烟台市售食品黄曲霉毒素污染状况及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解烟台市售食品黄曲霉毒素污染状况及居民膳食来源暴露风险水平。方法 免疫亲和层析高效液相色谱法测定样品中黄曲霉毒素,点评估方法估算人群黄曲霉毒素暴露量。结果 检测的市售食品中AFB1检出率为4.19%（19/453）,超标率为0.22%（1/453）,均值为0.86 μg/kg。AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1检出率分别为2.13%（9/423）、1.65%（7/423）、0.95%（4/423）和41.90%（44/105）,均值分别为0.29、0.64、0.33和 0.03 μg/kg。食品中存在AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2多重污染情况。AFB1的检出均值占到黄曲霉毒素(AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2)均值总和的47.18%。AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1的日膳食暴露量分别为4.326、1.733、3.143、2.423和0.168 ng/（kg·bw·d）。AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1的膳食暴露贡献率分别占到总体的36.69%、14.70%、26.65%、20.55%和1.42%。谷类及其制品的膳食暴露贡献最大,食用植物油的贡献次之。结论 AFB1总体检出率和均值均高于AFB2、AFG1和AFG2,是主要的污染品种。谷类及其制品和食用植物油是主要的AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2膳食暴露来源。乳制品是主要的AFM1的膳食暴露来源。烟台市居民AFB1和AFM1膳食暴露导致肝癌发病率为0.101/10万人和0.004/10万人。     

玉米中四种黄曲霉毒素的关系

目的了解我国玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1（AFB1）、黄曲霉毒素B2（AFB2）、黄曲霉毒素G1（AFG1）和黄曲霉毒素G1（AFG1）污染的关系。方法用统计方法分析玉米中任意两种毒素污染率、污染浓度的相关性;计算AFB1与总黄曲霉毒素（AFs）的数量关系,分析AFB1在AFs中的构成1结果AFB1检出率最高,AFB1没有单独污染,均伴随AFB1。任两种毒素浓度呈正相关（P=0．000）,AFB1、AFB1、AFG1与AFG1的相关系数均大于0．951任两种毒素检出率有相关性（P=0．000）,AFB1和AFBz相关性最强1随AFB1浓度区间增高,AFB1检出率增高,AFG1和AFG1检出率先升高后降低;AFB1与AFs浓度比升高,AFs高于4μg／kg时,浓度比超过0．51结论AFB1和AFBz污染密切相关,AFBz伴随AFB1,二者污染率和浓度呈正向变化。当AFB1浓度较高时,对AFG1和AFG1呈现抑制作用1按照AFs限量是AFB1的两倍,当玉米中AFs限量在4μg／kg以上时,同时制定AFB1和AFs限量,与仅制定AFB1限量相比,不增加管理效力。     

Microbial contamination of seven major weaning foods in Nigeria

Five million children aged less than five years die annually due to diarrhoea. The aim of the study was to identify some possible contributing factors for persistent diarrhoea. Seven weaning foods, including a locally-made food, were evaluated by estimating the microbial load using the most probable number method and aflatoxin levels (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, and AFB2) by immunoaffinity column extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with detection of fluorescence. The results showed that the locally-made weaning food had the highest microbial count (2,000 cfu/g) and faecal streptococcal count (25 cfu/g). Moulds isolated were mainly Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. glaucus, Cladosporium sp., and Penicillium sp. The home-made weaning food recorded the highest fungal count (6,500 cfu/g). AFM1 of the weaning foods was 4.6-530 ng/mL. One weaning food had AFB1 level of 4,806 ng/g. Aflatoxin metabolites, apart from AFM1 and AFB1 present in the weaning foods, were AFG1 and AFG2. There were low microbial counts in commercial weaning foods but had high levels of aflatoxins (AFM1, AFG1, AFG2, AFB1, and AFB2). Growth and development of the infant is rapid, and it is, thus, possible that exposure to aflatoxins in weaning foods might have significant health effects.     

福建省市售花生及花生制品中4种黄曲霉毒素污染调查

目的:了解福建省花生中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)和黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)的污染状况。方法:从福建省九个地区采集花生和花生制品,用高效液相色谱测定黄曲霉毒素含量。结果:共测定62份花生,40份花生酱,20份花生油。以国家标准规定的黄曲霉毒素B1限值20μg/kg计,超标率分别为17.7%、37.5%和0。4种毒素中AFB1阳性率和平均浓度最高,AFB2、AFG1和AFG2的阳性率和平均浓度依次降低。结论:福建省花生和花生制品的黄曲霉毒素污染比较普遍,4种毒素中以AFB1污染为主。     

Aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in food and risks to human health

OBJECTIVES: The presence of mycotoxins in food has been associated with several human diseases, and health authorities have taken actions to decrease the ingestion of these compounds in the diet. A study was carried out to assess aflatoxins and ochratoxin A concentrations found in food, and to evaluate the potential risk to human health resulting from mycotoxin exposure. METHODS: Between July 1998 to December 2001, 366 food samples were analyzed, including peanuts and its products, nuts, maize, oat and/or wheat products, rice and beans. Samples were processed and the extracted mycotoxins were detected and separated using thin layer chromatography, and then quantified with fluorescence. RESULTS: Aflatoxins were detected in 19.6% of the samples: raw peanuts and its products, pop corn, maize and Brazilian nuts (>2mg/kg). Peanuts and its products showed the highest levels of aflatoxin contamination (34.7%) with up to 1280 mg/kg of AFB1+AFG1 and 1706 mg/kg of total aflatoxins. Of the positive samples, AFB1 was detected in 98.5%, AFB2 in 93%, AFG1 in 66.7%, and AFG2 in 65.4%. Ochratoxin A was not detected (<25 mg/kg) in any sample analyzed. CONCLUSION: It was found that contamination levels mainly seen in peanuts and its products exceed Brazilian regulated standards, and they can be a potential risk to regular consumers of these products. Food producers' awareness allied to monitoring programs is essential to reduce human exposure to these compounds and prevent ensuing chronic diseases.     

重庆市万州区市售食品中黄曲霉毒素污染现状调查

目的 为了解万州区部分食品中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2、M1的污染状况,为万州区食品安全提供数据。方法 2013年至2014年间,在万州区共采集牛奶、奶粉、袋泡茶、黄豆、花椒、辣椒、坚果及其籽类、食用油、花生、大米、玉米粉（碴）等食品688份,样品首先采用酶联免疫吸附法进行初筛,阳性样品全部采用免疫亲和柱层析高效液相色谱法进行测定。结果 在采集11种食品中,均有不同程度的污染,总检出率为24.6%,总超标率为1.89%;各类样品平均含量在0.004μg/kg至2.1μg/kg之间,最高含量为157.2μg/kg;其中花生、玉米粉（碴）超标率为10.7%和3.1%,其余样品均未超标。结论 万州区市售食品中黄曲霉毒素污染水平总体较低,但部分食品特别是花生、玉米渣等产品存在较高程度的污染,应予以重视。     

抗黄曲霉毒素B_1蛋黄抗体的制备及其性质的研究

将黄曲霉毒Ｂ１－牛血清白蛋白（ＡＦＢ１Ｏ—ＢＳＡ）连接物免疫注射４只（Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ）产蛋鸡。研究了抗ＡＦＢ１蛋黄抗体的产生进程,除鸡Ｂ外,其它３只鸡从第一次注射抗原后的第９０天开始有较明显的抗体产生,第１３５天达到高峰,从第１６５天开始下降。在抗体产生高峰期,蛋黄抗体Ａ、Ｃ、Ｄ的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ效价分别为１∶８０００、１∶６０００、１∶６０００。以蛋黄抗体Ａ为材料,研究了抗体的特异性,结果表明：该抗体有较好的特异性。但是抗体与ＡＦＢ１的结构类似物（ＡＦＢ２、ＡＦＧ２、ＡＦＧ１、ＡＦＭ１）除ＡＦＭ１外都有不同程度的交叉反应,达到５０％的竞争抑制率时,ＡＦＢ１、ＡＦＢ２、ＡＦＧ１、ＡＦＧ２的灵敏度分别为６、２５、１２５和２４９５ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

First risk assessment report of aflatoxins in Egyptian tahini

Aflatoxins are very dangerous natural toxins that are mainly produced by fungal organisms that are attracted to oil seeds, nuts and spices, where they are causing health and economic problems. Therefore, in this study, 117 samples of tahini (a product made from toasted sesame seeds) were collected from different Egyptian governments from already known brands and, moreover, from local unknown sources. Thus, there was a need to assess the level of contamination of aflatoxins and estimate the risk exposure according to the average daily intake. Results indicated that 67 % were free from aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), 21 % exceeded the maximum permitted limit (MPL) and 12 % were below MPL from the total samples, while the national MPL is 2 μg/kg for AFB1. The AFB1 mean concentrations for the samples reached 0.1 ± 0.2 and 13.0 ± 19.3 μg/kg for branded tahini samples and local unlabelled tahini samples respectively. The assessment revealed two different levels of exposure to AFB1 between adults and children and for branded and locally unlabelled made tahini. There was a higher estimated exposure from local unlabelled tahini than branded ranging from 0.001 to 0.1 ng/kg b.w./day for adults and from 0.004 to 0.5 ng/kg b.w./day for children.     

厦门市121份市售食品中苯并(a)芘污染状况

目的 了解厦门市市售食品中苯并(a)芘(BaP)的污染状况.方法 采用导数-恒能量同步荧光光谱技术,以自行研制的BaP快速检测仪对厦门市流通市场上采集的121份食品中BaP的含量进行检测.结果 检测发现在121份样品中有84.3%检出BaP,含量为0.17～59.00μg/kg,其中含量超过5.00μg/kg的食品有60份,占49.6%,主要集中在烧烤小食品、加工的肉制品和水产品,含量范围分别是1.44μ54.10μg/kg、0.17～59.00μg/kg、2.79～36.80μg/kg.在34份采自路边流动摊点的食品中,BaP含量为1.78～49.60μg/kg,其中超过5.00 μg/kg有30份,达88.2%.结论所采集121份厦门市售食品中BaP的污染较为严重.     

UPLC同时测定食品中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2

目的:建立免疫亲和柱超高效液相色谱法测定食品中黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1和G2含量的方法。方法:试样经过甲醇-水提取、稀释后经过免疫亲和柱层析净化,应用超高液相色谱法检测。结果:试验结果表明:空白样品分别按照0.2μg/kg、0.8μg/kg、2.0μg/kg添加黄曲霉毒素混合标准,回收率为75.0%～90.4%,精密度<5%,黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1和G2的检测灵敏度分别为0.2μg/kg,0.2μg/kg,0.4μg/kg,0.2μg/kg。结论:免疫亲和柱净化超高效液相色谱法测定食品中黄曲霉毒素B1,B2,G1,G2含量,是一种简单、快速和准确的方法。     

中国部分地区玉米中4种黄曲霉毒素污染调查

目的了解中国玉米中黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)、黄曲霉毒素B2(AFB2)、黄曲霉毒素G1(AFG1)和黄曲霉毒素G2(AFG2)的污染状况。方法从吉林、河南、湖北、四川、广东、广西采集玉米样品,用HPLC测定黄曲霉毒素含量。结果共测定279份玉米,黄曲霉毒素阳性率为75.63%,阳性样品平均浓度为44.04μg/kg,浓度范围0.20～888.30μg/kg。四川、湖北、广西、河南、广东和吉林样品的阳性率依次为90.48%、93.75%、87.50%、36.96%、91.84%和52.17%,平均浓度依次为107.93、70.98、39.65、8.06、3.70和1.15μg/kg。4种毒素中AFB1阳性率和平均浓度最高,分别为74.55%和39.64μg/kg;AFB2、AFG1和AFG2的阳性率和平均浓度依次降低,阳性率分别为58.42%、41.22%和19.71%,平均浓度分别为3.81、3.47和0.51μg/kg。结论玉米的黄曲霉毒素污染比较普遍;调查的各地样品均有不同程度污染,总体上南方地区高于北方;4种毒素中以AFB1污染为主。     

2010年杭州市售发酵性食品中氨基甲酸乙酯调查与分析

目的 调查2010年杭州市售发酵性食品中氨基甲酸乙酯含量.方法 2010年在杭州大、中、小型3家超市采集237份发酵性食品,包括黄酒、白酒、葡萄酒、啤酒、料酒、酱油、食醋、腐乳等8类食品,采用D5-氨基甲酸乙酯核素稀释技术,硅藻土固相萃取净化样品,然后用气相色谱-质谱法测定样品中氨基甲酸乙酯.结果 237份发酵性食品中氨基甲酸乙酯检出率为100%,含量范围为2.0 ~515.0 μg/kg,氨基甲酸乙酯含量平均值(中位数)从高到低依次为红腐乳[182.2 μg/kg(161.2 μg/kg )]、黄酒[159.6 μg/kg(121.0 μg/kg)]、料酒[86.8 μg/kg(95.6 μg/kg)]、白酒[72.0 μg/kg(60.5 μg/kg )]、酱油[47.2 μg/kg(40.7 μg/kg)]、食醋[26.7 μg/kg(31.8 μg/kg )]、葡萄酒[15.7 μg/kg(16.8 μg/kg )]、啤酒[2.2 μg/kg(2.3 μg/kg)].结论 2010年杭州市发酵性食品中均存在氨基甲酸乙酯,尤以红腐乳、黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯含量为高.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the ethyl carbamate concentrations in different commercial fermented foods in Hangzhou in 2010.Methods In 2010,237 commercial fermented food samples of eight categories,including yellow wine,white spirit,wine,beer,cooking wine,sauce,vinegar and fermented bean curd,were purchased from 3 different size markets respectively in Hangzhou.The ethyl carbamate was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selection ion mode,after the samples were coupled with D5-ethyl carbamate,and purified by diatomite solid phase extraction column.Results The results showed that ethyl carbamate was detected in all samples analyzed (100%) with the range from 2.0 μg/kg to 515.0 μg/kg.The ethyl carbamate average(median)levels in 8 food catergories were descending with fermented red bean curd (182.2 μg/kg (161.2 μg/kg)),yellow wine (159.6 μg/kg (121.0 μg/kg)),cooking wine (86.8 μg/kg (95.6 μg/kg)),white spirit (72.0 μg/kg (60.5 μg/kg)),soy sauce (47.2 μg/kg(40.7μg/kg)),vinegar (26.7 μg/kg (31.8 μg/kg)),wine (15.7 μg/kg (16.8 μg/kg)) and beer (2.2 μg/kg (2.3 μg/kg)).Conclusion The ethyl carbamate was detected in all fermented foods in Hangzhou in 2010,and the levels of ethyl carbamate in red bean curd and yellow wine were higher than others.     

上海浦东新区谷物、豆类及其制品中黄曲霉毒素的污染调查

目的了解上海市浦东新区谷物、豆类及其制品中黄曲霉毒素(B_1、B_2、G_1、G_2)的污染现状,为相关食品中黄曲霉毒素污染监测提供基础数据。方法 2016年4~8月期间在浦东新区8家超市和5家菜市场进行随机抽样,采集市售谷物、豆类及其制品共计190件样品,样品经多功能净化柱净化提取后,使用超高液相色谱荧光法测定4种黄曲霉毒素含量,最终数据用SPSS 16.0进行统计分析。结果 190件样品中黄曲霉毒素检出率为22.63%,AFB_1超标率为1.05%;比较黄曲霉毒素检出率,豆类及其制品高于谷物及其制品,散装样品高于定型包装样品;4种黄曲霉毒素的检出率AFB_1AFB_2AFG_1AFG_2。结论上海市售谷物、豆类及其制品不同程度的受到黄曲霉毒素的污染,有必要对相关食品进行定期监测,特别是散装制品,尤其需要加强管理监督。建议有关部门制定食品中黄曲霉毒素总量限值,为食品安全监测和评估提供依据。     

花生及其制品中16种真菌毒素的超高效液相色谱串联质谱测定法

目的 建立花生及其制品中16种真菌毒素包括黄曲霉毒素(AF)、伏马菌素(FB)、赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)等的超高效液相色谱串联质谱测定法。方法 样品经研磨粉碎后酸性乙腈溶液提取,10 000 r/min离心后用水稀释,再经2℃低温10 000 r/min离心后加入同位素内标,多反应离子监测模式(MRM)检测,内标法定量。结果 16种待测物线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.9900,方法定量限为0.3μg/kg～45.0μg/kg,加标回收率在72.7%～126.3%之间,相对标准偏差为1.3%～5.0%。采用优化后方法对60份花生及其制品包括花生油、花生酱、生花生和熟花生进行检测,AFB₁、AFB₂和AFG₁的总检出率分别为35%(21/60)、 18.3%(11/60)、5.0%(3/60),含量范围分别为0.1μg/kg～57.5μg/kg, 0.1μg/kg～18.4μg/kg, 0.1μg/kg～3.3μg/kg。结论 该法前处理快速、简捷、灵敏度高、准确度好,适合于花生及其制品中16种真菌毒素快速检测。     

抗黄曲霉毒素B1蛋黄抗体的制备及其性质的研究

将黄曲霉素Ｂ１－牛血清白蛋白（ＡＦＢ１Ｏ－ＢＳＡ）妆物免疫注射４只（Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ）产蛋鸡。研究了抗ＡＦＢ１蛋黄抗体的产生进程，除鸡Ｂ外，其它３只鸡从第一次注射搞后的第９０天开始有较明显的抗体产生，第１３５天达到高峰，从第１６５天开始下降。在抗体产生高峰期，蛋黄抗体Ａ、Ｃ、Ｄ的间接ＥＬＩＳＡ效价分别为１：８０００、１：６０００、１：６０００。以蛋黄抗体Ａ为材料，研究了抗体的特异性，结果表明，该抗体     

烟台市发酵性调料中氨基甲酸乙酯污染状况调查

目的:探讨烟台市发酵调料中氨基甲酸乙酯(ethyl carbamate,EC)污染状况,对本地区发酵性调料的食品安全性进行调查与评估。方法:随机选取2011年烟台市超市及食品供销部的158份发酵食品,应用基质固相分散萃取(MSPD)技术GC/MS定量分析各类发酵调料食品中EC的含量。结果:(1)158份发酵性调料食品中阳性样品数为117份,阳性率为74.05%,其中黄酒及料酒中EC阳性率最高,平均含量分别为73.1μg/kg、66.4μg/kg,酱油和食醋中EC的含量相对较低,平均含量为40.3μg/kg、29.1μg/kg,腐乳EC平均含量为27.5μg/kg;(2)EC阳性腐乳样品数为36份,其中红腐乳19份,白腐乳17份,两组间EC含量水平无显著差异性。结论:烟台市发酵调料食品中普遍存在EC,其中黄酒及料酒中EC阳性率最高,且EC含量最高值为100.2 mg/L,发酵调料的食品安全问题应进一步加强监管、严格调控。     

重庆市加工用辣椒及制品中二氧化硫残留量分析

目的 了解重庆市加工用鲜辣椒中二氧化硫本底含量,分析市售辣椒制品中非法使用二氧化硫类食品添加剂的可能性。方法 在重庆市17个主要辣椒生产区县的种植环节、流通环节（农贸市场、超市和便利店）,采集鲜辣椒、干辣椒及辣椒面共2 555份,采用GB5009.34—2016《食品安全国家标准食品中二氧化硫的测定》进行检测。结果 2 555份样品中,检出含二氧化硫的样品1 780份,检出率为69.67%（1 780/2 555）,鲜辣椒、烘干鲜辣椒、市售干辣椒、市售辣椒面中二氧化硫的检出率分别为58.55%（363/620）、61.77%（383/620）、76.98%（535/695）、80.48%（499/620）。市售干辣椒和辣椒面中二氧化硫残留量高于国际食品法典委员会( CAC)规定的香辛料中最大使用量（150 mg/kg）的样品共3件。流通环节采集的鲜辣椒中二氧化硫检出率较种植环节样品高,超市和便利店采集的干辣椒和辣椒面二氧化硫含量较农贸市场样品高。结论 重庆市加工用鲜辣椒中存在二氧化硫本底含量,市售干辣椒及辣椒面中可能存在非法使用二氧化硫类食品添加剂的情况,部分商品中二氧化硫残留量较高。     

超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱串联质谱法同时快速筛查和检测食物中毒样品中的12种抗凝血杀鼠剂

目的 建立食物中毒样品中12 种抗凝血杀鼠剂的超高效液相色谱-三重四极杆/线性离子阱串联质谱(QTrap LC-MS /MS)的检测方法。方法 样品经快速分散固相萃取法(QuEChERS)提取和净化,ACQUITY UPLC BEH-C18柱(1.7μm,2.1mm×50mm)分离,5mmol/L乙酸铵和乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱,按照多级反应监测(MRM)→信息相关采集(IDA)→增强子离子扫描(EPI)→谱库检索的模式进行分析。结果 12种抗凝血杀鼠剂线性相关系数均大于0.99,平均回收率为78.2%～108.2%,相对标准偏差为1.8%～12.3%,方法的检出限为0.006～0.03μg/kg,定量限为0.02～0.10μg/kg。结论 该法简便快速,灵敏度高、重现性较好,适用于食物中毒样品中12种抗凝血杀鼠剂同时快速测定。     

河南省市售食品中黄曲霉毒素污染状况分析

目的初步了解河南省市售食品中黄曲霉毒素的污染状况,为进一步完善相关卫生标准和有关部门加强监管提供科学依据。方法从河南省各地市的大型商场、小型超市、农贸市场随机采集米面制品(小麦粉、玉米面、米粉)、食用植物油(花生油、大豆油、玉米油)、坚果(花生、葵花籽、西瓜子)、调味品(酱油、食用醋、辣椒、花椒)等四类食品共862份样品,采用高效液相色谱法测定4种黄曲霉毒素的含量,并对检测结果进行分析。结果862份市售食品中,黄曲霉毒素的综合检出率为44.9%,其中,黄曲霉毒素B1的检出率为41.3%,合格率为92.8%。黄曲霉毒素含量最高的是花生,高达44.8μg/kg。结论市售食品中存在黄曲霉毒素污染的现象,有关部门应引起重视,加强监督管理,以减少其对人民群众健康的影响和危害。     

高效液相色谱测定食品中环己基氨基磺酸钠的提取方法研究

目的通过对多类食品中环己基氨基磺酸钠(甜蜜素)测定的样品前处理技术和测定方法的研究,建立简便、快速、适用的食品中甜蜜素的高效液相色谱测定方法。方法选用30%乙醇提取样品中的甜蜜素。提取液中的甜蜜素与次氯酸钠反应生成N,N-二氯环己胺,经正己烷提取,用高效液相色谱测定。结果食品中甜蜜素在0～2.00 mg/ml范围内,浓度与峰面积呈直线相关关系;方法最低检出量为0.02μg;最低检出浓度为0.005 0 g/kg。对浓度为0.097～5.6g/kg的样品连续测定6次,RSD为1.1%～6.0%;加标量为0.20～2.0 g/kg的样品,回收率为85%～106%。结论该方法简便、快速、精密、准确,适用于食品中甜蜜素含量的测定。