带蒂骨—骨膜肌瓣鼻腔粘骨膜下植入术治疗萎缩 …

上颌窦前壁骨－骨膜肌瓣植入鼻腔粘骨膜下治疗萎缩性鼻炎患者２５例（３８侧），通过术后６个月￣３年观察，显效８８％，总有效率１００％。因移植自体带蒂骨－骨膜肌瓣有血液供应，骨质不会被吸收、坏死或脱落，故该疗法近期疗效显著，远期疗效巩固，无并发症。     

带蒂肌骨膜瓣修复气管壁缺损

气管壁缺损修复困难。报告７例采用带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣或胸大肌肌皮骨膜瓣修复气管壁部分缺损的经验，除１例局部感染失败外，均获成功。讨论了该手术的主要优点及操作技巧。有血供的骨膜瓣具备良好的成骨能力，符合气管壁的特殊要求。本手术操作简单，值得推广。     

带蒂肌骨膜瓣修复气管壁缺损

气管壁缺损修复困难，报告７例采用蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣或胸大肌肌皮骨膜瓣修复气管壁部分缺损的经验，除１例局部感染失败外，均获成功，讨论了该手术的主要优点及操作技七，有血供的骨膜瓣具备良好的成骨能力，符合气管壁的特殊要求，本手术操作简单，值得推广。     

胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣喉气管重建术动物实验与临床应用

为探讨胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣在喉气管重建术中的作用，切除狗环状软骨弓及部分气管前壁造成缺损，取胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复，分别于术后２个月～８个月处死动物，观察修复情况，并取材作光镜及扫描电镜检查。结果发现：胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣行喉气管重建具有良好支撑力，修复的呼吸道通畅，无瘢痕及肉芽组织形成，移植骨膜表面为粘膜上皮覆盖，深层有新骨组织形成。临床治疗５例患者，均拔除气管套管，恢复正常呼吸功能。胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣是理想的喉气管重建材料。     

鼻中隔带蒂粘骨膜瓣修补鞍底脑脊液漏

报告脸用鼻中隔带蒂粘骨膜瓣修补鞍底脑脊液漏６例全部治愈。资料显示，经鼻蝶窦鞍内垂体瘤手术，术后脑脊液鼻漏的发生率为３．０％，由于鼻中隔带蒂粘骨膜瓣血供丰富，易于成活，能很快封闭鞍底骨窗漏孔，因此，无论是术中或术后发生脑脊液漏，鼻中隔带蒂粘骨膜瓣修补鞍底是一种安全可靠的方法。     

带蒂骨-骨膜肌瓣转移植入治疗原发性萎缩性鼻炎的临床观察

目的评价上颌窦前外侧壁骨-骨膜肌瓣鼻腔黏骨膜下植入术对中、重度原发性萎缩性鼻炎治疗的疗效。方法对2007年2月～2010年2月收治的40例中、重度原发性萎缩性鼻炎患者行上颌窦前外侧壁骨-骨膜肌瓣鼻腔黏骨膜下植入术,术后随访2～5年,观察患者疗效。结果全部手术成功,手术时间平均为60 min,无严重并发症。所有患者术后随访2年,按萎缩性鼻炎记分及分度标准进行疗效评估,其中中度原发性萎缩性鼻炎术后显效率为95.45%（21/22）,重度原发性萎缩性鼻炎术后显效率为66.67%（12/18）。8例患者术后随访5年以上,总有效率100%（40/40）。结论上颌窦前外侧壁骨-骨膜肌瓣鼻腔黏骨膜下植入术操作简便,对中、重度原发性萎缩性鼻炎疗效显著,值得临床推广使用。     

胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复外伤性气管壁缺损1例

颈部外伤性气管缺损的修复是一个棘手的难题，目前常用的修复方法有断端吻合、肌骨膜瓣修复或人工气管移植等，但都因有一定的缺陷，限制了它们的使用，特别是在急诊情况下利用肌骨膜瓣修复已成为一种较好的方法。我院耳鼻咽喉头颈外科使用胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复外伤性气管壁缺损1例，取得了较好的临床效果。     

胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣颈段气管重建术──动物实验与临床应用

为探讨胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣在气管重建术的应用，用狗做实验，切除１／２周径第２～６气管环前壁气管及粘膜组织，用带蒂的胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复，分别于术后２、４、６月处死动物，结果发现：用胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣重建气管壁具有良好支撑力，修复后的气管管腔通畅，管壁无瘢痕及肉芽组织形成，骨膜管腔面覆有纤毛上皮，深层有新骨组织形成。临床治疗８例患者，其中瘢痕性气管狭窄５例，裂开狭窄段气管，切除瘢痕组织，用该瓣加宽气管腔；甲状腺癌侵犯气管壁２例，气管乳头状瘤恶变１例，切除受累管壁，用该瓣Ｉ期修复。所有病例均拔除气管套管，恢复正常呼吸。实验及临床结果均提示：胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣是一种较理想的气管重建材料。     

颊肌骨膜瓣包埋硅胶鼻腔粘骨膜下植入治疗萎缩性鼻炎

利用颊肌骨膜瓣包埋硅胶行鼻腔粘骨膜下植入术，治疗萎缩性鼻炎２１例，随访１．５－４年疗效满意。术后鼻纤毛传输速率较术前有明显提高。本文重点介绍本手术方法，对其优越性及可行性进行讨论     

颊肌骨膜瓣包埋硅胶鼻腔粘骨膜下植入治疗萎缩性鼻炎

利用颊肌骨膜瓣包埋硅胶行囊腔粘骨膜下植入术，治疗萎缩性鼻炎２１例，随访１．５～４年疗效满意，术后鼻纤毛传输速率较术前明显提高，本文重点介绍本手术方法，对其优越性及可行性进行讨论。     

Cervical and cervicodorsal flaps. Vascularisation. Surgical applications (author's transl)]

The authors used injected anatomical specimens to analyse the cutaneous vascular distribution of the cervical and cervicodorsal regions. The arrangement of the arterial network does not make it possible to define flaps with a vascular pedicle. Only the jugular vein may be used as the axis for such a flap. The most valuable flaps, in everyday practice, are transverse flaps, a vertical flap pediculated on the external jugular and the cervicodorsal flap used without autonomisation. The combined musculocutaneous flap, including the sternocleidomastoid, is used in the treatment of extensive loss of laterofacial substance.     

Hypopharyngeal stenosis and fistulas. Use of the radial forearm flap

The radial forearm flap is a thin, pliable, and well-vascularized fasciocutaneous flap. The forearm flap is, in selected cases, along with the pediculated regional and distant musculocutaneous flaps, a versatile method for pharyngeal reconstruction. We describe the use of the flap in nine clinical cases of hypopharyngeal stenosis and fistulas. The advantages of this method for hypopharyngeal reconstruction are presented.     

Perforation of the posterior tracheal wall during percutaneous dilatational tracheotomy

Dilatative percutaneous tracheotomy is more and more indicated in intensive-care medicine. We report on the perforation of the posterior tracheal wall observed in 3 patients after this procedure. In 2 patients the tracheo-oesophageal fistula was closed by the use of a pediculated flap from the infrahyoideal muscle. The third patient died due to the underlying disease. As demonstrated by the 3 cases reported here, this complication cannot be avoided in every case neither by the use of an endoscope nor by extensive personal experience of the physician. The possibility of this complication should be known, because it seems to be typical of this procedure. In the case of perforation of the posterior tracheal wall, active surgical treatment seems to be a successful method to deal with this complication.     

超长皮瓣修复头颈部瘢痕切除后组织缺损

为增加皮瓣的长度，设计肩胸部两极又蒂超长随意皮瓣、旋转覆盖受区创面，供区创面直接缝合或游离植皮覆盖。临床应用１０例，术后皮瓣全部成活，创面得到覆盖和修复并功能恢复较理想。认为超长疲瓣是修复头颈部瘢痕切除组织缺损的良好材料。     

The tongue flap in palatal defect reconstruction

INTRODUCTION: A palatal defect with bucconasal fistula often follows exeresis of palatal tumors. It cannot be directly sutured. Several techniques have been used to cure such defects: palatal obturator, free, or local flaps. TECHNICAL NOTE: The tongue pediculated flap is an easy, safe, and reliable surgical option to reconstruct palatal defects. The tongue flap is a double-layer muscular and mucosal flap that requires two surgeries. During the first, the flap is harvested on the tongue and partially sutured on the anterior portion of the palatal defect. During the second, the pedicle is freed from the tongue and sutured to the posterior portion of the palatal defect. Between these two surgeries the patient is fed through a nasogastric tube. DISCUSSION: The tongue flap is easy and reproducible. It can be recommended in mediopalatal defects after cancer palatal surgery. Its esthetical and functional results are excellent. It is an alternative to palatal obturator, which are not well tolerated in the long run. Similar but uneven results are obtained with free flaps. Free flaps do not require a second surgery but are more difficult to implement in developing countries.     

The horizontal infrahyoid myocutaneous flap: surgical technique

The infrahyoid myocutaneous flap technique was described by Wang in 1986, the skin pad being orientated vertically. Its blood supply comes from the superior thyroid artery. This flap consists of the sternohyoid muscle, the sternothyroid muscle, and the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle. The harvesting of a horizontal skin flap does not modify its reliability and avoids additional scars. The donor site anatomy and flap vascularization are briefly described as well as the flap features and harvesting technique.     

Protocol of mandibular reconstruction

Conventional methods for reconstruction of the mandible require an adequately vascularized receiving bed and total absence of cutaneous and mucosal fluid loss. These conditions are rarely attained during immediate reconstructive surgery and secondary operations are very often of doubtful outcome because of previous infection. A part from the treatment of small post-traumatic loss of substance by means of iliac or costal bone grafts, it is suggested that free osteo (musculo) cutaneous grafts be used for other cases. The flap preferred is one from the anterior iliac crest pediculated on the deep iliac circumflex vessels.     

The temporalis muscle flap for reconstruction after head and neck oncologic surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To explain the applications, technique, and potential complications of the temporalis muscle flap used for immediate or delayed reconstruction of head and neck oncologic defects. STUDY DESIGN: Fresh cadaver dissection and 5-year retrospective chart review. METHODS: A fresh cadaver dissection was performed to illustrate the surgical anatomy of the temporalis muscle flap with attention to specific techniques useful in avoiding donor site morbidity (facial nerve injury and temporal hollowing). A chart review was performed for 13 consecutive patients from the last 5 years who underwent temporalis muscle flap reconstruction after oncologic resection of the lateral and posterior pharyngeal wall, hard and soft palate, buccal space, retromolar trigone, and skull base. RESULTS: Patient follow-up ranged from 2 to 45 months. Nine patients had radiation therapy. There were no cases of flap loss. Resection of the zygomatic arch followed by wire fixation facilitates flap rotation and minimizes trauma to the flap during placement into the oropharynx. Preservation of the temporal fat pad attachment to the scalp flap decreases temporal hollowing and protects the facial nerve. Replacing the zygoma and preserving the anterior third of the temporalis muscle in situ further diminishes donor-site hollowing. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with other regional flaps, such as the pectoralis myocutaneous flap, the temporalis muscle flap is associated with low donor-site esthetic and functional morbidity and offers great flexibility in reconstruction. The temporalis muscle flap is a useful, reliable flap that belongs in the armamentarium of surgeons who are involved with reconstruction of head and neck tissue defects.     

Pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. Is a skin-lined pharynx necessary?

Current methods of pharyngoesophageal reconstruction have in common the creation of an epithelial lined pharynx. We performed eight cases of pharyngoesophageal reconstruction with a pectoralis major muscle flap. In the first six cases, split-thickness skin was quilted onto the muscle. In the last two cases, pectoralis major muscle alone was used, allowing epithelialization to occur from adjacent mucosa. The results with this simplified technique have been as good as when a skin-grafted muscle flap was used. We prefer a pectoralis major muscle flap, with or without split-thickness skin, to a pectoralis myocutaneous flap. There is no hair growth, it is easy to tube, and a thin-walled pharynx is produced. This is an advantage for the development of an esophageal voice, and tracheoesophageal puncture can be easily performed if no voice is achieved. All of our patients received full-dose, preoperative radiotherapy. One patient developed a fistula that closed spontaneously. There have been no strictures at the pharyngoesophageal junction. All patients quickly established a good oral intake.     

舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔肿瘤术后缺损27例临床分析

目的 分析比较舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔肿瘤术后缺损时不同手术操作要点及相应临床转归.方法 回顾性分析四川省肿瘤医院头颈外科1994年5月-2007年3月完成27例舌骨下肌皮瓣修复口腔肿瘤术后缺损,男19例,女8例;16例口底鳞癌,7例舌鳞癌,4例舌根鳞痛;均为单侧舌骨下肌皮瓣,最大肌皮瓣4 cm×8 cm.8例自肌皮瓣远端逆血管走行掀起并携带同侧胸锁乳突肌下1/3部分肌肉组织(逆行法肌皮瓣成形),19例先利用显微操作技巧顺血管走行解剖出血管蒂后掀起肌皮瓣(顺行法肌皮瓣成形).27例中11例保留血管蒂及舌骨下肌在舌骨的附着(复合蒂),16例仅以甲状腺上动静脉为蒂,颈前静脉伴行(轴犁血管蒂);其中21例肌皮瓣制作时于面总静脉汇入点以远结扎颈内静脉远心端,并保留肌皮瓣内的颈前静脉(干预回流).供区直接拉拢缝合.结果 27例肌皮瓣中干预回流的21例全部成活,成活率77.8%;2例肌皮瓣全部坏死,4例肌皮瓣部分皮肤坏死,这6例均为携带了同侧胸锁乳突肌的逆行法复合蒂肌皮瓣成形,坏死原因均为静脉回流障碍.顺行法成形的19例舌骨下肌皮瓣伞部成活,其中采用轴型血管蒂的16例肌皮瓣全部成活.随访9个月至13年,中位随访时间4年,失访4例,随访23例均未见复发于肌皮瓣的肿瘤.肿瘤原发灶复发3例,颈淋巴结复发6例,Kaplan-Meier法统计3年、5年累积生存率分别为69.8%和47.2%.结论 为提高舌骨下肌皮瓣成活率,手术人路以顺行法肌皮瓣成形为宜,解剖轴型血管蒂力求遵循显微操作技术,特别应注意保证静脉回流.携带同侧胸锁乳突肌部分肌肉组织及保留舌骨下肌在舌骨的附着不会增加肌皮瓣的成活率.