上海市生活垃圾重金属污染特征分析

采用现场调研取样和理化分析检测的方法,对上海市生活垃圾中的重金属含量进行研究,分析了重金属在产生源、物流链以及最终处置环节的变化特征。结果表明：商业垃圾是生活垃圾中重金属的主要产生源;物流过程中重金属含量有所改变;堆肥处理后的垃圾不能直接进行农用;焚烧前的自然干化使重金属富集。     

Acid Volatile Sulfides and Simultaneously Extracted Metals in a Metal-Polluted Area of Taihu Lake,China

There were similar distribution characteristics for acid volatile sulfides (AVS) and simultaneously extracted metals (SEM) in surface sediments, and the concentrations of AVS and SEM decreased from the deposition area to the center of the bay (lake). The ratio of AVS to SEM was <1 in the surface sediments, indicating that heavy metals in surface sediments may be bioavailable. The concentration of AVS increased with sediment depth, followed by a decrease with large variation, while the concentration of SEM remained constant. By comparing the concentration of SEM with total metals, it was shown that extracted Cu and Ni decreased with sediment depth, indicating increasing association of Cu and Ni with sulfides in deeper sediment layers. The lower extracted ratios for Pb and Zn compared with sulfidic sediment illustrated that AVS should not have strong control on sediment Pb and Zn. The molar ratio of AVS and reactive iron showed that heavy metals were dynamic and active in sediments in this lake.     

Inorganic pollution of the man-made lakes of Wadi El-Raiyan and its impact on aquaculture and wildlife of the surrounding Egyptian desert

El-Raiyan lakes were created as a reservoir for agricultural drainage wastewater in the Western Desert of Egypt. Physical and chemical properties of water from 17 sampling stations in the lakes and in the springs of the surrounding deserts were monitored every three months during the years 1984 and 1985. Concentrations of metals (cadmium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, mercury, selenium, and zinc) and of inorganic anions (sulfate, sulfite, sulfide, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, cyanide, thiocyanate, halogens, carbonate, silicate, and phosphate) were generally lower than those reported for other lakes of Egypt which are used as wastewater reservoirs. The concentrations of metals and inorganic anions in water varied according to the distance from the origin of the lakes, depth, and seasons of the year. Concentrations of heavy metals in fish and in selected wild life fauna and flora of the surrounding deserts were also determined. Animals living near the lakes had much higher concentration of heavy metals, particularly lead, mercury, and cadmium, than animals of the same species collected further away from the lakes.     

深圳大气PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

目的 了解深圳市大气PM_2.5中重金属污染特征及对人体的健康风险。方法 于2017年在深圳市龙岗区、南山区和盐田区采集PM_2.5样品,分析其中砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、镍(Ni)、铅(Pb)、锌(Zn)、汞(Hg)、铜(Cu)和锰(Mn)等9种重金属元素的含量和污染特征,并采用美国环境保护署健康风险评价模型对重金属进行呼吸暴露健康风险评价。结果 深圳三个区大气PM_2.5中9种重金属元素的浓度范围为1.50×10^-9~9.03×10^-4 mg/m³,其中盐田区Zn的平均浓度(2.20×10^-4 mg/m³)最高,Hg的平均浓度(1.14×10^-8 mg/m³)最低。三个区PM_2.5中砷、镉、铅、汞的平均浓度均低于GB 3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》二级标准限值,其中As的浓度接近国标。三个区PM_2.5中Cd、Cu、Zn的富集因子(enrichment factor,EF)＞10, Pb、As、Hg、Ni的EF在1与10之间,Cr的EF<1。9种重金属通过呼吸途径对暴露人群的年均超额危险度在3.06×10^-13~2.03×10^-7之间,均低于人群可接受的危险度水平(10^-6),其中以As和Cr的潜在危害最大。结论 深圳市三个区PM_2.5中9种重金属平均浓度均低于GB 3095-2012中的限值,健康风险低于最大可接受风险值。     

2019年西宁市城区PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

目的 分析西宁市城区PM2.5中重金属的污染水平，并对其健康风险进行评价。方法 2019年每月10-16日在西宁市城区2个监测点采集PM2.5样品，分析其中砷、镉、铬、镍、铅、汞、锰7种重金属的含量和污染特征，用健康风险评价模型对重金属进行呼吸暴露健康风险评价。结果 2019年1月至12月西宁市城区2个监测点PM2.5中7种重金属元素的年均浓度范围为2.50×10-8～3.38×10-5 mg/m³，由高到低依次为铅>锰>砷>铬>镍>镉>汞，2个监测点PM2. 5中铅、镉、汞、砷的年均浓度低于GB3095-2012《环境空气质量标准》标准限值,富集因子均小于10。PM2. 5中重金属对人群的超额危险度为6.73×10-13～1.40×10-7，致癌金属的超额危险度由高到低依次为铬>砷>镉>镍，非致癌金属的超额危险度依次为铅>锰>汞，砷、镉、铬、镍的终生致癌超额危险度均低于人群可接受的危险度水平（10-6）。结论 西宁市城区PM2. 5中重金属主要来自自然源，其中铬对人体健康的年均超额危险度较高，应密切关注。     

Elemental Composition and Sources of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in Delhi,India

It is essential to understand the occurrence from and plant bioavailability of soil microplastics to heavy metals in soils to assess their environmental fate and risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different microplastic concentrations on the bioavailability of copper and zinc in soil. The relationship between the availability of heavy metals in soil assessed by chemical methods (soil fractionation) and the bioavailability of copper and zinc assessed by biological methods (accumulation in maize and cucumber leaves) in relation to the concentration of microplastics. The results showed that copper and zinc in soil shifted from stable to effective fraction with increasing polystyrene concentrations, which would increase the toxicity and bioavailability of heavy metals. When the concentration of polystyrene microplastics increased, copper and zinc accumulation in plants increased, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b decreased, and malondialdehyde increased. It is shown that the addition of polystyrene microplastics promoted the toxicity of copper and zinc and inhibited plant growth.

     

Interactive Effects of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and Heavy Metals on Their Sorption Behaviors in Two Chinese Soils

Organic contaminants and toxic heavy metals often coexist in contaminated soils. However, little information concerning the interactive effects of organic contaminants and heavy metals on their sorption behaviors on soils is available. In this study, the competitive sorption effects of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) and typical heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu), on their sorption characteristics on two Chinese soils were examined using a batch equilibration method. The results indicated that the coexistence of Cd and Cu inhibited the sorption of 1,4-DCB on soils and the inhibitive effects increased with increasing concentrations of Cd and Cu. This can be attributed to the inner-sphere complexation of Cd and Cu to form hydration shells of dense water that directly compete for surface sorption sites with 1,4-DCB. Additionally, pore blockage is presumed to be an alternative mechanism for the inhibitive effect. The extent of inhibitive effects depends on not only the relatively chemical characteristics of metals but also on the types of soils. However, the concurrence of 1,4-DCB (50 mg/L) in soils has little effects on the sorption capacity of Cd and Cu due to their higher sorption affinity for the soils than 1,4-DCB. These findings indicated that the coexistence of metals can greatly affect sorption behaviors of hydrophobic organic compounds on soils and thus their fate, transportation, and bioavailability.     

大气PM_(2.5)中重金属研究进展

近年来大气PM_(2.5)污染及其危害受到全球关注,我国污染现状尤其严重。作为重要的大气污染物成分,PM_(2.5)富集的重金属对生态环境和人体健康有较大威胁。该文分析总结了我国大气PM_(2.5)中重金属的研究现状,包括污染水平、时空分布特征、来源解析、化学形态、生物有效性和毒理健康效应等方面,提出了现阶段研究的不足,并对今后大气颗粒物污染及其成分研究进行展望,以利于环境空气质量的合理评价及其标准完善,为大气污染防治决策提供科学依据。     

Effect of Cd or Pb Addition to Cu-Contaminated Soil on Tissue Cu Accumulation in the Earthworm,Dendrobaena veneta

Generally, soil heavy metal contamination consists of a mixture of heavy metals. Soil chemical properties and interaction with other pollutants in soil affect the external heavy metal bioavailability. Moreover, interaction with other pollutants accumulated in organisms may change the toxicity of each pollutant. Therefore, the hypotheses was tested that addition of Cd or Pb to Cu-contaminated soil would lead to an increase in tissue Cu accumulation in the earthworm,Dendrobaena veneta,caused by (i) induction of metallothionein by Cd, or (ii) an increase in Cu concentration in soil solution due to the exchange of adsorbed Cu for Pb. Tissue heavy metal concentrations were determined after exposure in contaminated soils for 3 or 21 days. Considerable amounts of Cu, Cd, and Pb were accumulated, indicating that these heavy metals were available for uptake byD. veneta.Both Cd and Pb, however, did not significantly affect tissue Cu accumulation.     

2017—2019年石家庄市PM2.5中重金属污染及健康风险评价

目的 了解2017—2019年石家庄市大气PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及来源,并对重金属的人群健康风险进行评价。 方法 采集2017—2019年每月10-16日和空气质量指数（air quality index, AQI）≥ 200条件下的大气PM2.5,利用富集因子法和地累积指数法判别元素的来源和污染程度,以及采用美国环境保护署推荐的健康风险评估模型对人群健康风险进行评价。 结果 采样期间,PM2.5及其重金属浓度的变化特征一致,均表现为采暖期>非采暖期（ZPM2.5 =-8.754,ZSb =-10.549,ZAs =-6.916,ZCd =-9.472, ZCr =-8.396,ZHg =-12.527,ZPb =-11.133, ZMn =-6.273, ZNi =-7.131,ZSe =-5.067,ZTl =-6.805,P<0.05）,各元素含量由高到低依次是Pb、Mn、Se、As、Sb、Cr、Cd、Ni、Tl、Hg。污染来源及程度评价表明:除Cr、Ni外,其他元素富集因子值均大于10;Cd、Cr、Se、Tl的地累积指数值均大于5。健康风险分析显示:不同人群中各元素的致癌和非致癌风险由高到低依次为成人、青少年、儿童;其中,儿童、青少年女性高于男性（Cr、Ni、Hg）,成人男性高于女性（As、Cr、Ni、Hg、Pb、Mn）。结论 石家庄市大气PM2.5中重金属污染主要受人为活动影响,其致癌和非致癌风险均在可接受水平之内。     

The biological half-time of heavy metals

Summary Concentrations of Cd (475 samples), Pb (271), and total Hg (166) were determined in the organs and tissues during autopsies of inhabitants of the Tokyo metropolitan area who had experienced no known exposure to an abnormally high level of heavy metals and had died sudden deaths by accident. The results of this study do not differ greatly from those of other reports. Based on the intraorganic accumulation of the heavy metals according to age when they were not experimentally administered, the biological half-time (BHT) was estimated using a mathematical model with differential equations. It was hypothesized that the input of heavy metals into organs is proportional to the amount of food intake according to age (assuming little or no chronological change of heavy metals concentrations in food over several decades), and that the output is proportional to the intraorganic accumulation. The resulting BHT was very long, 10 to 100 times that computed in a number of studies from observation of the attenuation curve for a relatively short period after the experimental adminstration of heavy metals to humans or animals.The author devised a model consisting of two series compartments in one organ: the superficial, where heavy metals enter directly and are weakly bound with protein, and the profound, where they enter only via the superficial compartment to be strongly bound with the constituents. It was elucidated theoretically that the short BHT obtained by heavy metal administration is associated only with the superficial compartment of the organ, and that the long BHT obtained without experimental administration of heavy metals is due to the detour circuit from the superficial to the profound compartments. The ratio of the short BHT to the long BHT is the proportion of the content of a heavy metal in the superficial compartment to the total content in the whole organ. In order to prove the existence of the two compartments, superficial and profound, and to compute their ratios, further studies should be performed. The attenuation curve of the concentration, or of the amount after a single administration of a heavy metal, consists of the rapid component (first) and the slow component (second). The latter has been generally used for computation of BHTs. The slowest component is frequently present several years after the first two. There is a fair chance that the BHT based on the slowest component agrees with the BHT found in the present study.     

上海江桥生活垃圾焚烧厂二次污染物性质分析

介绍了重金属在焚烧过程中迁变的研究进展,并分析了上海江桥生活垃圾焚烧厂重金属在炉渣和飞灰中的分布和浸出浓度及在渗沥液中的含量。得出结论：炉渣的重金属污染程度小,资源化利用前景广阔;飞灰必须按照规定作为危险废物处理;渗沥液经处理后,重金属可达标排放。     

Screening for heavy metal accumulators amongst autochtonous plants in a polluted site in Italy

The site around ACNA factory (Northern Italy) is characterized by multi-metal contamination, therefore it can be considered as a source of autochthonous plants able to tolerate or accumulate heavy metals (HMs). The hill A5, a waste dump of the chemical factory, was chosen as the study area, in order to assess the metal accumulation ability of the vegetation growing under HM stress. The plant species, biodiversity and health were related to the concentration of HMs in four areas of the hill A5, and to the metal accumulation in shoots and roots. Uptake of HMs occurred at different extent in the various plant species and differed according to the considered organ and metal. Polygonum aviculare hyperaccumulated Hg in the shoot suggesting its possible exploitation in phytoextraction. A number of species, that can be useful in phytoremediation plans, accumulated simultaneously more than two heavy metals both in the shoot and in the root.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰基本特性及稳定化研究

对飞灰的化学组分和矿物结构、重金属含量及浸出毒性、二恶英类有机物的含量以及稳定化后产物的浸出毒性进行了试验研究,结果表明：焚烧飞灰属于SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3金属氧化物体系,具有一定的胶凝活性,重金属Pb、Cd、Zn的浸出浓度超过GB 5085.3—2007危险废物鉴别标准浸出毒性鉴别要求,二恶英毒性当量为553.6 ng/kg,经添加水泥和螯合剂稳定化处理后,重金属浸出毒性满足GB 16889—2008生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准的入场要求,可直接送填埋场处置,为以后飞灰稳定化研究和应用提供参考。     

2010年广州市食品化学污染物重金属监测结果分析

目的:了解广州市区主要商场和农贸市场出售的蔬菜、肉类、海产品等食品中重金属污染状况。方法:样品经过微波消解后采用电感耦合等离子体质谱对食品中5种重金属进行了检测。结果:共检测121份样品,不合格率为19.0%。结论:广州市区一些农贸市场的食品不合格率比较高,部分食品存在安全隐患,要加大卫生监督力度。     

Ownership of alcohol-branded merchandise and initiation of teen drinking

BACKGROUND: The alcohol industry spends over $5 billion a year on marketing, much of which is accessible to children. The distribution of branded articles of clothing and other personal items is one aspect of alcohol marketing that has not been adequately studied. In this study, the prevalence of ownership of alcohol-branded merchandise (ABM) was determined in a sample of rural northern New England adolescents, and the relationship between ownership of such items and initiation of alcohol use was examined. DESIGN/METHODS: Northern New England middle school students who had not yet initiated alcohol use were captured at baseline in a 1999 school-based survey, and ownership of an ABM item and initiation of alcohol use were determined 1 to 2 years later by telephone. The analysis controlled for demographics (gender, grade in school); characteristics of the child (school performance, sensation seeking, rebelliousness); parenting style; and peer alcohol use. RESULTS: Of 2406 baseline never-drinkers, 15% had initiated alcohol use and 14% owned an ABM item by follow-up. ABM items consisted primarily of articles of clothing such as t-shirts and hats. ABM ownership was associated with higher grade in school, male gender, exposure to peer drinking, having tried smoking, poorer academic performance, higher levels of sensation seeking and rebelliousness, and less-responsive and restrictive parenting styles. Owners of ABM items at follow-up had higher rates of alcohol initiation compared with non-owners (25.5% vs 13.1%, respectively, p<0.001). After adjusting for the above confounders, students who owned an ABM item were significantly more likely to have initiated alcohol use compared with students who did not own one (adjusted odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.0). CONCLUSIONS: In this northern New England adolescent sample, ownership of alcohol-branded merchandise was prevalent and exhibited an independent cross-sectional association with onset of adolescent drinking. Further studies are necessary to determine whether the relationship is causal, and whether teen use of ABM items influences peer drinking norms and behavior.     

The mediation of mutagenicity and clastogenicity of heavy metals by physicochemical factors

Heavy metals are an important class of environmental hazards, and as the use of heavy metals metals in industry continues to increase, larger segments of the biota, including human beings, will be exposed to increasing levels of these toxicants. As many heavy metals are mutagenic and clastogenic, they cause teratogenic and/or carcinogenic effects. Studies with microbes and representatives of the aquatic biota have shown that the toxicity of heavy metals is mediated by the physicochemical characteristics of natural environments. A few studies have also indicated that such abiotic factors (e.g. pH, chelating agents, inorganic anionic and cationic composition) mediate the mutagenicity and clastogenicity of heavy metals. These studies indicate that the physicochemical characteristics of natural environments may also potentiate or attenuate the mutagenicity and clastogenicity of heavy metals to the indigenous biota. Furthermore, studies with laboratory animals have shown that the acute and chronic toxicity, including the teratogenicity and carcinogenicity, of heavy metals is mediated by physicochemical factors. A similar dependence of the mutagenicity and clastogenicity of heavy metals by the physicochemical characteristics unique to specific body fluids and tissues may explain the association of specific heavy metal-induced tumors with specific tissues. There is an apparent need to develop genotoxicity tests that incorporate into their procedures the mediating influence of physicochemical factors (pH, for example), as the use of only standardized procedures may hinder the detection of heavy metal, as well as of organic, genotoxins whose mutagenicity or clastogenicity is altered by conditions other than those used in the standardized assay, thereby producing false negative results.     

Survey of Heavy Metal Pollution in Four Chinese Crude Drugs and Their Cultivated Soils

A two-year survey on the residues of heavy metals in four Chinese crude drugs and their cultivated soils was conducted. Targeted heavy metals were copper (Cu), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and cadmium (Cd). Herbs surveyed include White Peony Root (Radix Paeoniae Alba), Turmeric Root Tuber (Radix Curcumae), Thunberg Fritillary Bulb (Bulbus Fritillariae Thumbergii), and Tuber of Dwarf Lilyturf (Radix Ophiopogonis). Concentrations of all heavy metals were under the permitted levels except cadmium, which exceeded the permitted level in some samples of Thunberg Fritillary Bulb, White Peony Root, and Turmeric Root Tuber. Concentration coefficients were less than 1.0 for all heavy metals except cadmium. The concentration coefficient of cadmium in Turmeric Root Tuber was 14.0. Lower pH and high Zn concentration in the soil may facilitate the transfer of cadmium from cultivated soil into the herbs.     

Warning against the indiscriminate use of a biological half-time model in deriving the critical concentration of metals

For heavy metals, many studies obtained short biological half-times (BHTs) by administrations of heavy metals. Tsuchiya and Sugita, however, first reported the possibility of a long BHT for cadmium (Cd) calculated from Cd accumulations in postmortem human organs and tissues by age using a non-linear regression method employing a differential equation. According to their reports, the Cd BHTs (point estimators) were 12.1-22.7 years by sex, renal cortex and medulla. The minimums and the maximums of the Cd BHTs on the 95% confidence regions of estimators were 6.9-70.2 years by sex and kidney part. It is presumed that the range of the 95% confidence region for the individual BHTs of renal Cd exists in a range from a few years to at least 100 years because of large individual variations in exposure, absorption rate and excretion rate. Point estimators of BHTs, however, include the assumption that all subjects have been exposed to the same level of Cd at the same year of age over a period of decades and have equal absorption and excretion rates of Cd. Therefore, it is not adequate to calculate a safety level for Cd in the industrial environment or foodstuffs using a value of Cd BHT (point estimator) based on Cd accumulation applying a mathematical model. BHTs of metals require careful evaluation and must not be used indiscriminately to derive a critical concentration, for example, using a mathematical model.     

Study of the effects of environmental factors on the local incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

The etiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has remained unknown since the disease was first described by Charcot and Joffroy in 1869. Although extensive epidemiological and genetic studies were carried out in the past several years in the Kii Peninsula of Japan as well as on Guam in the Mariana Islands, these studies did not allow a determination of what environmental factors induced the disease, and conclusive genetic factors have not emerged. In a search for possible etiological factors in the environment, the role of heavy metals is considered because a possible concentration of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinsonism-dementia among former manganese miners on the Island of Guam was suggested in 1964. Previous chemical analyses of trace metals in human nervous system tissue and in environmental samples of river and drinking water, soil, plants, and fish provided no remarkable findings, because of the very small amounts of heavy metal ions in the human nervous system and because of the complicated chemical behavior of the metal ions in the environment. Then a further highly sensitive analysis by the neutron activation method was undertaken on materials from the Kii Peninsula in Japan and from Guam, both areas having a high incidence of motor neuron disease. The results show that, on Guam, the samples of river and drinking water have quite a high content of manganese; however, in Japan, factors of manganese encephalopathogeny are not observed and, rather, the low content of calcium and magnesium ions in water may play an important role in the cause of the disease.