云南省常见野生食用菌镉含量调查分析

目的:对云南省常见的野生食用菌中镉含量进行调查,为食物资源的开发和综合利用提供参考依据。方法:定点采集野生食用菌品种,按GB/T 5009.15-2003《食品卫生检验方法理化部分食品中镉的测定方法》石墨炉原子吸收光谱法进行分析。结果:对36种172件新鲜野生食用菌进行检测,最高镉含量检出值为1.66 mg/kg(小黑鸡枞菌,昆明),55.8%的样品镉含量低于0.2 mg/kg。结论:云南野生食用菌镉含量偏高,其原因可能与云南省有着丰富的矿产资源有关,也可能与云南省经济日益发展,环境污染日趋加重有关,具体需待进一步的调查。     

2014年中国40岁及以上人群二手烟暴露状况分析

目的 了解中国≥40岁成年人二手烟暴露情况,为制定控烟政策、推动我国控烟事业发展提供更多科学依据。方法 调查对象来源于2014年中国居民COPD监测,从31个省（自治区、直辖市）抽取125个监测点,利用电子问卷通过面对面询问的方式收集有关二手烟暴露的相关变量,实际调查有效样本75 107人,纳入分析的有效样本量为67 435人。对样本进行复杂加权后,分析我国≥40岁成年人二手烟暴露情况及其相关的影响因素。结果 ≥40岁人群二手烟暴露率为44.9%（95% CI：42.3%～47.5%）。40～岁年龄组、高中和中专及以上文化程度、行政干部和办事人员的二手烟暴露率最高。一周中每天都暴露在二手烟的比例最高为27.7%（95% CI：25.5%～29.8%）。调查场所中,在家中接触二手烟的人比例最高为28.3%（95% CI：26.2%～30.5%）。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,不同职业和年龄人群二手烟暴露的风险不同。结论 中国≥40岁成年人二手烟暴露水平依然较高,年龄和职业影响我国二手烟的暴露水平。     

Human co-exposure to mercury vapor and methylmercury in artisanal mercury mining areas, Guizhou, China

Mercury (Hg) concentrations were determined in human urine and hair samples from Gouxi (GX, n=25) and Laowuchang (LWC, n=18), Tongren, Guizhou, China, to evaluate human exposure from artisanal Hg mining. Geometric means of urinary Hg (U-Hg) were 216 and 560 μg g⁻¹ Creatinine (μg g⁻¹ Cr) for artisanal mining workers from GX and LWC, respectively, and clinical symptoms (finger tremor) were observed in three workers. The means of hair Me-Hg concentrations were 4.26 μg g⁻¹ (1.87-10.6 μg g⁻¹) and 4.55 μg g⁻¹ (2.29-9.55 μg g⁻¹) for the population in GX and LWC, respectively. Significant relationship was found between estimated rice Me-Hg intake and hair Me-Hg levels (r=0.73, p<0.001). Co-exposure to Hg vapor and Me-Hg may pose health risks for the study population.     

Relation of radon exposure and tobacco use to lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan Province, China

We studied the relation of radon exposure and tobacco use to lung cancer among tin miners in Yunnan Province in the People's Republic of China. Interviews were conducted in 1985 with 107 living tin miners with lung cancer and an equal number of age-matched controls from among tin miners without lung cancer to obtain information on lung cancer risk factors including a detailed history of employment and tobacco use. Occupational history was combined with extensive industrial hygiene data to estimate cumulative working level months (WLM) of radon daughter exposure. Similar data were also used to estimate arsenic exposure for control in the analysis. Results indicate an increased risk of lung cancer for water pipe smoking, a traditional form of tobacco use practiced in 91% of cases and 85% of controls. Ever use of water pipes was associated with a twofold elevation in risk when compared with tobacco abstainers, and a dose-response relation was observed with increasing categories of pipe-year (dose times duration) usage. Estimated WLM of radon exposure varied from 0 to 1,761 among subjects but averaged 515 in cases versus only 244 in controls. Analyses indicated that the persons in the highest quarter of the radon exposure distribution had an odds ratio (OR) = 9.5 (95% confidence interval = 2.7-33.1) compared to persons without radon exposure after controlling for arsenic exposure and other potential confounders. Examination of duration and rate of radon exposure indicated higher risk associated with long duration as opposed to high rate of exposure. Cross-categorizations of radon exposure and tobacco use suggest greater risk associated with radon exposure than tobacco in these workers.     

Fish,shellfish, and meat meals of the public in Singapore

Understanding different patterns of fish consumption is an important component of the assessment of risk from contaminants in fish. While there have been extensive studies of fish consumption in Western cultures, less attention has been devoted to the role of fish and meat in the diets of people in other cultures. A survey of 212 people living in Singapore was conducted to examine the relative importance of fish, shellfish, and other meat in their diets and to ascertain whether there were differences as a function of age, income, education or gender. As expected, fish and shellfish played an important role in their daily diets. On average, people ate fish in about 10 meals a week, chicken for eight meals, and shrimp and pork for about six meals each. While nearly 8% never ate fish, 18% ate fish at all 21 meals a week and over 20% ate shellfish for all 21 meals. Income explained about 14% of the variation in the number of fish meals consumed, and age explained about 8% of the variation in number of chicken meals per week. There were no gender differences in the number of meals of each type. People less than 26 years old ate significantly more pork, chicken, and other meat meals and fewer shellfish meals than older people. People with higher incomes ate significantly more fish meals than those with lower incomes. Chinese individuals ate significantly more meals of pork, chicken, and other meat than other ethnic groups, and they ate only 26% of their meals at home, while others ate 33% of their meals at home. The data indicate a great deal of variation in the number of meals of fish, shellfish, and other meats eaten by the people interviewed, making dietary and risk assessments challenging.     

贵州、福建、湖南与云南产香烟中铅含量的比较

目的了解贵州、福建、湖南和云南产香烟中铅的含量。方法从大理市市售香烟中购取4个产地的香烟,采用TAS-990super石墨炉原子吸收分光光度计配合标准曲线法对4个不同产地香烟中铅含量进行测定,对测定结果进行比较分析。结果各地产香烟中铅含量差别很大:贵州为(2.1447±0.28)μg/g、福建为(3.599±0.17)μg/g、湖南为(5.187±0.23)μg/g,分别与云南的(1.2653±0.26)μg/g比较,均差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论中国部分地区产香烟的铅含量差异都比较大,某些品牌香烟中足可造成被动吸烟者血铅水平增高。     

2014年中国40岁及以上女性人群烹饪生物燃料暴露状况

目的 了解2014－2015年我国≥40岁女性烹饪生物燃料暴露情况,为生物燃料暴露防控工作提供参考信息。方法 调查对象来源于2014－2015年中国COPD监测。在中国31个省（自治区、直辖市）选取125个监测点,采用多阶段分层整群抽样的方法,通过面对面询问调查方式收集相关信息,共调查≥40岁女性37 795人。对样本进行复杂加权后,分析不同特征女性烹饪生物燃料暴露情况。结果 纳入分析的有效样本为37 777人。经复杂加权后,我国≥40岁女性人群的烹饪生物燃料暴露率为35.8%（95% CI：29.6%～42.1%）,乡村高于城镇（P<0.001）。七大地理区≥40岁女性生物燃料暴露率的差异有统计学意义（χ²=17.03,P=0.009）,东北地区最高,华北地区最低。烹饪生物燃料暴露率随文化程度增加呈下降趋势（P<0.001）。结论 我国≥40岁女性人群烹饪生物燃料暴露水平较高,尤其是乡村地区,且存在年龄和地区差异。应根据当地具体情况,因地制宜,采取合适措施降低生物燃料暴露水平。     

南京部分市售稻谷和杂粮的Cd Zn Se含量及其健康意义

随机采购了南京市农贸市场部分水稻和杂粮的子粒样品,分别采用火焰原子吸收分光光谱仪、原子荧光光谱仪测定其中Cd、Zn、Se的含量。结果表明:①供试部分粮食的Se含量均低于世界卫生组织推荐的食物硒水平,杂交稻米的Cd含量偏高,且有一半以上的杂粮样本的Cd含量超标,说明居民日常膳食的元素摄入可能存在不平衡;②不同谷类子粒间这些元素含量存在显著差别,以玉米中最低;糙米中的Cd、Zn与除玉米外的杂粮子粒无显著差异;大豆子粒的Cd,Zn含量高于玉米,但Se含量没有显著差异;③供试杂粮中大豆样本有90%超过我国现行杂粮Cd限量标准0.05 mg/kg,而Cd/Zn均未超过Simmons等所提出食物安全值临界值0.015。建议重新拟定杂粮的Cd限量标准。     

2014年中国40岁及以上人群粉尘和/或有害气体暴露及其防护情况分析

目的 分析我国≥40岁人群粉尘和/或有害气体暴露的流行及其防护状况,为加强我国粉尘和有害气体暴露的职业防护提供依据。方法 资料来源于2014－2015年中国居民COPD监测,在31个省（自治区、直辖市）采用多阶段分层整群抽样,横断面调查125个监测点的≥40岁研究对象共75 107名,采用面对面询问调查方式收集相关信息,职业暴露定义为职业接触粉尘和/或有害气体累积超过1年。对样本进行复杂抽样加权估计暴露比例。结果 在纳入分析的71 061人中,粉尘和/或有害气体暴露率为46.3%,乡村（51.7%）高于城镇（40.3%）;西部地区人群的暴露率高于东、中部地区（P<0.001）;在不同文化程度人群中,小学及以下人群的暴露率最高（49.7%,P<0.001）。暴露人群采取防护措施比例总体为26.7%,东、中、西部地区暴露人群防护比例依次降低;城镇高于乡村;小学及以下文化程度的采取防护措施比例最低（20.7%）。在采取防护措施的人群中,经常防护者仅占50.7%。结论 我国人群粉尘和有害气体职业暴露率较高,采取防护措施比例较低,应当加强西部、乡村及文化程度较低人群的健康教育、职业防护和监管。     

云南省瑞丽、陇川等地吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染定群研究

1992年3月在云南省德宏州的瑞丽市、陇川县及潞西县对860名吸毒者及82例配偶进行了KAP调查,并采血作HIV感染检测。调查结果860名吸毒人群中静脉吸毒者有285例,占33.1%,在采集到血样的282例静脉吸毒者中,HIV感染的现患率为49.0%。其中瑞丽市最高,占81.8%(63/77),其次为陇川县,为44.6%(74/166),潞西县最低,为5.1%(2/39)。对75例曾在两年内被采血结果为HIV(-)者,此次血检结果12例为HIV(+),阳转率为16.0%。在静脉吸毒人群中HIV(+)者的82例配偶中,采集到血样62例,其中6例HIV(+),感染率为9.8%,这比两年前的调查结果(感染率为3.1%,2/64)上升6.7%。     

2017年云南省720名常住居民血和尿中镉铬水平分析

目的 掌握云南省2017年常住居民血和尿中镉、铬水平及其地区和人群分布特征。方法 通过多阶段分层随机抽样,云南省确定5个监测点,再按照“与规模成比例的概率抽样法”确定调查单元,最后根据年龄、性别分层,在常住居民中进行随机抽样。调查对象知情同意的前提下,采集其外周血和尿样,根据项目方案进行分装、转运与实验室检测。数据分析用SPSS 25.0,作图用GraphPad Prism 8。结果 2017年云南省共调查常住居民720人。外周血镉、铬浓度中位数分别为0.39μg/L、0.29μg/L,尿镉、铬分别为0.33μg/L、0.78μg/L;不同监测点间常住居民血铬（H=357.394,P<0.001）、尿铬浓度（H=278.771,P<0.001）均有统计学差异;城乡间居民血铬（Z=-14.070,P<0.001）、尿铬浓度（Z=-9.070,P<0.001）也均有差异;不同年龄层居民的血镉（H=321.487,P<0.001）、尿镉浓度（H=236.197,P<0.001）均有统计学差异,并表现出随年龄增长而升高的趋势;男性血镉、尿镉浓度均高于女性,（Z=-4.700,P<0.001）、（Z=-3.598 P<0.001）。结论 云南省常住居民血镉低于全国一般人群,尿镉则相反;不同地区居民铬内暴露水平不同;乡村居民血铬高于城市;随着年龄增长,镉易蓄积体内;男性镉内暴露水平高于女性。     

Heavy-metal pollution and potential ecological risk assessment of sediments from Baihua Lake,Guizhou, P.R. China

Baihua Lake, a man-made reservoir, is one of the five drinking water sources for Guiyang City in China's southwestern province of Guizhou. In the present research, the distribution and accumulation characteristics of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As, Cu and Zn) for the sediment of this lake were analyzed by examination of 10 recently collected samples. A method based on toxic-response factor was applied to assess the potential ecological risk of these heavy metals to the water body. For comparison, the two sets of reference data representing the pre-industrial and the local baseline pollution levels were employed to derive the accumulating coefficients for the heavy metals under study. The calculated potential ecological risk indices show that the lake was polluted by heavy metals and both cadmium and arsenic loadings were critical factors responsible for the ecological hazards posed to Baihua Lake by the five elements.     

云南省2000-2007年静脉吸毒者、性病就诊者和孕产妇HIV-1新近感染率及流行趋势变化

目的 在云南省艾滋病监测哨点用BED-CEIA方法 开展HIV-1新近感染检测,估箅新近感染率和流行趋势.方法 收集2000-2007年云南省静脉吸毒(IDU)监测哨点、性病门诊监测哨点和孕产妇监测哨点样本,采用连续的横断面调查,对经过血清学检测确认为HIV-1阳性样本再进行BED-CEIA检测.结果 研究样本共计144 780份,检出HIV-1阳性样本4932份,完成BED-CEIA检测4678份,判为新近感染样本723份.相邻两年样本合并分析,2000-2007年IDU监测哨点HIV-1平均感染率在18.2%～26.9%之间,新近感染率分别为14.65%、6.21%、4.06%、2.23%;性病门诊监测哨点HIV-1平均感染率在1.6%～3.2%之间,新近感染率分别为1.46%、0.76%、0.52%、0.33%;孕产妇监测哨点HIV-1平均感染率在0.2%～0.5%之间,新近感染率分别为0.16%、0.11%、0.10%、0.09%.结论 三类监测人群中,IDU、性病门诊就诊者和孕产妇新近感染率有所下降.     

2016-2019年慈溪地区40岁以上人群呼吸系统疾病死亡与烟草暴露的相关性分析

目的 定量研究人群呼吸系统疾病死亡与烟草暴露的相关性,为烟草防控工作提供科学依据.方法 以2015年慢性病及其危险因素监测数据库作为基线资料,主动随访2016-2019年浙江慈溪地区40岁以上人群呼吸系统疾病情况以及相关基本信息,采用归因分析和Cox比例风险模型统计学方法进行相关性分析,得到烟草暴露人群的归因危险度百分...     

大学生尿钠钾钙与骨矿物含量的关系

目的　探讨大学生的尿钠、钾、钙与骨密度及骨矿物含量的关系。方法　随机抽样调查１０５ 名大学生，用骨密度仪测定左前臂骨密度和骨矿物含量，同时收集４ 小时尿液，测定尿 Ｎａ、 Ｋ、 Ｃａ 含量。结果　尿钙与尿钠为显著性正相关（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１），而尿钙与尿钾为负相关，但未出现显著性（ Ｐ＞ ０．０５），说明尿钙排出可能与膳食中的食盐消耗有关系。尿钙与骨密度及骨矿物含量为负相关（ Ｐ＜ ０．０１），但尿钠、尿钾与骨密度未呈现显著性的负相关，可能与本人群膳食差异较小有关。结论　膳食的钠可能影响钙代谢，从而可能影响骨骼的矿物含量。     

Continuous surveillance of organochlorine pesticides in human milk from 1983 to 1998 in Beijing, China

A study was carried out to study the accumulative levels and dynamic changes of organochlorine pesticides in human milk in Beijing from 1982 to 1998, and the effect of prohibition and restriction on the use of DDT and BHC (666) in China in 1983. The milk samples were collected from women during the lactation period in four districts of Beijing from 1982 to 1998, in 1991, 1993 and 1998, respectively. The contents of DDT and BHC in human milk were determined according to the standard method of biology-monitoring of PR China. The average fat content of human milk was about 3% from 1982-1998 in Beijing. The average concentration of pp-DDT and op-DDT in 1985 was less than 0.10 mg/kg and remained so until 1998. The average concentration of pp'-DDT decreased from 1.80 mg/kg in 1982 to 0.24 mg/kg in 1998 and that of pp-DDE descended from 5.87 mg/kg to 1.72 mg/kg and the total concentration of DDT dropped from 7.71 mg/kg to 2.04 mg/kg. Since prohibition of organochlorine pesticides 1983, the average concentration of beta-BHC and total BHC fell respectively from 9.66 mg/kg and 10.1 mg/kg in 1983 to 1.18 mg/kg in 1998. However, the accumulative concentration of DDT and BHC was much higher than that of some foreign countries. Therefore, it was important and necessary to monitor organochlorine compounds in human milk continuously.     

我国环境中镉、铅、砷污染及其对暴露人群健康影响的研究进展

该文对我国环境有色金属镉、铅、砷污染及其对暴露人群健康影响的流行病学研究进展进行了综述.研究认为有色金属镉、铅、砷对人体有毒害作用;有色金属矿山的开采和冶炼是环境镉、铅、砷污染的主要来源;污染物进入环境后,产生水污染、大气污染、土壤污染和生物污染,继而危害暴露人群的身体健康,产生一系列急性和慢性病症.但环境有色金属镉、铅、砷污染与暴露人群肿瘤等相关疾病的相关性以及对人体健康产生影响的累积暴露量需进一步进行调查和研究;通过危害认定、剂量-反应关系评定、暴露评价和危险度特性描述对该类环境污染健康影响作出危险度评价应是今后研究的重点.     

浙江省居民膳食钠钾摄入水平

目的分析浙江省居民膳食钠、钾摄入水平。方法运用3d24h回顾法和调味品称重法相结合,对浙江省11个地市共9 798名调查对象进行膳食调查,将食物消费数据结合食物钠、钾含量数据,分析膳食中钠和钾的摄入水平。数据采用SPSS16.0进行统计分析。结果 2～3岁、4～6岁、7～10岁、11～13岁、14～17岁、18～44岁、45～59岁、60岁及以上人群,每日膳食钠摄入中位数(第25百分位数～75百分位数)为4 324(3 258～6 184)mg、4 439(3 135～5 976)mg、4 686(3 345～6 540)mg、4 875(3 518～6 665)mg、4 754(3 452～6 453)mg、4 924(3 504～6 666)mg、5 121(3 776～6 983)mg、5 207(3664～7228)mg;2～3岁、4～13岁、14～17岁、18～44岁、45～59岁、60岁及以上人群,每日膳食钾摄入中位数(25百分位数～75百分位数)分别为779(571～1106)mg、953(686～1331)mg、1137(855～1566)mg、1354(986～1795)mg、1528(1132～1953)mg、1644(1269～2159)mg、1660(1289～2226)mg、1571(1162～2155)mg。相比城市居民,农村居民摄入更多的钠和更少的钾。相比内陆地区,沿海地区居民摄入更多的钠,差异具有统计学意义。约82.0%的膳食钠来源于食盐、酱油;蔬菜和水果提供了膳食钾中的25%,谷类提供了27.8%,豆类提供12.2%的膳食钾。结论浙江省居民膳食钠摄入过量,膳食钾摄入不足。应该进行营养干预,以达到人群膳食钠、钾摄入平衡。     

COVID-19 Mortality in Europe,by Latitude and Obesity Status: A Geo-Spatial Analysis in 40 Countries

On 30 January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the current novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a public health emergency of international concern and later characterized it as a pandemic. New data show that excess body mass and vitamin D deficiency might be related to the disease severity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether latitude, as a proxy of sunlight exposure and Vitamin D synthesis, and prevalent obesity among European populations, is related to COVID-19 spread and severity. European COVID-19 data (incidence and fatality), including information on the prevalence of obesity, social distancing, and others were obtained by the “Our World in Data” website on 17 April 2021. Adjusted analysis showed that higher COVID-19 incidence and fatality were pictured in countries being in higher latitude, both during the whole period, as well as, during the time period 1 November 2020–31 March 2021. Higher incidence and fatality of COVID-19 were observed where the prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher during the whole time period, whereas during the time period 1 November 2020–31 March 2021, only COVID-19 incidence was higher but not a fatality. The present results provide insights for targeted interventions and preventive strategies against COVID-19.     

我国滇西北山区家犬莱姆病螺旋体基因的检测及序列分析

目的了解滇西北山区莱姆病伯氏疏螺旋体的自然感染及基因分型情况。方法以山区农村家犬作为指示动物,使用真空采血管抽取家犬全血,应用巢式PCR扩增犬血中伯氏疏螺旋体5S~23S rRNA间隔区片段,然后对阳性片段进行测序,并将所测序列与GenBank中注册的基因序列进行比较分析。结果共检测贡山、福贡2个县3个乡镇山村63只家犬血液,其中发现9只犬为阳性,阳性率14.29%。基因序列分析结果显示,当地犬感染的伯氏疏螺旋体为Borrelia garinii。结论首次证实云南省西北部山区家犬中存在莱姆病Borrelia garinii型伯氏疏螺旋体感染。