高脂血症、糖尿病与年龄相关性白内障的关系

目的：探讨中老年人群高脂血症、糖尿病与年龄相关性白内障（age-related cataract,ARC）的关系。方法：采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法,病例组由年龄45～85岁的360例ARC患者所组成;对照为与病例同期入住相同医院,未患与ARC有关眼病的360例患者,对照组与病例采取1：1匹配方式。采用自行设计的调查表对研究对象进行调查,内容包括人口学特征、生活方式、疾病既往史等,同时收集研究对象的临床生化检测资料,包括空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、总胆固醇（TC）及甘油三酯（TG）等。采用多因素Logistic回归分析,估计研究因素与ARC关联的比值比（OR）及其相应的95%可信区间（CI）。结果：调整了年龄和性别因素后,高脂血症、高脂血症病程、TC及TG与发生ARC的危险性无关（P〉0.05）,仅HDL-C下降与发生ARC的危险性升高有关（OR=1.519,95%CI：1.093～2.110,P=0.013）。在调整了多种潜在性混杂因素后,经多因素Logistic回归分析的结果显示,空腹血糖受损的研究对象发生ARC的危险性升高了73%（OR=1.734,95%CI：1.102～2.725,P〈0.001）,而已确诊的糖尿病患者发生ARC的危险性升高了94%（OR=1.938,95%CI：1.293～2.906,P〈0.001）。糖尿病病程也与ARC呈显著性正相关,糖尿病病程〈10a和10～19a的病例发生ARC的危险性分别是未患糖尿病对照的2倍（OR=2.347,95%CI：1.502～3.752,P=0.010）和3倍（OR=2.683,95%CI：1.267～5.683,P〈0.001）。结论：HDL-C下降及糖尿病可使中老年人群发生ARC的危险性增加。     

水果和蔬菜摄入量对年龄相关性白内障的影响

目的:验证中老年人膳食水果和蔬菜摄入量增加能否使发生年龄相关性白内障(ARC)的危险性下降。方法:选取2009-09/2011-03因晶状体混浊进行人工晶状体植入治疗,年龄45～85岁的360例ARC患者为病例组,对照组由同期入住相同医院的360例非白内障的患者组成,采取1:1匹配。采用自行设计的调查表对研究对象进行调查,内容包括人口学特征、生活方式以及既往史等,同时还采用一份有效的半定量化食物频率调查表(FFQ),获取研究对象膳食水果和蔬菜的摄入量。应用多因素Logistic回归分析估计水果和蔬菜摄入量与ARC关联的比值比(OR)及其相应的95%可信区间(CI)。结果:调整多种潜在性混杂因素后,水果、蔬菜以及总水果蔬菜摄入量与ARC呈显著性负相关,与摄入量为最低四分位数的对照相比较,摄入量为最高四分位数的病例发生ARC的危险性分别下降了19%(OR=0.81,95%CI:0.67～0.97),19%(OR=0.81,95%CI:0.69～0.94)和29%(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.60～0.93)。随着水果(P=0.014)、蔬菜(P<0.001)以及总水果蔬菜(P=0.023)摄入量的升高,发生ARC的危险性逐渐下降。进一步进行分层分析后的结果表明,从不吸烟者和非糖尿病患者中水果和蔬菜的摄入量与ARC之间的负相关关系依然存在。结论:膳食水果和蔬菜摄入量增加可使发生ARC的危险性下降,合理营养、平衡膳食可能有助于预防ARC。     

中老年人高血压和糖尿病与年龄相关性白内障的关系

目的：探讨中老年人高血压、糖尿病与年龄相关白内障（age-relatedcataract,ARC）危险性之间的关系。方法：采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法。病例由45～85岁的360例因患ARC施行白内障手术摘除的患者组成,对照由同期入住相同医院的360例非白内障患者组成,采取1∶1匹配。采用标准调查表对研究对象进行面对面调查,内容包括人口学特征、生活方式、疾病既往史等,同时对血压、血糖进行测量。应用多因素Logistic回归分析估计高血压及糖尿病与ARC关联的比值比（OR）及其相应的95%可信区间（CI）。结果：在调整了年龄和性别因素后,高血压与ARC呈显著正相关（OR=1.573,P=0.005）。与收缩压正常者相比较,收缩压≥180mmHg者发病的危险性增加（OR=2.812,95%CI：1.450～5.455,P=0.002）。高血压病程10a～的研究对象发病的危险性显著地高于病程〈10a者（OR=1.867,95%CI：1.053～3.307,P=0.033）。同样,与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病患者发生ARC的危险性显著升高（OR=2.151,95%CI：1.470～3.149,P〈0.001）。与非糖尿病患者相比,糖尿病病程〈10a和10～19a者发生ARC的OR分别为2.374（95%CI：1.502～3.752,P〈0.001）和2.683（95%CI：1.267～5.683,P=0.010）。结论：ARC患病率增高与高血压、糖尿病及其病程增加有关。对这些可变危险因素采取干预性措施,尤其是对高危人群,可能意味着对ARC导致的视觉障碍必须采取控制性措施,因为此症是全球致盲的首要原因。     

眼轴长度与白内障手术年龄的相关分析

目的:观察白内障患者手术年龄与眼轴长度的关系.方法:收集我院2001/2004共1 004例初次白内障患者手术的年龄、眼轴长度,按眼轴长度分A、B、C 3组,比较各组手术年龄,并对手术年龄和眼轴长度作相关分析.结果:眼轴长度为C组,白内障患者手术年龄平均为(64.25±8.0)岁,而眼轴长度为A组,手术平均年龄仅为67.44±9.16岁,差异显著(P=0.002).手术年龄与眼轴长度有较弱的负相关,r=-0.25,P=0.015.结论:随眼轴长度的增加,白内障患者手术年龄出现年轻化趋势.     

中老年人心血管疾病与年龄相关性白内障的关系

目的:评价人群心血管疾病对年龄相关性白内障(age-related cataract,ARC)发生的影响。方法:采用回顾性病例对照研究方法,2009-09/2011-03对360例病例和匹配的360例对照进行了调查。主要的测量指标为心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)与ARC关联的比值比(OR)及其相应的95%可信区间(CI)。采用自行设计的调查表对研究对象进行调查。结果:病例组与对照组之间,年龄、职业,以及居住地的差异无统计学意义。调整了多种潜在性混杂因素后,空腹血糖受损的研究对象和已确诊的糖尿病患者发生ARC的危险性分别升高了62.4%和69.8%(OR=1.624,95%CI:1.068～2.553,P=0.007;OR=1.698,95%CI:1.412～2.719,P=0.009);高血压患者与ARC的关联性较强(OR=1.431,95%CI:1.098～1.997,P=0.007);现行吸烟者和现行饮酒者发生ARC的危险性也显著增高(OR=1.712,95%CI:1.312～2.344,P=0.010;OR=1.912,95%CI:1.310～2.896,P=0.003)。结论:糖尿病、高血压、吸烟及饮酒可使发生ARC的危险性增加,最终导致ARC的发生。     

老年性白内障晶体核硬度与年龄关系

本文首次使用邵氏硬度计测量了６２眼老年性白内障晶体核。结果：晶体核硬度与性别无统计学差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,与年龄呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６７８,Ｐ＜０．０１）。提示以年龄估计晶体核硬度较为客观简便,有利于初学白内障超声乳化者术前了解晶体核硬度。     

年龄相关性白内障防治药物的相关研究进展

人眼晶状体是一个由上皮细胞以及其分化而来的纤维细胞共同组成的无血管透明器官.随着年龄的增长,晶状体混浊并可在一定程度上影响视力甚至致盲称为年龄相关性白内障(age-related cataract,ARC),其公认的治疗手段为手术治疗,但一部分初发白内障也可通过药物控制其发生发展.本文就ARC相关防治药物及其重要成分进行介绍,并概括总结了近年来药物在白内障防治过程中的临床应用及研究进展.     

人类不同年龄晶体巯基含量的变化和年龄相关性白内障形成的关系

目的：使用传统的巯基显头剂Ellman试剂测量并比较分析人类不同年龄段的透明及各类型白摧障晶状体样本中非蛋白巯基（游离巯基）,蛋白巯基和蛋白结合巯基的含量,并分析其与人类年龄相关性白内障形成的关系。方法：44个有类晶体按年龄大小被分为5组,其中10个白内障晶体被分成2组（皮质性和核性）,用Ellman试剂测量以上样品的晶体非蛋白巯基,总蛋白巯基和总蛋白结合巯基含量。结果：皮质性人障晶状体的非蛋白巯基含量显高于核性白内障晶状体（P＜0．01）,而在蛋白巯基和蛋白结合巯基中,两则押显差别（P＞0．05）,非蛋白巯基含量从胚胎期到年龄相关性白内障发生逐渐降低,各年龄组均显小于前一年龄组（P＜0．01）,蛋白巯基含量在第5组显高于第1,2,3,4组（P＜0．05）,其余各组间无显区别（P＞0．05）,蛋白结合巯基含量除第3,4组和第4,5组间无显区别外（P＞0．05）,其余组均显低于较小年龄组（P＜0．01）。结论：人类年龄相关性白内障的形成过程中,晶状体蛋白分子间巯基的氧化并不像在其它实验性白内障模型中那样起决定作用。     

Relationship between dietary macronutrient intake and the risk of age-related cataract in middle-aged and elderly patients in northeast China

AIM: To examine the association between dietary macronutrient intake and the risk of age-related cataract (ARC) in middle-aged and elderly men.METHODS:A hospital-based case-control study was conducted from December 2009 to November 2011. Cases (n=360) were patients with cataract aged 45-85 years old, and controls (n=360) were patients who had been admitted to the same hospital for diseases not related with cataract. All subjects were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits and detailed medical history, simultaneously, the dietary intakes of nutrients were collected via a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of three types of ARC were estimated using multiple logistic regression models.RESULTS: After adjusting for multiple potential confounders, total dietary intake of carbohydrate was positively associated with cortical cataract, compared to controls in the lowest quartile, and the OR for cases in the highest quartile of intake was 2.471 (95%CI:1.348-6.043, P=0.027). Higher dietary intakes of protein were protective for posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) (OR=0.528, 95%CI:0.148-0.869, P=0.023). Dietary fat intake was not associated with any type of cataract, however, participants in the highest quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acids intake had 2.7 times the risk of nuclear cataract as did those in the lowest quartile (OR=2.742, 95%CI:1.790-4.200, P=0.033).CONCLUSION: A high intake of carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fatty acid may increase the odds of cortical and nuclear cataract, respectively, whereas high intake of protein, especially animal protein, may protect against PSC cataract. It is possible that dietary changes of target population may reduce the risk of ARC.     

Facts on fats

Cardiovascular disease and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may share common risk factors in their causal pathways. Decades of research from the cardiovascular sciences on fats have led investigators to focus on specific types of fats rather than total fat as a whole. They have established that saturated and trans-unsaturated fats (trans fats) are damaging to cardiovascular health while polyunsaturated fats, particularly the marine omega 3 fatty acids appear protective. This has led to a number of studies investigating the associations of fat and AMD. Though the causal relationship between fats and AMD remain unproven, some studies suggest that an association may be present. To be able to understand and interpret the study results and their implications, an understanding of the fats in the diet is important. This review aims to give an overview of fatty acids, particularly the trans-unsaturated fatty acids, and the relevant food groups.     

The role of omega-3 and micronutrients in age-related macular degeneration

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of irreversible vision loss in the United States, Europe, and other developed countries. Although the pathogenesis of AMD remains unclear, current evidence suggests a multifactorial aetiology. Nutrition may play an important role in the development and progression of AMD. There have been several epidemiological studies suggesting that omega-3 fatty acids could have a protective role in AMD, but a beneficial effect remains to be demonstrated in randomized controlled trials. There also exists a substantial body of evidence suggesting that protection against AMD may be provided by specific micronutrients (vitamins and minerals and antioxidants). The identification of risk factors for the development and progression of AMD is of particular importance for understanding the origins of the disorder and for establishing strategies for its prevention. We examine the relationship between dietary omega-3 intake and the incidence and progression of AMD, as well as the role of omega-3 supplementation in the prevention of the disorder, and also explore the role of other micronutrients in AMD.     

正常晶状体及年龄相关性白内障晶状体的超微结构观察

目的：探讨正常晶状体和年龄相关性白内障晶状体的超微结构变化。

方法：采用飞利浦208型透射电镜及日本产JSM-6380LV扫描电镜对3例正常的透明晶状体及5例行白内障囊外摘出的囊膜及晶状体核进行超微结构观察,并进行比较。

结果：透射电镜下白内障上皮细胞与正常组晶状体上皮细胞相比出现大量的异性核,染色质凝集,线粒体肿胀,减少,呈现空泡化; 白内障晶状体核区纤维细胞界限不明显,出现明显溶解、坏死改变。扫描电镜下白内障晶状体皮质纤维细胞失去光滑,晶状体核区纤维细胞表面因挤压而变形,细胞间的连接出现变化。

结论：白内障晶状体中上皮细胞及纤维细胞均发生了超微结构改变,这些变化可能是晶状体混浊的原因之一。     

年龄相关性白内障遗传流行病学研究进展

【摘要】年龄相关性白内障（age related cataract, ARC）为多因素疾病,目前确切病因不明。近年来流行病学研究表明ARC发病有一定的家族聚集性,遗传和分子流行病学研究进一步揭示了一些特定基因如谷胱甘肽S转移酶基因、DNA修复基因、EPHA2基因等特定基因多态性在人类ARC发病过程中的相关性和作用。而另一些基因,如晶状体膜蛋白基因、半乳糖激酶基因、α-晶状体蛋白基因等与ARC的相关性则需进一步研究证明,这些研究为ARC的发病机制提供了遗传学理论依据。（国际眼科纵览, 2013, 37： 117-122）     

角膜地形图中非白内障人群和年龄相关性白内障患者角膜散光的分析

目的观察非白内障人群和年龄相关性白内障患者角膜散光轴向的分布情况,并进行比较,分析角膜散光轴向与年龄的关系。方法应用角膜地形图观察146例非白内障人群及80例年龄相关性白内障患者的角膜散光轴向分布,对人群的角膜散光轴向与年龄、白内障、高度近视进行回归分析。对年龄匹配的非白内障人群与年龄相关性白内障患者的角膜轴向分布进行构成比的比较。结果角膜散光轴向与年龄有显著相关性（OR=e0.8664,P〈0.05）,与白内障的发生及高度近视无显著相关性（P〉0.05）。非白内障人群及年龄相关性白内障患者的角膜散光轴向均大部分位于90°±15°范围内（分别为48.61%、48.72%）。年龄匹配的非白内障人群组与年龄相关性白内障组角膜散光轴向分布的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论随年龄增长,角膜的散光轴向分布向逆规方向漂移,老年人群中角膜散光轴向大部分位于垂直轴15°范围内,但年龄相关性白内障的发生和高度近视不影响角膜散光。角膜地形图检查获得的角膜散光结果有助于决定白内障手术切口的部位。     

Decimalization of the Oxford Clinical Cataract Classification and Grading System

BACKGROUND. A secure methodology for the classification of cataracts into subtypes and for their separate quantification forms a fundamental underpinning of cataract research. The Oxford Clinical Cataract Classification and Grading System provides for this need across a wide range of cataract subtypes. Consideration of the advantages of finer scale intervals in terms of both increased precision and increased sensitivity to change (responsiveness) has stimulated the development of a decimal version of the Oxford system. AIM. To describe rules for the decimalization of the Oxford system and to document the performance following decimalization. METHOD. Theoretical considerations followed by iterative piloting were used to define a set of rules for the decimalization of grading for 10 cataract features. The performance of the decimal version was then formally tested by means of inter- and intra-observer comparisons of repeated measurements. 217 paired observations were pooled to produce a statement relevant to the `multi-user' environment typical of many clinical research programmes. RESULTS. Repeatability indices were good to excellent for most features. The use of finer scale intervals improved the system's ability to detect change (reduced 95% tolerance limits for change) by a factor of around 2 for most features. CONCLUSION. The finer scale intervals provided by decimalization of the Oxford system have produced substantial improvements in reliability as evidenced by high levels of repeatability and scale sensitivity. These improvements provide practical advantages in clinical cataract research.