH, the six arsenic species concentrations accounted for more than 50.0 % of the total arsenic. The less toxic AsB is the most predominant in crabs, comprising 50.0 %–90.0 % of the sum of six types of arsenic. The more toxic inorganic arsenic only range from 0.01 to 0.21 mg/kg wet mass, much less than the limit content of 0.50 mg/kg inorganic As in crustacea. The THQ values of inorganic arsenic through the consumption of Chinese mitten crabs are estimated, and the values are all less than 1, indicating that intaking Chinese mitten crabs collected from China will not cause an appreciable hazard risk to human health.     

Heavy metal (Pb, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) concentrations in harvest-size white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei tissues from aquaculture and wild source

The present research project was undertaken to determine heavy metal (Pb, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) concentrations in intensive aquaculture and wild white shrimp tissues (muscle, shell and liver), and to inform aquatic shrimp food safety. The aquaculture samples were obtained from ten intensive farms and wild animals from one station in Zhanjiang Harbour Bay. Heavy metal concentrations (mg kg⁻¹, dry weight; means ± S.D.) in aquaculture white shrimp muscle, shell and liver tissues were, respectively: Cr - 20.86 ± 5.27, 28.70 ± 8.34 and 18.91 ± 5.50, Cu - 24.26 ± 8.36, 30.86 ± 9.84 and 126.42 ± 90.9, Fe - 61.35 ± 30.76, 55.07 ± 17.72 and 124.04 ± 56.15, Mn - 5.33 ± 2.5, 10.72 ± 4.34 and 8.79 ± 5.29, Zn - 171.56 ± 118.74, 51.84 ± 10.94 and 111.74 ± 84.67. Cadmium was observed only in liver tissue at 3.30 ± 1.29 mg kg⁻¹. Lead could not be detected, and cobalt was detected only in wild shrimp liver tissue. Chromium and manganese mean concentrations in shell tissue were significantly higher than levels in muscle tissue (P < 0.05), but the zinc mean concentration was significantly lower than noted in muscle tissue (P < 0.05). Copper and iron mean concentrations in liver tissue were significantly higher than those in muscle or shell tissues (P < 0.05). Overall, only chromium in white shrimp tissue was the primary risk for human health.     

Levels and daily intake of lead (Pb) and six essential elements in gari samples from Ondo State,Southwest Nigeria: A potential risk factor of health status

Gari, a staple food in most West African countries is a processed product of cassava plant. It supplies about 70% of the daily calorie intake in these countries. In this study, levels of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in gari samples that were collected from four major Nigerian cities: Akure, Ondo, Isua and Ore – all located in Ondo State, Southwest, Nigeria were determined. The estimated daily intakes (EDI) of these elements were determined and compared to the recommended dietary intake limits or requirements. The mean concentrations of Pb in gari samples was 0.16 ± 0.09 mg/kg while for essential elements the concentrations were 4.13 ± 0.95, 0.00497 ± 0.00078, 12.98 ± 1.48, 1.01 ± 0.47, 512.6 ± 9.12 and 23.22 ± 2.32 mg/kg for Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Ca and Fe, respectively. The mean estimated dietary intakes were 0.0333 ± 0.00443, 0.88 ± 0.21, 1.06 ± 0.36, 0.00278 ± 0.00068, 0.22 ± 0.04, 109.7 ± 4.22 and 4.97 ± 1.07 mg/day for Pb, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu, Ca and Fe respectively. The estimated mean Pb dietary intake from gari consumption alone was almost the same as the benchmark dose lower confidence limit (BMDL) for Pb, thus inferring that dietary route is a potential source of Pb contamination for gari consumers in Southwest Nigerian. Also, the data from this study indicated that gari is a good source of some essential elements like Mn, Co, and Cu but not exceptionally rich in Zn, Fe and Ca. It is therefore recommended that gari diets should be complemented with other food substances like beef, vegetables and low fat cheese that are good sources of the deficient elements.