河南省某县HIV感染者和AIDS患者的营养状况调查及饮食干预

目的了解河南省农村地区HIV感染者和AIDS患者的营养状况,为调整膳食结构、实施饮食干预提供基础资料。方法选择某艾滋病高发县年龄为30～65岁的健康人30名作为对照组,HIV感染者40人和AIDS患者42人作为病例观察组,分别进行体格测量、膳食调查和血液生化检测,所获数据采用统计软件SPSS13.0进行分析处理。结果各组调查对象谷类、蔬菜类和蛋类每日人均摄入量差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,膳食结构以谷类为主,蔬菜水果摄入较低,豆类、奶类及其制品和畜禽肉类、水产品类摄入严重不足,多种维生素、矿物质摄入量不足,能量营养素供能比不合理,血中锌含量和白蛋白水平较低,血钙含量偏低更为普遍。结论由于该县多数HIV感染者和AIDS患者处在艾滋病的潜伏期和患病前期,调查对象整体营养状况尚可;膳食结构不合理,多种维生素、矿物质需要补充,能量和蛋白质（尤其优质蛋白质）需要增加;该类人群营养素摄取不能满足自身需要,实施饮食干预亟待进行。     

Differences in Sexual Risk Behavior and HIV/AIDS Risk Factors Among Foreign-Born and US-Born Hispanic Women

Hispanic women in the United States (US) are disproportionately affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. There are very limited data on the sexual risk differences among US-born Hispanic women (USBHW) and foreign-born Hispanic women (FBHW). Sexually active USBHW and FBHW were asked to complete a self-administered questionnaire. Demographics, sexual history, testing for HIV or sexually transmitted infection (STI), condom use, partner sexual risk and alcohol/substance use were compared between USBHW and FBHW. FBHW were 3.5 years older than USBHW at first sexual experience (95% CI: 2.8, 4.1; P < 0.001). This remained significant after controlling for age and education. There was no difference between groups in the proportion of women with >1 reported sexual partner in the last year. FBHW reported fewer risk behaviors and lower rates of STI and alcohol/drug abuse. However, FBHW were less likely to have been tested for HIV. HIV prevention strategies would better target Hispanic women in the US if differences in risk behavior between FBHW and USBHW were incorporated.     

Exploring Gender Differences in Choice of Marriage Partner Among Individuals with Visual Impairment

Sexuality and Disability - This paper explores choice of marriage partners among individuals with visual impairment in India. The importance of marriage and the desirability of characteristics and...     

Preterm Birth Among US and Foreign-Born Non-Hispanic Black Birthing Parents in Massachusetts: Variation by Nativity,Region, and Country of Origin

Maternal and Child Health Journal - Foreign-born non-Hispanic Black (NHB) birthing parents are less likely to have a preterm birth (PTB) than US-born NHBs. There is further variation by region and...     

Gender Differences in Hispanic Patients of Mexican Origin Hospitalized with Heart Failure

BackgroundMore than 3 million women in the United States die of heart failure (HF) annually. Women are significantly underrepresented in studies that inform practice guidelines, especially women hospitalized for HF despite the associated negative outcomes. HF is common in Hispanic people, the largest ethnic minority group in the United States, who are mostly of Mexican origin. There are no studies of gender differences in Mexican-Hispanic persons hospitalized for HF. We sought to describe gender differences in demographic and clinical characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment, in-hospital outcomes, and discharge status in Mexican-Hispanic patients hospitalized for HF.MethodsWe conducted a secondary analysis of data collected for a study examining readmission in patients hospitalized with HF in a 107-bed community; hospital near the U.S.–Mexico border.ResultsOf 155 self-identified Hispanic patients, 43.2% (n = 67) were women. Compared with men, women were equally affected by obesity, on average 6 years older (p < .01), and more likely to be widowed (31% vs 6%; p < .001). Women had significantly higher ejection fractions, more total comorbid conditions, more hyperlipidemia, more arthritis, more anxiety, and were less likely to be treated with digoxin and more likely to be treated with calcium channel blockers. At discharge, women were significantly less likely to receive an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or an aldosterone receptor blocker and had a higher systolic blood pressure.ConclusionsKey gender differences in chronic illness burden, treatment, and discharge status were found, highlighting the heterogeneity of women with HF and the need for further gender-specific research to develop care strategies specific to women of all races and ethnicities.     

Gender and Ethnic Differences in Survival in a Cohort of HIV Positive Clients

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine gender and ethnic differences in survival of persons receiving treatment for HIV infection to determine if differences existed, and if they did, to assess the possibility of explaining these differences by examining other factors, such as age, disease severity when beginning treatment, alcohol, illicit drugs, tobacco, educational level, living arrangements, antiretroviral treatment, PCP prophylaxis, sexually transmitted diseases, mode of transmission and opportunistic infections.

Design: A retrospective cohort study of all clients receiving treatment at an HIV only clinic from its opening in early 1988 until the end of May 1993. Statistical methods used to examine the data included incidence density ratios, Kaplan‐Meier survival curves, Breslow (generalized Wilcoxon) tests of equality of survival curves and Cox proportional hazards models both with and without time dependent covariates.

Results: In the cohort (37% African American, 7% Hispanic American and 25% female), 220 deaths occurred during 1223 person years of follow‐up. Compared to European American males, the following incidence density ratios were observed: European American females: 0.50, Hispanic American females: 0.70, Hispanic American males: 0.96, African American females: 1.28 and African American males: 2.38. The differences were noted above for gender/ethnicity groups were significant at the p < 0.0001 level. After adjusting for disease stage (as measured by laboratory testing of CD4 positive T‐lymphocytes), educational level, and age, no differences in survival by gender or ethnicity remained. Disease stage and educational level had the greatest prognostic significance.

Conclusions: European Americans entered treatment at a much earlier disease stage (as measured by CD4 positive T‐lymphocyte counts) and had higher educational levels (a surrogate for socioeconomic status) than African Americans. These factors may explain the longer survival in European Americans as compared to African Americans in this cohort.     

Gender Differences in Factors Associated with Unsheltered Status and Increased Risk of Premature Mortality among Individuals Experiencing Homelessness

BackgroundAmong individuals experiencing homelessness, unsheltered status is associated with poor health and access to care and an increased risk for premature death. Insufficient research has explored gender differences in these outcomes; the objective of this study was to address this gap in the research.MethodsThis study used survey data collected during the 100,000 Homes Campaign. Chi-square tests identified differences in the characteristics of women, men, and transgender individuals. Generalized linear mixed models fit with demographic, homelessness, mental/behavioral health, institutional, and income characteristics were run separately for women and men to assess correlates of unsheltered status and increased risk of premature mortality.ResultsMen reported more frequently experiencing unsheltered homelessness while women and transgender participants more frequently met the criteria for risk of premature mortality. Women reported less frequently than men a history of or current substance use, but it significantly increased their likelihood of unsheltered homelessness; reports of mental health issues were rarer among men but significantly increased their odds of unsheltered homelessness. The experience of a violent attack while homeless was most strongly related to increased risk of premature mortality for both women and men.ConclusionsInterventions to reduce unsheltered homelessness among men should be particularly sensitive to mental health issues while for women there may need to be increased attention to substance use. A focus on experience of trauma and the provision of trauma-informed care is essential to address the increased risk of premature mortality among both men and women experiencing homelessness.     

Sexual Insistence and Disliked Sexual Activities In Young Adulthood: Differences by Gender And Relationship Characteristics

CONTEXT: Because sexual negotiations within young adult couples have consequences for sexual and reproductive health, it is important to determine associations between relationship contexts and sexual insistence.
METHODS: Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted on data from 4,469 young adults participating in Wave 3 of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (2001–2002). Analyses examined predictors of respondents' having experienced sexual insistence and having repeatedly engaged in sexual behaviors they disliked in a current relationship of at least three months' duration.
RESULTS: Seven percent of men and 8% of women had had unwanted sex at their partner's insistence. A significantly greater proportion of women than of men (12% vs. 3%) had engaged repeatedly in sexual activities they disliked, primarily fellatio and anal sex. Relationship characteristics were associated with sexual insistence, but gender was not. For example, female respondents who reported unreciprocated love for their partner had higher odds of reporting sexual insistence perpetration than those who reported that they and their partner loved each other (odds ratio, 3.9). Females were more likely than males to report repeated participation in disliked sexual activities (3.7); relationship characteristics were relatively unimportant for this outcome.
CONCLUSIONS: Young adults of both genders may need education on the importance of accepting a partner's sexual desires and being sensitive to both a partner's unwillingness to engage in an activity and the true extent of a partner's dislike of certain activities. They may also need guidance on how to voice their own preferences and dislikes.     

Urban Crack Users: Gender Differences in Drug Use,HIV Risk and Health Status

SUMMARY

This study assessed gender differences in drug use, HIV risk, and health status in a sample of urban crack users. Using targeted sampling, 1434 crack users (66% male and primarily African-American and Puerto Rican), were recruited from the streets of East Harlem, New York City. A standardized, structured interview was administered, drug use was validated by urinalysis, and HIV testing was offered. Gender differences were observed on sociodemo-graphic variables and patterns of drug use. Other than welfare, men and women cited different major sources of income. Women reported greater use of crack, and men were more likely to use injection drugs as well as crack. Data on sexual risk indicated that women had more sexual partners than men, but the percentage of unprotected vaginal sex for both men and women was greater for those who did not exchange sex for drugs and/or money. The number of persons already infected with HIV was substantial. Many reported histories of other sexually transmitted diseases which were generally higher among men. Future research should investigate the relationship between gender and other factors (e.g., ethnicity, geographic location) associated with HIV risk.     

Socioeconomic Differences in Adolescent Health-Related Behavior Differ by Gender

Background

Many studies of adolescent health-related behaviors have assessed the effects of gender and parental socioeconomic position (SEP) but not their mutual modification. We investigated socioeconomic differences in health-related behaviors among Slovak adolescents and the potential modification of those differences by gender.

Methods

Data were collected in 2006 (n = 3547; 49.4% boys; mean [SD] age, 14.3 [0.6] years; response rate, 93.5%). The sample comprised students in the eighth and ninth grades of randomly selected elementary schools in Slovakia. Gender-specific prevalence rates for 9 types of health-related behaviors, including nutritional behavior, physical activity and substance use, were calculated for 3 socioeconomic groups, which were defined by the highest educational level attained by both parents. Gender differences in socioeconomic gradients for health-related behaviors were tested.

Results

Socioeconomic differences were found in nutritional behavior, physical activity, and smoking. Adolescents with lower parental education behaved less healthily. The largest relative socioeconomic difference was no daily vegetable consumption among girls (90.3% of those with high SEP vs 95.2% of those with middle SEP; odds ratio, 2.33). Regarding no daily fruit consumption, differences among girls were 1.51 times and 1.92 times as large as those among boys for children with medium and low SEP, respectively, as compared with those with high SEP.

Conclusions

Socioeconomic differences in health-related behavior were small, especially for nutritional behavior and physical activity. Interventions that aim to improve health-related behaviors among adolescents with lower SEP should focus on these 2 behaviors, particularly on healthy nutrition in girls with low SEP.Key words: gender differences, socioeconomic differences, adolescents, health-related behavior     

Gender Differences in the Experiences of HIV/AIDS-Related Stigma: A Qualitative Study in Ghana

Globally more women have been diagnosed with HIV/AIDS and are more likely to be stigmatized than men, especially in male-dominant societies. Gender differences in the experience of HIV-related stigma, however, have not been extensively explored. Researchers investigate the gender differences in HIV/AIDS-related stigma experiences here. Interviews were conducted with eight HIV patients and their nine discordant family members in Ghana. Our findings include gender differences in disclosure and response to HIV/AIDS diagnosis. The negative impact of HIV-related stigma was found to be more extensive for women than for men. Our findings may be used to facilitate an awareness and understanding through which supportive interventions can be implemented.     

Gender Differences in Causes of Depression

ABSTRACT

This study adopts a stress process perspective to analyze gender differences in the causes of depression. The stress process links psychological well-being to position in the social structure via the mediating and moderating effects of stressors and resources. The study examines stressors and resources as mediators of the SES/depression relationship, and resources as moderators of the stressor/depression relationship. Furthermore, it tests the hypotheses that women are more exposed and more vulnerable to stressors than are men, that women benefit more psychologically from socially supportive relationships, and suffer more from conflict-ridden relationships than men. The analysis utilizes survey data of urban Nevadans age 45–74, collected in the Fall of 1997, and employs ordinary least squares regression to test the stress process model. The results indicate that financial strain and perceptions of danger in one's neighborhood mediate the relationship between SES and depression, but resources do not moderate the effects of stressors on depression. Women are more exposed to stressors than men, but are not more vulnerable to them. Positive social relationships do have more beneficial psychological effects for women than for men, but the effects of marital conflict do not vary by gender. Implications for social policy and treatment for depression are discussed.     

对1例梅毒与HIV双重感染分析

1病例报告患者男,19岁,汉族,在校应届生。2008年7月因出国留学在新疆国际旅行卫生保健中心体检。查体时发现生殖器红肿,包皮静脉曲张,无皮疹、     

Rights and Duties of HIV Infected Health Care Professionals

In 1991, the CDC recommended that health care workers (HCWs) infectedwith HIV or HBV (HbeAg positive) should be reviewed by an expert paneland should inform patients of their serologic status before engaging inexposure-prone procedures. The CDC, in light of the existing scientificuncertainty about the risk of transmission, issued cautiousrecommendations. However, considerable evidence has emerged since 1991suggesting that we should reform national policy. The data demonstratesthat risks of transmission of infection in the health care setting areexceedingly low. Current policy, moreover, does not improve patientsafety. At the same time, implementation of current national policy atthe local level poses significant human rights burdens on HCWs.Consequently, national policy should be changed to ensure patient safetywhile protecting the human rights of HCWs. This article proposes a newnational policy, including: (1) a program to prevent bloodborne pathogentransmission; (2) a responsibility placed on infected HCWs to promotetheir own health and well-being and to assure patient safety; (3) adiscontinuation of expert review panels and special restrictions forexposure-prone procedures; (4) a discontinuation of mandatorydisclosure of a HCW's inflection status; and (5) the imposition ofpractice restrictions if a HCW is unable to practice safely because of aphysical or mental impairment or failure to follow careful infectioncontrol techniques. A new national policy, focused on management of theworkplace environment and injury prevention, would achieve high levelsof patient safety without discrimination and invasion of privacy.     

Within-Group Differences Between Native-Born and Foreign-Born Black Men on Prostate Cancer Risk Reduction and Early Detection Practices

To better address prostate cancer disparities, we investigated the differences among US-born, African-born, and Caribbean-born Black men on prostate cancer risk reduction and early detection behaviors. Data were collected from over 3,400 Black men in five cities in Florida. One-way analysis of variance was used to explore the ethnic variations among the three study groups. We found that there were significant differences among the three groups. The US-born Black men had the highest knowledge, were most likely to have health insurance, and consume the most meat compared to African-born, and Caribbean-born Black men. African-born Black men were most likely to use chemoprevention products and discuss prostate cancer risk-reduction and early detection with a physician. Given the significant number of foreign-born Blacks in the US, it is important to disaggregate the data of US-born and foreign-born Blacks to develop effective programs and policies to address the needs of each group.     

Gender Dysphoria and Sexual Well-Being Among Trans Masculine and Nonbinary Individuals

Archives of Sexual Behavior - Prior qualitative research has noted that gender dysphoria impacts sexual engagement and satisfaction for many trans masculine and nonbinary individuals. As such, the...     

4例血友病HIV感染者的追踪观察

目的 了解1983-1993年因输注同一批号的美国进口第Ⅷ因子导致HIV感染的4例血友病患病程进展。方法 进行追踪观察。结果 发现最小注射剂量为955U,最多为2810U;均属HIV-1,B亚型,随病程发展,T4淋巴细胞明显下降,临床后期均有发势或腹泻,体重减轻30%以上,并出现各种机遇性感染,除1例因血友病复发1987年死于颅内出血,其余3例存活期分别为10,14,16年,结论 应加强血源管理;在营造一个宽松的社会环境使HIV感染免受歧视的同时,也应教育感染遵守国家法律,遵守社会公德;在艾滋病药价昂贵,疫苗尚未问世的现状下,健康教育仍是最经济最有效的良策。     

对一例HIV感染者的追踪调查

在拉萨择业的一名女性毕业生在我中心进行常规体检时,发现HIV抗体呈阳性.经调查,该HIV感染者与在拉萨市某饭店工作的一男性有过性接触,该男性HIV抗体也呈阳性.