RA患者肌肉含量与骨量变化的相关性分析

目的分析类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者的肌肉含量与其骨量变化特点的相关性,以及影响RA患者肌肉含量减少的相关因素。方法选取66名(男∶女=8∶25) RA患者为研究对象,平均年龄为60. 4岁。采用双能X线骨密度仪(dual energy X-ray absorptiometry,DXA)及法国MEDI-LINK超声骨密度仪对研究对象进行二维骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、3D体积骨密度(皮质骨、骨小梁及总体积骨密度)及肌肉含量的测定,根据T值将研究对象分为骨量正常组(41名)和骨量流失组(25名),并收集患者的一般资料和临床数据,包括性别、年龄、骨折史、吸烟史、糖尿病史、肾病史、甲状腺病史以及RA疾病活动度DSA28评分。结果与RA骨量正常组患者相比,RA骨量流失组患者的全身各部位的肌肉含量均明显降低(P0. 05); RA患者肌肉含量的减少与其BMD及总的体积骨密度的减低具有明显相关性(r=0. 342,P=0. 005及B=35022. 918,P0. 001);而RA患者的总体肌肉含量与激素的使用及RA疾病活动度(DSA28)无明显相关性。结论 RA合并骨量流失患者的肌肉含量明显减少,肌肉含量的改变与骨密度存在一定的相关性。     

Effect of disuse on bone mineral content,lean mass,and fat mass in osteoarthritic patients

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of disuse on bone mineral content (BMC), lean mass, and fat mass.Method and subjects: We obtained BMC, lean mass, and fat mass from measurements of each side of the arm and the leg in 20 women with unilateral hip osteoarthritis and 63 normal women using a whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan. The ratio of the affected side to the unaffected side (A-U ratio) was calculated for BMC, lean mass, and fat mass in the arm and the leg.Results: A significant intergroup difference in the A-U ratio was noted for leg BMC (0.85vs 0.99,P<0.01), and for lean mass of the leg (0.88vs 0.99,P<0.01). When leg BMC was adjusted with lean mass, this intergroup difference became insignificant.Conclusion: This study reconfirmed that a decrease in BMC and lean mass can result from disuse. We suggest that a large portion of BMC loss in the immobilized leg might be a secondary change resulting from lean mass loss.     

Effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation on axial and peripheral bone mass in rats on strenuous treadmill training exercise

We observed the effects of sodium bicarbonate supplement on bone mass in rats on strenuous treadmill training. Sixty female Wistar rats (93-days-old; mean initial weight 261 ± 16 g) were studied. One group of 15 rats was killed at the beginning of the experiments (basal control group), while another group of 15 rats was not manipulated (Exer−NaB−). Another group of 15 rats was exercised but did not receive sodium bicarbonate (Exer+NaB−), while the final group of 15 rats exercised and received sodium bicarbonate (Exer+NaB+) at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg/day, administered by esophageal catheter on exercise days. These rats were killed at the end of 11 weeks. Femoral and vertebral length, weight, and bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were measured. According to anova with the Tukey–Kramer test, femur length and weight, vertebral weight, femur BMC and BMD, vertebral BMC and BMD and the ratio between femur and vertebral BMC and final body weight, and plasma bicarbonate were lower in the basal control and Exer+NaB− groups than in the two other groups (P < 0.005–0.0001). Overall, there was a positive correlation between femur and vertebral BMC and femur BMC and length (P < 0.0001 for all). Only in the Exer+NaB− group was there a positive association between plasma bicarbonate levels and femur length (r = 0.78; P < 0.0005). Our study demonstrates the adverse effects of strenuous exercise on bone, and the usefulness of sodium bicarbonate supplements in preventing and minimized these effects. Received: May 1, 2000 / Accepted: August 11, 2000     

男性T2DM患者胰岛素抵抗与骨量关系初探

目的研究男性T2DM患者胰岛素抵抗与骨量间的相关性,为糖尿病合并骨质疏松症的病因学研究提供新思路。方法选取2016年3月至9月在成都中医药大学附属医院内分泌科住院男性T2DM患者260例,收集临床一般资料、生化核医学指标、第1至第4腰椎椎体和左侧股骨颈的骨密度及体重标准化骨矿含量等资料进行组间比较,以HOMA-IR四分位分为4组,分别以50岁及病程4年为界进行分层,对HOMA-IR和cBMC、aBMD进行双变量相关性分析。结果①各组的体重、BMI、SBP、TG均随HOMA-IR上升呈递增趋势,而HDL-c随之逐渐下降,组间差异有统计学意义;②各组的血清磷、碱性磷酸酶、白蛋白、钙、CYS-C、TC和LDL-c及eGFR等结果 ,均差异无明显统计学意义(P0.05);③HOMA-IR与FN的aBMD呈正相关(r=0.17,P0.01),进行年龄分层后,在≤50y组中差异仍有统计学意义(r=0.226,P=0.021),根据病程分层,亦只在FN的≤4y组中差异有统计学意义(r=0.208,P=0.016),余皆无明显相关性(P0.05);④HOMA-IR与50y组L_2的cBMC(r=-0.189)、两个年龄组L_3、L_4的cBMC(r=-0.251,-0.228,-0.202,-0.165)皆呈负相关(P0.05);根据病程分层,只与L_1-L_4的4y组的cBMC负相关(r=-0.204,-0.242,-0.296,-0.241,P0.05),其余差异皆无统计学意义。结论男性T2DM患者中,HOMA-IR与FN的骨密度正相关,与腰椎骨强度负相关,单从aBMD评估骨折风险是不够的,cBMC是一个可以考虑采用的指标。     

Association between bone mineral density,lean mass,and fat mass among healthy middle-aged premenopausal women: a cross-sectional study in southern Sri Lanka

Associations between lean mass, fat mass, and bone mass have been reported earlier; however, most of those studies have been done in Caucasian populations, and data from Asian countries, especially those in South Asia, are limited. We examined the associations between lean mass, fat mass, bone mineral density (BMD), and bone mineral content (BMC), determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry technology, in a group of healthy, middle-aged, premenopausal female volunteers. The mean (SD) age of the women (n = 106) was 42.1 (6.1) years and the mean (SD) body mass index was 24.3 (3.6) kg/m². Total body BMD, total body BMC, and BMD in total spine, total hip, and femoral neck showed statistically significant partial correlations (adjusted for age) with total fat mass (r = 0.19–0.43, P < 0.05) and lean body mass (r = 0.28–0.54, P < 0.05). Truncal fat mass correlated positively with total body BMC and BMD at total hip and femoral neck (r = 0.33–0.40, P < 0.001). When a stepwise regression model was fitted, lean mass remained the strongest predictor of total body BMD, total body BMC, and total spine BMD (regression coefficients = 0.004–0.008 g/cm² per 1-kg change in lean mass, P < 0.001). Similarly, crude BMD and BMC increased across the tertiles of lean mass (P trend < 0.05). We show that lean mass is the strongest predictor of total body BMC and BMD at different sites, although positive correlations with fat mass also exist.     

持续运动锻炼对绝经后女性骨密度影响的追踪研究

目的比较不同运动锻炼参与程度的绝经后女性骨密度差异及在12个月间的变化。方法对82名符合条件的社区绝经后女性骨密度进行12个月追踪。研究对象分为锻炼量达标组(n=42)和不达标组(n=40),不达标组进一步分为不锻炼和偶尔锻炼亚组。采用定量超声(QUS)法采集跟骨骨密度T值、Z值、超声传导声速(SOS)、超声宽带衰减(BUA),统计各组骨质疏松不同发生风险等级的人数比,测量时间点为基线、6个月和12个月。结果达标组骨密度各指标水平和骨质疏松高度风险人数比(16.7%)在12个月间基本维持稳定(P0.05);不达标组T值(F=11.877,P=0.000)、Z值(F=7.459,P=0.002)、BUA值(F=4.207,P=0.026)在12个月间均出现显著下降,骨质疏松高度风险人数比由20.0%上升至30.0%。达标组与不达标组T值变化具有明显的组间效应(F=4.268,P=0.042)和时间效应(F=6.378,P=0.004)。偶尔锻炼亚组骨密度各指标水平在12个月间下降幅度低于不锻炼亚组。结论不同运动锻炼参与水平可不同程度地维持绝经后女性骨密度水平或延缓其增龄性流失。持续规律的运动锻炼对绝经后女性骨密度水平具有积极的改善作用。     

Changes in muscle mass, fat mass, and bone mineral content in the legs after stroke: a 1 year prospective study

Demineralization and muscle atrophy, common among patients with hemiplegia, may be risk factors for future hip fracture. The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate changes in lean (muscle) mass and bone mineral content (BMC) of the legs during the first year after stroke according to the patient’s ambulatory level. Twenty-five patients immobilized due to acute stroke were followed. BMC and lean mass of each leg were measured at a mean of 7 days, 2 months, 7 months, and 1 year after the stroke using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Both BMC and lean mass had decreased significantly in the paretic leg (p < 0.05) at the 1 year evaluation and the loss was significantly greater on the paretic side compared with the nonparetic side (p < 0.001). Patients who had not relearned to walk at the 2 month evaluation (n = 12) lost 6% (p < 0.05) of their lean mass in the paretic leg during this time period, and this mass was not regained within the subsequent 10 months. In contrast, a significant 5% loss of lean mass found at 2 months on the nonparetic side was regained completely. With respect to the patients who relearned to walk within the first 2 months (n = 13) lean mass had increased by 5% after 1 year (p < 0.05) in the nonparetic leg, whereas no significant changes were found in the paretic leg during follow-up. Both groups of patients did, however, lose bone mineral in the paretic leg during the first year after stroke (9% and 6%, respectively, p < 0.05), but only the patients who were still unable to walk by 2 months had significant bone loss in the nonparetic leg also (3%, p < 0.05). Thus, lean muscle mass is rapidly lost and may be regained shortly after stroke, whereas loss of BMC appears difficult to prevent, especially on the paretic side. Regaining muscle mass may, however, slow the loss of bone mineral.     

不同年龄髋部、腰部肌肉含量与对应骨密度相关性分析

目的了解50岁以上体检人群局部肌肉含量(髋部、腰部)与相应骨密度变化趋势,分析不同年龄段局部肌肉含量与骨密度之间的相关性。方法收集苏州大学附属第二医院2008年6月至2013年12月50岁以上体检人群8 305例资料,整理双能X线骨密度仪(DXA)检测的骨密度数据(腰椎和髋部),同时整理每人"骨密度局部模式"所检测的"腰椎周围""髋部周围"肌肉比值数据;按性别分男女两组,两组再按年龄分为50～59、60～69、70～79、≥80岁四个亚组,用折线图显示局部肌肉含量及相应骨密度随年龄变化趋势,用偏相关分析、多元线性回归方法分析局部肌肉含量与相应骨密度的关系。结果①髋部肌肉含量与股骨颈骨密度关系:50～59、60～69岁两个年龄段中,男性及女性具有正相关,有统计学意义(P0. 05); 70～79、≥80岁两个年龄段中,男性及女性无相关性;②腰部肌肉含量与腰椎骨密度关系:仅在男性70～79岁年龄段中具有负相关关系(P0. 05),其余各组无相关性。结论 50岁以上人群中,在70岁之前,髋部肌肉含量对股骨颈骨密度影响显著,70岁之后,髋部肌肉含量对股骨颈骨密度影响不显著;所以,在肌少症与骨质疏松症相关范畴,建议50～70岁人群应关注下肢肌肉含量提高,以利骨量提高; 70岁以上老年人群,应更关注下肢肌肉含量之外骨质疏松症危险因素预防。     

Differences in age-related bone mass of proximal femur between Chinese women and different ethnic women in the United States

Substantial racial differences in bone mass and bone loss rate have been reported, but the extent of the difference between native Chinese women and women of different races in the United States is not clear. We used a DXA bone densitometer to measure bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), bone area (BA), and volumetric BMD (vBMD) in different regions of the proximal femur in 3614 Chinese women aged 20 years and older. Regression models were chosen to best fit the changes of these parameters with increasing age. The values in their fitted curves were determined by the Cartesian coordinate numeration system. Subsequently, we compared these fitted curves to full-matched data of non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican American women reported by the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). We found that all fitted curves of bone mass of non-Hispanic black women were significantly higher than those of Chinese, non-Hispanic white, and Mexican American women (P = 0.000). The BMD and BMC fitted curves in various regions of the hip for non-Hispanic blacks were 22%–28% and 26%–43% higher than those for Chinese women, 8.3%–13% and 7.9%–9.5% higher than those for non-Hispanic whites, and 8.8%–10% and 13%–19% higher than those for Mexican Americans, respectively. However, when the expression of difference was transformed from BMD to vBMD at the femoral neck, the difference between Chinese and non-Hispanic black women was reduced from 22% to 18% and that between Chinese and non-Hispanic white women from 7.4% to 0.8%, but the difference increased from 3.2% to 9.6% between non-Hispanic white and Mexican American women and from 13% to 17% between non-Hispanic white and non-Hispanic black women. By the age of 80 years, the accumulated bone loss rate in various regions of the proximal femur for Chinese, Mexican Americans, non-Hispanic whites, and non-Hispanic blacks were −38.9% ± 1.8%, −34.4% ± 3.1%, −27.8% ± 5.9%, and −28.4% ± 4.8%, respectively. In conclusion, bone mass in the proximal femur of native Chinese women is significantly lower, and the bone loss rate greater, than those of non-Asian women in the United States. At the femoral neck, the vBMD of Chinese women is similar to that of non-Hispanic white women.     

Long‐term leisure‐time physical activity has a positive effect on bone mass gain in girls

The purpose of this 7‐year prospective longitudinal study was to examine whether the level and consistency of leisure‐time physical activity (LTPA) during adolescence affected the bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) attained at early adulthood. The study subjects were 202 Finnish girls who were 10 to 13 years of age at baseline. Bone area (BA), BMC, and BMD of the total body (TB), total femur (TF), and lumbar spine (L₂–L₄) were assessed by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). Scores of LTPA were obtained by questionnaire. Girls were divided into four groups: consistently low physical activity (G_LL), consistently high (G_HH), and changed from low to high (G_LH) and from high to low (G_HL) during 7 years of follow‐up. At baseline, no differences were found in BA, BMC, and BMD among the groups in any of the bone sites. Compared with the G_LL group, the G_HH group had higher BMC (11.7% in the TF, p < .05) and BMD at the TB (4.5%) and the TF (12.2%, all p < .05) at age 18. Those in the G_LH group also had higher a BMC at each site (8.5% to 9.4%, p < .05) and a higher BMD in the TB (5.4%) and the TF (8.9%) than that of G_LL (all p < 0.05) at the age 18. Our results suggest that long‐term leisure‐time physical activity has a positive effect on bone mass gain of multiple bone sites in girls during the transition from prepuberty to early adulthood. In addition, girls whose physical activity increases during adolescence also benefit from bone mass gain. © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research     

Relationship between body composition and bone mineral density in women with and without osteoporosis: relative contribution of lean and fat mass

To assess the relationship of total fat mass (TFM) and total lean mass (TLM) with bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC), we studied 770 postmenopausal white women after total body measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Height-independent bone mineral density (HIBMD) was also tested. The effects of TFM and TLM on the dependent variables HIBMD, BMD, and BMC were assessed by the univariate general linear model (UGLM). Age, age at menopause, height, and bone area were entered in the models as controlling variables when appropriate. In the total population, TLM and TFM were associated with BMD, BMC, and HIBMD (P < 0.001). Taking the T-score cut-off as −2.5, women without (463) and with (307) osteoporosis were then tested separately. In nonosteoporotic women, TLM was significantly associated with BMD, BMC, and HIBMD (P < 0.001), while TFM was not. In osteoporotic women, both TLM and TFM were associated with BMD to the same extent (P < 0.05), but not with HIBMD. Women without osteoporosis were then tested according to whether their TFM/TLM fraction was less than or greater than 1. In those with TFM/TLM less than 1, both TLM (P < 0.001) and TFM (P < 0.01), tested separately, were associated with BMD and BMC, but not with HIBMD. When TLM and TFM were tested at the same time and assessed by the same UGLM, only TLM (P < 0.001) still affected these three bone parameters. In women with TFM/TLM greater than 1, testing the body components both separately and at the same time and using the UGLM showed that TFM affected both BMC and BMD (P < 0.05), while TLM did not. In conclusion, our data indicate that both TFM and TLM affect bone density, with different physiological/pathological conditions modulating this relationship.     

Bone mass in female cynomolgus macaques: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study by age

A cross-sectional study by age was designed to evaluate and describe the bone mineral content (BMC, g) and density (BMD, g/cm²) in a population of female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to measure, in segments L2-L4 of the lumbar spine, the BMC (BMC_s), BMD (BMD_s), length, and total-body BMC (BMC_TB) in 171 female monkeys ranging in age between 3.7 and 22.0 years. The animals were divided into three age groups: (1) young (<6.5 years, n=51); (2) adult (>6.5 years and <10.5 years, n=63); and (3) mature (>10.5 years, n=57). Young animals had a significantly lower (P<0.05) body weight and shorter trunk length than adult or mature animals. Young animals also had significantly less (P<0.05) BMC_S, BMD_S, and BMC_TB than adult or mature animals, and had significantly shorter (P<0.05) lumbar spine vertebral segments than the other two groups. Longitudinally, 63 animals had repeated lumbar spine scans to examine changes over time. Young animals showed a positive and significant change (P<0.05) in BMC_S and BMD_S through time, whereas these parameters did not change in adult animals, and mature animals had a trend towards bone loss through time. Densitometric results suggested that peak bone mass in the lumbar spine was achieved by 9 years of age. Radiographic and dental criteria were developed to identify animals that had reached peak bone mass, and the combined radiographic and dental scoring system reliably identified animals 9 years and older. Female cynomolgus macaques 9 years old or older are recommended for investigations of bone remodeling and associated conditions, such as osteoporosis.     

Effects of treadmill exercise on bone mass,bone metabolism,and calciotropic hormones in young growing rats

The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of exercise on bone mass, bone metabolism, and calciotropic hormones in young growing rats. Twenty 6-week-old female Wistar rats were randomized into the following four groups with 5 animals each: 7 weeks of exercise, 7 weeks of sedentary control, 11 weeks of exercise, and 11 weeks of sedentary control. The exercise regimen consisted of running on a treadmill at 25m/min for 1h each day on 5 days a week. After each period of exercise, the bone mineral content (BMC) of the tibia and fifth lumbar spine was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, using a Lunar DPX-L instrument. The femoral length and levels of bone markers and calciotropic hormones were also assessed. Seven and 11 weeks of exercise increased the serum osteocalcin and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ levels, and decreased the serum parathyroid level. Seven weeks of exercise decreased the urinary deoxypyridinoline level, and 11 weeks of exercise increased the serum alkaline phosphatase level and decreased the serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase level. As a result, 7 and 11 weeks of exercise increased the femoral length and tibial BMC, but did not alter the lumbar BMC. The present study demonstrates that treadmill exercise stimulates bone formation and suppresses bone resorption, increases the serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ level, and decreases the serum parathyroid hormone level, resulting in an increase in bone mass with stimulation of longitudinal bone growth, especially at weight-bearing sites, in young growing rats. Further studies with long-term exercise may be needed to obtain a positive effect on the lumbar BMC.     

Relationship between vascular calcification, arterial stiffness and bone mineral density in a cross-sectional study of prevalent Australian haemodialysis patients

Background:   Cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients is associated with increased vascular calcification (VC) and arterial stiffness, both inversely correlated with bone mineral density (BMD). Few studies have correlated VC in the dialysis population with measurements of BMD and arterial compliance.
Methods:   We report cross-sectional data on 45 haemodialysis (HD) patients assessing the prevalence of VC and its associations. Patients had computed tomography scans through abdominal aorta and superficial femoral arteries (SFA) to determine VC, pulse wave velocity (PWV) using SphygmoCor device measuring arterial stiffness, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine BMD.
Results:   Patients, 64% male, 38% diabetic, had median age 58 years. Mean PWV was 8.7 ± 3.5 m/s and median aortic VC score 488.1 ± 298 Hounsfield units, with 91% having aortic VC present. In univariate linear regression analysis, aortic VC correlated positively with length of HD ( P  = 0.03) and diabetes ( P  = 0.06). Increasing PWV was positively associated with age ( P  = 0.001), diabetes ( P  = 0.05) and VC (aortic P  = 0.08, SFA P  = 0.01). In multivariate regression analysis, length of HD and diabetes were significantly associated with aortic VC, whereas age and diabetes were associated with SFA VC and PWV. Mean lumbar spine and femoral neck T-scores on DXA were 0.14 and −1.66 respectively.
Conclusion:   Increased VC and reduced arterial compliance, both closely related, are common in Australian HD patients. Both are associated with diabetes and increasing age, and greater aortic VC is seen with longer duration of dialysis.     

The relation between tooth loss and bone mass in postmenopausal osteoporotic women in Turkey: a multicenter study

 The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations of tooth loss with skeletal bone mass, years since menopause, educational level, current smoking status, dietary calcium intake, and number of pregnancies in postmenopausal osteoporotic women in Turkey. The study population consisted of 1171 postmenopausal women aged 40–86 years (mean age, 61.19 ± 7.28 years). A detailed history was obtained from all women, including relevant lifestyle parameters, risk factors, and measurements of weight and height. Women were separated into three groups according to the number of teeth remaining as group 1 (edentulous, 457 women), group 2 (10 or fewer teeth, 232 women), and group 3 (more than 10 teeth remaining, 482 women). There was no significant difference among the three groups in mean age and menopausal age (P < 0.05). Body mass index of group 1 was significantly higher than that of group 2 (P < 0.01). Educational level was significantly different between three groups: groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.001), groups 1 and 3 (P < 0.0001), and groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.001). Educational level was lowest in group 1 and highest in group 3. Despite a low ratio of cigarette smoking in general, a smoking habit was most prevalent in group 3 and least in group 2. The ratio of women receiving adequate calcium was significantly lower in group 1 than in other groups (P < 0.001); mean calcium intake was similar in all groups. The number of pregnancies was significantly higher in group 1 than in other groups (P < 0.001). Lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) of group 1 was significantly lower than that of groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.001). Although no significant difference was found between groups 1 and 3, femoral neck BMD of group 2 was less than in others, and differences between groups 1 and 2 and between groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.001) were significant. Lumbar bone mineral content (BMC) of group 1 was significantly lower than that of groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.001), and lumbar BMC in group 2 was significantly higher than in group 3 (P < 0.05). Femoral neck BMC in group 1 was significantly higher than in groups 2 and 3 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, lumbar BMD and BMC in the edentulous group were significantly lower, whereas femoral neck BMD and BMC were significantly higher in edentulous group compared with the others. Our findings indicated that improvement in lifestyle factors and nutritional strategies for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis may have additional benefit in reducing tooth loss. Received: February 18, 2002 / Accepted: June 21, 2002 Offprint requests to: A. Gur     

Effect of intranasal salmon calcitonin therapy on bone mass and bone turnover in early postmenopausal women: A dose-response study

We examine the dose-related effect of intranasal salmon calcitonin (sCT) on the early postmenopausal bone loss and bone turnover; a 2-year, prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out with 134 healthy women who had passed a natural menopause within 6 months to 3 years. The women were allocated randomly to 2 years of treatment with either 100, 200, or 400 IU of sCT given intranasally or placebo. All groups received a calcium supplement of 500 mg. Twenty-one women left the study before its end and 91 complied with the study criteria throughout. Bone mineral content/density of the distal forearm and lumbar spine and biochemical parameters of bone turnover were measured. Although the measurements after 24 months revealed no significant difference between groups in bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, the average changes over time revealed prevention of bone loss in the groups treated with 200 and 400 IU of sCT (0.2 to-0.6%) and declines of 0.8-1.7% in the groups treated with 100 IU of sCT and placebo (P<0.05–0.01; within-group testing). There was no dose-related response to sCT but there was a significant difference between the pooled groups treated with 200 plus 400 IU of sCT versus the 100 IU sCT and placebo-treated groups (P=0.030–0.005). The same difference between groups was seen for biochemical parameters of bone turnover (P=0.022–0.003). The biochemical parameters of bone turnover revealed decreases of 10–20% (P<0.001; within group testing) in the groups treated with the two highest sCT doses. It was concluded that nasal sCT in doses of 200 and 400 IU has some effect in women soon after the menopause—preventing the bone loss in the spine throughout the first year of therapy and lowering the bone turnover. It may be used as an alternative to hormone replacement when estrogens are contraindicated. The present data indicate that discontinuous strategies should be preferred.     

非酒精性脂肪肝与骨密度关联研究的相关进展

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,NAFLD)是非常常见的与代谢综合征的临床特征密切相关的病理状态,其特点在于肝内三酰甘油的堆积及肝脏病变持续进展。在全球,非酒精性脂肪肝的患病率越来越高,特别是在发展中国家,日渐成为危害公众健康的问题。过去认为胰岛素抵抗和肥胖是非酒精性脂肪肝的主要危险因素,与肥胖有着平行关系,近期倾向于肝脏是涉及多器官及系统的复杂作用的中心,包括骨骼及骨骼肌系统。多个横断面研究也发现,胰岛素抵抗、肥胖除了与NAFLD密切相关外,同时也与骨密度间存在着关联,并且不少研究发现NAFLD患者骨密度及骨量较正常同龄人减少,但具体机制仍未清楚。目前认为导致骨质疏松症骨密度的恶化是与年龄相关的过程,另外,NAFLD的患病率也随着年龄增长而增加,两者均有年龄相关性。但NAFLD与骨密度间是否存在关联,目前尚存在争议,笔者就NAFLD对骨密度的影响及相互关系结合国内外的研究进展进行综述。     

成人无功能性垂体腺瘤患者术后垂体功能减退对骨密度和身体成分的影响

目的横断面调查成人无功能性垂体腺瘤(non-functional pituitary adenoma,NFPA)术后垂体功能减退患者骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)及身体成分的改变,进一步分析BMD与身体成分的关系。方法收集2018年11月至2020年1月就诊于中南大学湘雅医院的成人NFPA术后垂体功能减退患者43例,并收集年龄、性别比、体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)匹配的健康对照组56例,测量所有研究对象BMI、腰围、腰臀比,采用双能X线骨密度仪(DEXA)评估腰椎及髋关节的BMD并分析骨骼肌质量及体脂含量。结果(1)垂体功能减退组腰椎L_1~4、股骨颈的BMD及Z值,全身总和骨矿含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。(2)在男性,垂体功能减退患者的腰臀比、腰围身高比、躯干及全身脂肪百分比、脂肪指数显著高于对照组;在女性,垂体功能减退患者的腰围、腰臀比、躯干及全身脂肪百分比、A/G比率、躯干脂肪比/腿部脂肪比均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。(3)Pearson相关性分析显示,四肢骨骼肌质量(ASM)、骨骼肌质量指数(SMI)与男性患者各部位的BMD呈显著正相关,躯干及全身脂肪百分比与女性患者髋部BMD呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析示,SMI是男性患者腰椎L_1~4 BMD、股骨颈BMD、全髋关节BMD、全身骨矿含量的独立保护因素(P<0.05)。结论(1)成人无功能性垂体腺瘤术后发生垂体功能减退的患者出现骨密度减低及腹部脂肪沉积的风险增加。(2)骨骼肌质量及体脂对骨密度有重要影响,SMI是男性垂体功能减退患者腰椎与髋部骨密度、全身骨矿含量的独立保护因素。     

Bone microarchitecture assessed by TBS predicts osteoporotic fractures independent of bone density: the Manitoba study

The measurement of BMD by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the “gold standard” for diagnosing osteoporosis but does not directly reflect deterioration in bone microarchitecture. The trabecular bone score (TBS), a novel gray‐level texture measurement that can be extracted from DXA images, correlates with 3D parameters of bone microarchitecture. Our aim was to evaluate the ability of lumbar spine TBS to predict future clinical osteoporotic fractures. A total of 29,407 women 50 years of age or older at the time of baseline hip and spine DXA were identified from a database containing all clinical results for the Province of Manitoba, Canada. Health service records were assessed for the incidence of nontraumatic osteoporotic fracture codes subsequent to BMD testing (mean follow‐up 4.7 years). Lumbar spine TBS was derived for each spine DXA examination blinded to clinical parameters and outcomes. Osteoporotic fractures were identified in 1668 (5.7%) women, including 439 (1.5%) spine and 293 (1.0%) hip fractures. Significantly lower spine TBS and BMD were identified in women with major osteoporotic, spine, and hip fractures (all p < 0.0001). Spine TBS and BMD predicted fractures equally well, and the combination was superior to either measurement alone (p < 0.001). Spine TBS predicts osteoporotic fractures and provides information that is independent of spine and hip BMD. Combining the TBS trabecular texture index with BMD incrementally improves fracture prediction in postmenopausal women. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research