ICP-OES法分析18种中药材中11种元素及其分布特征

目的:采用电感耦合等离子原子发射光谱法研究18种中药材中11种无机元素的含量,寻找不同中药材中元素分布特性和相关性,为控制中药材中的有关元素含量、保障中药材质量和安全提供依据。方法:收集18种不同产地的中药材,经微波消解后,电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法(ICP-OES)同时测定铅、镉、钴、铬、镍、铜、锰、铁、锌、钡和铝元素含量,并应用SPSS 15.0软件对测定结果进行统计分析。结果:建立的ICP-OES法线性相关系数大于0.9999,相对标准偏差小于10%,加标回收率在80%～120%之间。药材中铝、铬、钴、镉、铜、铁、锰、镍、锌元素间存在相关性;铝、铬、铁、锰、镍、锌元素在部分药材品种中具有一定规律性和特异性;铝、钡、铁元素在某些药材中存在含量异常现象。结论:ICP-OES法简便快速、准确、可靠,是中药材中部分元素测定的一种较好方法,为从安全性和有效性方面控制药材质量提供了一种解决方案。     

白族药野坝子的微量元素分析

用原子吸收分光光度法 (AAS)测定白族药野坝子的 Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Ca、Se、Ge、Ni、Co、Cd、Sr、Ba、Li、Mo、Si、Pb、Cr、Al的含量 ,发现野坝子中除含人体必需的多种微量元素外 ,还富含 Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Se,这为进一步研究和综合开发利用这一民族药提供了依据     

Assessment of reference values for selected elements in a healthy urban population

Reference values for 26 elements, namely Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, W, Zn and Zr are proposed in serum and blood of 110 healthy adults of the urban area of Rome. They were included in the study on the basis of strict criteria of eligibility and exclusion. With the exception of Ba, Bi, Co, Cr, Ni, Sb, Sn Tl in serum, and Bi, Hg, Si, V and W in whole blood, experimental data for each all the other analytes were found to approach a normal distribution. The estimated 5-95% references ranges (in ng ml(-1)) were reported. For several elements the reference ranges observed overlapped information available in the literature. Gender, age, body mass index, smoking habits and alcohol consume were used as grouping variables. Mutual associations were observed for several elements, as follows: Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mo, Pb and Zn with sex; Ca, Pb and Si with age (< and > 45 years); Co, Cr, Mo, Sb and Tl with body mass index; Cd and Pb with smoking habit; Cr and Pb with alcohol consume.     

北京市居民饮用水中16种金属元素暴露水平

目的了解北京市居民饮用水中16种金属元素(铅Pb、镉Cd、铜Cu、锌Zn、铁Fe、锰Mn、镍Ni、银Ag、锑Sb、硒Se、铝Al、钡Ba、铍Be、铊Tl、钼Mo和钠Na)暴露水平。方法采用多阶段整群抽样设计,在北京市18个区县随机抽取5个区的270户,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法,对枯水期、丰水期居民饮用水中16种金属指标进行监测。结果居民饮用水中16种元素的暴露水平由低到高可以分为3层:Ag、Cd、Sb、Be和Tl暴露水平为:未检出～0.083μg/L,Mo、Pb、Ni和Se暴露水平为:0.06～100μg/L,Cu、Al、Zn、Mn、Fe、Na和Ba暴露水平为:0.00036～6.579mg/L。统计表明,11种元素(Pb、Se、Mo、Cu、Zn、Mn、Ni、Al、Ba、Fe和Na)暴露水平枯水期明显高于丰水期(P<0.05),以《生活饮用水卫生标准》GB5749—2006中的标准值为评价标准,枯水期Na、Al、Mn、Zn、Fe、Ba、Pb、Se的合格率为87.4%～98.9%;丰水期Mn、Ni、Zn、Fe、Pb和Se的合格率为95.2%～99.6%,其他元素合格率为100%。来自市政水源的饮用水中8种元素(Pb、Cu、Zn、Mn、Al、Ba、Fe和Na)的暴露水平明显低于来自自备水源的饮用水(P<0.05)。结论北京市居民饮用水中16种金属元素总体处于低暴露水平,大部分指标市政供水好于自备水源供水。     

上海地区7～20岁人群血清微量元素研究

作者检测了上海地区417名7～20岁人群的血清17种微量元素(包括12种必需微量元素)和3种常量元素的含量。其中血清Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Cr、Co、Mo、Si、Sn、Ni、V、Ca、P、Mg、Sr、Cd、Pb、Al、Ti共19种元素采用ICAP-9000型等离子体直读光谱仪测定,血清Se由F-78型脉冲极谱仪分析。结果表明,血清Zn、Cu及常量元素等分布比较集中,Cd、Pb、Co、Sr等变异度较大。多数元素与年龄存在相关关系,其中Zn、Fe、Mn、Sr等与年龄呈正相关,Cu、Se、Cr、Pb等则随年龄增长而下降。不同生长发育时期血清多数元素有明显差别,整个人群血清各元素男女间基本一致,但不同时期血清元素有一定性别差异。比较不同地区血清元素的分布,表明市区人群血清Cr、Si、Pb等元素较高,而市郊Cu、Fe、Mn、Sr值较高。     

Determination of mineral contents of Turkish herbal tea (Salvia aucheri var. canescens) at different infusion periods

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry has been used for the determination of contents of major and minor elements in Salvia aucheri var. canescens (sage) and its infusions for different intervals. Twenty-five elements (Al, B, Ba, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ln, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sr, Ti,V, and Zn) were detected in both S. aucheri and its infusions. The ranges of mineral levels varied from Cd (1.6668 mg/kg) to K (13,570 mg/kg) and Ni (0.05273 mg/kg) to K (196.25 mg/kg) in the herb and its infusions, respectively. The levels of K, Ca, Na, Mg, and S in all infusions in this work were higher than those of the other elements. However, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, K, Mg, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Sr, Ti, and Zn contents were high in the first period of infusion. As a result, the first period of infusion may be proposed as the optimum infusion time because of nutritional properties. These results may be useful for the evaluation of dietary information.     

Comparison of element concentrations in fir and rhododendron leaves and twigs along an altitudinal gradient

Concentrations of 23 elements (Ca, K, Mg, P, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Zn, Ag, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, Sb, Th, Tl, and V) in leaf and twig samples of a fir (Abies fabri) and a rhododendron (Rhododendron williamsianum) collected along an altitudinal gradient on Mount Gongga, China, are reported in the present study. Most of the macronutrients (K and P), micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Cu, Na, Ni, Mo, and Al), and trace elements (Pb, Tl, Ag, Cd, Ba, Co, V, Be, and Cr) are significantly enriched in fir when compared to rhododendron; however, Ca, Mg, Mn, Ba, and Cd are more enriched in rhododendron than in fir. Most of the elements in both plants are more significantly enriched in twigs than in leaves. The relationship between element concentration in plants and altitudinal gradient is nonlinear. Altitudes of 3,200 and 3,400 m are turning points for fir and rhododendron growth, respectively. Concentrations of all trace elements in the two plants along the altitudinal gradient are well below the toxic level in plants. No known industrial sources of the elements investigated exist in the Mount Gongga area, China. Element concentrations in the present study are higher than those found in mosses collected from the same area, indicating that the area is not contaminated. The element concentrations that we observed in plant samples were due to soil uptake. The pronounced differences between the two species are due to the different uptake characteristics of fir and rhododendron.     

Differences in Concentration of Heavy Metals Between Native and Transplanted Plagiothecium denticulatum: A Case Study of Soils Contaminated by Oil Well Exudates in South East Poland

For a period of 60 days, the terrestrial moss Plagiothecium denticulatum was transplanted from a clean control site to a soil contaminated with crude oil exudates (Krosno, South East Poland). Native P. denticulatum growing on this contaminated soil was collected during the same period. Concentrations of the metals Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn as well as the macroelements N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were determined in P. denticulatum and in soils from the contaminated and control sites. Contaminated soil was the main contributor of Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn to native and transplanted P. denticulatum. Other sources of contamination apart from the soil existed for Cd and Cu. Transplanted P. denticulatum accumulated significantly more Al, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and native P. denticulatum accumulated significantly more N, P, K, and Ca. Higher levels of N, P, K, and Ca in native P. denticulatum indicates a possible mechanism to prevent the loss of these elements as observed in the transplanted P. denticulatum.     

补充铁锌对反复呼吸道感染患儿血清12种微量元素的影响

检测84例反复呼吸道感染(RRTI)患儿血清Zn、Mn、Al、Cd、Fe、Pb、Cu、Ni、Ti、Co、Li、Cr水平,对其中血锌或(和)铁水平降低者37例进行了补充富马酸亚铁和(或)硫酸锌治疗后纵向观察。结果表明治疗前RRTI组血清Zn、Fe、Pb、Ni、Ti、Co、Li均值显著降低;治疗2个月后,RRTI随临床症状改善、血清Zn、Fe、Ti、Co、Li、Cr水平较前明显升高,而Al、Cd、Cu水平下降。提示RRTI患儿存在锌、铁等多种微量元素缺乏或不足,补充铁和(或)锌对其他微量元素的吸收、分布有明显影响。     

ICP-OES和ICP-MS测定黄金茶中26种矿质元素含量

收集了2种不同产地的黄金茶样品,经过微波消解或密封消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP—OES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP—MS)测定了其中Al,As,B,Ba,Ca,Cd,Co,Cr,Cs,Cu,Fe,K,Mg,Mn,Mo,Na,Ni,P,Pb,Rb,S,Sb,Se,Sr,V和Zn等26种矿质元素的含量,并用生物标准参考物质灌木枝叶组合样(GBW07603)评价分析了方法的准确度。研究结果表明:黄金茶中人体必需宏量元素K,Na,Ca,Mg,S,P和人体必需微量元素Zn,Cu,Fe,Mn等含量十分丰富,而有害元素Pb,Cd,As,Sb等含量极低。2种不同产地的黄金茶中一些元素的含量存在明显的差异,可能与地壳中化学元素分布的不均一性等因素有关。     

微波消解ICP—OES法测定当归中的微量元素

采用微波消解ICO-OES法对当归中的18种微量元素进行测定。结果表明,当归样品中元素含量高低依次是K、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Al、Na、Zn、Cu、Mn、Sr、B、Ba、Cr、Ni、Pb、Cd、As,其中Pb、Cd、As含量甚微。除Pb、Cd、As外,各元素相对标准偏差(RSD)小于4.076%,各元素的加标回收率在96%~106%之间。     

Quantification of chemical elements in blood of patients affected by multiple sclerosis

Although some studies suggested a link between exposure to trace elements and development of multiple sclerosis (MS), clear information on their role in the aetiology of MS is still lacking. In this study the concentrations of Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, W, Zn and Zr were determined in the blood of 60 patients with MS and 60 controls. Quantifications were performed by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectrometry and sector field ICP mass spectrometry. When the two groups were compared, an increased level of Co, Cu and Ni and a decrement of Be, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mo, Pb and Zn in blood of patients were observed. In addition, the discriminant analysis pointed out that Cu, Be, Hg, Co and Mo were able to discriminate between MS patients and controls (92.5% of cases correctly classified).     

Determination and evaluation of element bioaccessibility in some nuts and seeds by in-vitro gastro-intestinal method

Element bioaccessibility in some nuts and seeds has been determined by performing a physiologically based extraction test. Nine elements (B, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ni and Zn) in gastric and intestinal phase extractions of nuts and seeds were determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Hazelnuts, almonds, sunflower seeds, peanuts, cashew nuts, Brazil nuts, walnuts, chickpeas, pumpkin seeds and pistachio nuts were used as the materials in this study. The bioaccessible portions of magnesium and calcium were higher than for the other elements whereas B bioaccessibility was the lowest for each of the different types of nuts and seeds. Based on an ingestion rate of 10 g day⁻¹, the amounts of B, Ca, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mg, Ni and Zn from the nuts and seeds accessible to the body were found to be lower than the Tolerable Upper Intake Levels. The data were also subjected to chemometric evaluation using tools such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analyses (LDA) in an attempt to classify the nuts and seeds according to these elements bioaccessibility and to find out which elements are more bioaccessible in gastric and intestinal ingestions.     

Toxic metals in aquatic plants surviving in surface water polluted by copper mining industry

Concentrations of the metals Al, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn, as well as the macronutrients N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were measured in water, sediments, and the aquatic macrophytes Potamogeton pectinatus and Myriophyllum spicatum, growing in surface water receiving sewages and solid wastes from a copper smelter and a copper ore processing factory located in the Legnica-Glogow copper district in Southwest Poland. The deposition of mineral wastes in this area belong to the largest repository in Europe. The plants were able to survive at heavily contaminated sites. The concentrations of Cd (up to 0.6-1.7 microg/L in water and up to 10.1-12.9 mg/kg in sediments), Cu (up to 29-48 microg/L in water and up to 4.6-5.6g/kg in sediments), Pb (up to 1.5-2.2 g/kg in sediments), and Zn (up to 167-200 microg/L in water and up to 1.4-1.8 g/kg in sediments) seriously exceeded background values. P. pectinatus was able to survive tissue concentrations (in mg/kg) of up to 920 Cu, 6240 Mn, 98 Co, and 59 Ni, while M. spicatum survived tissue concentrations up to 1040 Cu, 6660 Mn, and 57 Co for. Enrichment ratios of elements in plant tissue and in water were much higher than those between plant tissue and sediments.     

Concentration of elements in serum of patients affected by multiple sclerosis with first demyelinating episode: a six-month longitudinal follow-up study

Twenty-six chemical elements and oxidative status were determined in serum of 12 patients with first demyelinating episode and brain magnetic resonance imaging compatible with the disease at different time points. Quantifications of Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, V, Tl, W, Zn and Zr, as well as of serum oxidative status and antioxidant capacity were carried out. The results were compared with values obtained from healthy subjects living in the same geographic area. Concentration variability, expressed as coefficient of variation (CV), was evaluated over a six months longitudinal follow-up. The CV was higher for Li and Pb, while showed minimal variation for Ca, Cu, Mg and Zn--elements strictly body regulated. Significant difference (p < or = 0.05) in mean concentrations of Ba, Ca, Cd, Cr, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sb, Si, Sn and Zr between patients at time 0 and controls was also found.     

Temporal Variation of Trace Elements in Waters Polluted by Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate

Landfill leachate-polluted stream waters were monitored in three sampling campaigns (November 2001 to June 2006), with emphasis on trace elements. The data were evaluated by means of statistics and speciation modelling. Two statistically different groups of trace elements were distinguished: (1) Ba, Sr, Al, Fe, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, V, As, Se, Sb, U, Li, Rb and Cs decrease during the rain event due to dilution; (2) Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd increase during the rain event due to the dissolution of hydrous ferric oxides and calcite, on whose surfaces these elements are bound, mainly in the stream sediments downgradient to the landfill.     

几种药食两用野菜中16种元素的含量测评

采用微波消解法处理马齿苋、苋菜和苦菜样品,电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)测定其中K、Na、Ca、Mg、P、Sr、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu、Co、Cr、Al、Ba、Ni和Cd 16种常量和微量元素的含量。16种元素的检出限为0.00003~0.00917μg/ml,回收率90.00%~107.85%,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5.0%。结果显示,马齿苋、苋菜和苦菜中除含有人体必需的常量元素K、Na、Mg、Ca外,还含有Fe、Zn、Mn、Cr、Co等必需的微量元素和其它元素P、Ni、Ba、Al、Sr、Cd、Ba等。     

Heavy Metals in Aquatic Macrophytes from Two Small Rivers Polluted by Urban,Agricultural and Textile Industry Sewages SW Poland

This article presents the results from a study of the comparison of 2 lowland rivers: the Olobok and the Pilawa in southwest Poland polluted by urban, agricultural, and textile industry sewages. pH and concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, and sulfate were measured in water samples and concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, and Zn were measured in stream bottom sediments and in the aquatic macrophytes Elodea canadensis, Callitriche verna, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton natans, and Ceratophyllum demersum from the river Olobok and Elodea canadensis, Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton crispus, and Veronica beccabunga from the river Pilawa. The matrix of concentrations of 16 elements in 27 plant samples of 7 species from 15 sampling sites of 2 rivers and concentrations of 15 elements and pH in water samples and 16 elements and pH in bottom sediment samples of these sites was submitted to numerical classification, which revealed that sampling sites from the rivers were differentiated by the value of factor 1 of principal component analysis (PCA), which was related to the pH of water, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Ni in water and Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, P, and S in bottom sediments. More polluted parts of both rivers were differentiated from less polluted parts by the value of factor 2 of PCA, which was related to Pb, Zn, and sulfates in water and Ca and Zn in bottom sediments. Macrophytes from the Olobok and Pilawa rivers were differentiated by the value of factor 1, which was related to Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, N, Na, Pb, and S. Groups of macrophytes of more and less polluted parts of both rivers differed by the value of factor 2, which was related to P, K, and Mn. Downstream of the sewage outputs in both rivers, a significantly increased level of pollution occurs with elements correlated with factor 1: Among others were Cu and Cr, typical for the textile industry along the river Pilawa, and among others were Mn and Ni, typical for the urban and agricultural activities in the river Olobok.     

Development of methods for the quantification of essential and toxic elements in human biomonitoring

Analytical methods using sector field ICP-MS and ICP-AES were developed for the determination of Al, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, W, Zn and Zr in cerebrospinal fluid, urine, serum and blood. Sample treatment procedures merging high sample throughput, simplicity and low contamination risk were set up. Method performances were evaluated in terms of detection limits, accuracy and precision. The limits were below 0.05 ng ml(-1) for all the elements, except for Al (all matrices), Hg (blood), Pb (blood) and Sn (serum and blood). The accuracy varied from 86% to 110% and the precision was always below 6%.     

Evaluation of total and bioaccessible concentration of minerals in creole beans

The present study evaluated the total and bioaccessible concentrations of minerals in raw and cooked Creole beans. An analytical methodology was optimized, which involved several steps from sample preparation, accuracy study, data treatment, and instrumental analysis – using a microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometer (MIP OES). The present study provides information about the total concentration of the metals Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Pb, Zn and the bioaccessible fraction of metals Ba, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn in three different types of creole beans. The elements that presented a greater quantity on all beans, both raw and cooked, were K and Mg. K varied from 12,600 to 13,300 mg/kg for the raw beans and 4590–10300 mg/kg for the cooked beans. Mg varied between 1620 and 1980 mg/kg for the raw beans and 670–1040 mg/kg for the cooked beans. The BRS Expedito type showed a higher concentration of K and Mg on raw and cooked beans. However, when the bioaccessibility study was carried out among the elements listed above, the most bioaccessible were Cu and Zn. Cu presented a bioaccessible fraction percentage between 52.6–59.2% for raw beans and 38.5–61.2% for cooked beans. Zn presented a bioaccessible fraction percentage between 45.6–50.6% for raw beans and 43%–63.5% for cooked beans. The results found on this study indicate that, possibly, the water and the cooking process significantly influences the mineral content. Also, studying mineral concentration on cooked beans is more nutritionally important than characterizing the raw grain, as beans are a type of food mostly consumed on its cooked form.