Oral health status and treatment needs among school children in Sana’a City,Yemen

To cite this article:
Int J Dent Hygiene
DOI: 10.1111/j.1601‐5037.2009.00398.x
Al‐Haddad KA, Al‐Hebshi NN, Al‐Ak’hali MS. Oral health status and treatment needs among school children in Sana’a City, Yemen. Abstract: Data on the oral health status and treatment needs among Yemeni children are lacking. Objectives: To assess caries prevalence, treatment needs and gingival health status among school children in Sana’a City and to examine how these are affected by age, gender and khat chewing. Methods: 1489 children (6‐ to 14‐year old) were randomly selected from 27 schools representing all nine districts of Sana’a City. Dental caries and treatment needs were evaluated using standard WHO oral survey methods. The plaque index (PI), calculus index (CI) and the gingival index (GI), recorded at the six Ramfjord’s teeth, were used to assess gingival health status. Results: 4.1% of the study subjects were caries‐free. Prevalence of these was significantly higher among the males. Overall, mean dmfs, dmft, DMFS and DMFT scores were 8.45, 4.16, 3.59 and 2.25 respectively. The decayed component accounted for >85% of the scores. The highest dmfs/dmft means were found among the 6–8 years age group, while the highest DMFS/DMFT means were scored by the 12–14 years age group. The need for restorative treatment and extractions was high; the former was significantly higher among the females. All subjects had gingivitis; the mean PI, CI and GI were 1.25, 0.3 and 1.36 respectively. Khat chewing did not affect caries experience; however, it was significantly associated with higher PI, CI and GI scores. Conclusions: The prevalence of caries, gingivitis and treatment needs among children in Sana’a city is high. More surveys in other Yemeni cities to generate comprehensive data are required.     

Oral health status of adult population in Athens, Greece

An epidemiological study of dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral hygiene status in 736 employed adults aged 19-64 yr, was conducted in Athens, Greece. Dental caries was found to be prevalent, affecting almost the entire population examined. The mean DMFT values varied from 8.99 +/- 5.98 to 17.05 +/- 6.58 in different age groups. No difference was found in the mean DMFT values between sexes. Periodontal disease affected the 92.7% of the examined sample. The PI scores increased with age from 1.08 +/- 0.84 in the age group 19-24 yr to 3.7 +/- 1.84 in the age group 55-64 yr. Women showed lower PI index values than men but this difference was not statistically significant. The mean values of oral hygiene index varied from 1.60 +/- 1.05 to 1.97 +/- 1.42 in different age groups. Women presented better oral hygiene status than men and this difference was statistically significant for the younger age groups. Data concerning the toothbrushing frequency of the examined population are also presented. The results of this baseline study indicate that effective dental care is needed for the improvement of oral health status of the adult population.     

Oral health knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of adults in China

OBJECTIVES: To describe oral health behaviour, illness behaviour, oral health knowledge and attitudes among 35-44 and 65-74-year-old Chinese; to analyse the oral health behaviour profile of the two age groups in relation to province and urbanisation, and to assess the relative effect of socio-behavioural risk factors on dental caries experience. METHODS: A total number of 4,398 35-44-year-olds and 4,399 65-74-year-olds were selected by multistage stratified cluster random sampling which involved 11 provinces in China. Data were collected by self-administered structured questionnaires and clinical examinations (WHO criteria). RESULTS: 32% of the 35-44-year-olds and 23% of the 65-74-year-olds brushed at least twice a day but only 5% used fluoridated toothpaste; 30% and 17% respectively performed 'Love-Teeth-Day' recommended methods of tooth brushing. A dental visit within the previous 12 months was reported by 25% of all participants and 6% had a dental check-up during the past two years. Nearly 15% of the subjects would visit a dentist if they experienced bleeding from gums; about 60% of the subjects paid no attention to signs of caries if there was no pain. Two thirds of the urban residents and one fifth of the rural participants had economic support for their dental treatment from a third party, either totally or partially. Significant variations in oral health practices were found according to urbanisation and province. At age 35-44 years 43% of participants had daily consumption of sweets against 28% at age 65-74 years. Dental caries experience was affected by urbanisation, gender, frequency, time spent on and method of tooth brushing. Knowledge of causes and prevention of dental diseases was low with somewhat negative attitudes to prevention observed. CONCLUSION: Systematic community-based oral health promotion should be strengthened and preventive-oriented oral health care systems are needed, including promotion of further self-care practices and the use of fluoridated toothpaste.     

Epidemiologic oral health survey of Argentine children

Abstract An epidemiologic oral health survey of 2279 children aged 7–8 and 12–13 was carried out in eight different regions of Argentina using methods and criteria recommended by the WHO. The children examined lived in rural or urban areas and were of Caucasian or Amerindian extraction. Periodontal status showed that 75% of this population had soft deposits, while calculus and gingivitis increased with age. Calculus: 0.4 at 7 yr to 16.1 at 13: gingivitis: 2.7% at 7 yr to 27.2% at 13. At age 8, the mean number of DMF per child was 3.9. The percentage of caries-free children with permanent dentition dropped from 60% at age 7 to 32% at age 13. In Amerindian children, all these parameters were higher. Both the mean DMF and DMF per child were substantially lower in natural fluoride areas than in non-fluoride areas. Data from this first nationwide epidemiologic study in this country provide baseline data for further investigations. According to the data obtained in this study, Argentine regions may be classified as high, medium or low risk areas, although a lack of adequate dental care was found in all regions. With these risk priorities as a guideline, we propose an initial strategy consisting of a carefully planned and selective program of primary dental health care.     

Oral health survey in Haitian and Hamburg children aged 12–15

Abstract— Oral hygiene, dental caries and periodontal diseases were surveyed in 1743 children aged 12–15. Of these 879 of Black origin resided in Haiti (West Indies) and 864 of While origin in Hamburg (West Germany). Oral hygiene was assessed using the G reene & V ermillion 'sOHI-S, periodontal status using R amfjord 's PDI and M uhlemann 'S SBI and the caries rate using the DMFT and DMFS indices. Boys of all age groups showed significantly poorer oral hygiene than girls. In the Hamburg children the mean OHI-S was 1.28, in Haitians 1.14. Periodontal diseases showed equal prevalence in Haiti and Hamburg when expressed in PDI, namely 0.59, while SBI was slightly higher in the Haitians, namely 2.58 against 2.21 in the Hamburg children. Hamburg girls showed lower PDI and SBI scores than all boys and Haitian girls. Same degrees of OHI-S caused more severe periodontal diseases among Haitian than among German children. In general, scores of OHI-S, PDI and SBI increased with age except in Haitian girls, who showed a decrease. The DMFT and DMFS of the Haitian children averaged 3.65 and 4.80 respectively, and those of the Hamburg children 8.35 and 21.09.     

Oral health status and treatment needs in a disadvantaged, rural population in Norway

ABSTRACT Oral health and dental treatment needs were investigated in 216 disadvantaged, rural dwellers aged 20 to 60 years. Oral health was generally poor. One-third of the group was edentulous, while the dentulous persons had an average of 13 remaining teeth. Every second dentulous person had one or more residual roots. DMF teeth averaged 28.1, Gingival Index 1.59, and Oral Hygiene Index 2.87. Two-thirds of the group wore some removable denture, and every second denture was found to have major defects. According to described criteria, 96 % of the group needed some treatment. Prosthetic treatment was the most frequent requirement and applied to 69 % of the group. The estimated total treatment time per individual averaged 255 minutes. The time estimates varied markedly with age and treatment pattern.     

An epidemiologic survey of oral health in Swaziland

An epidemiologic survey of oral health was conducted on 480 schoolchildren and 400 adults in Swaziland. Age groups 7, 14, 20-24 and 35-44 were selected, and nine sampling sites were chosen in various parts of the country. Oral hygiene was generally poor, visible soft deposits being prevalent in all age groups and calculus in adults. Advanced periodontal disease was present in most people over 35 years of age, and intense gingivitis was widespread in all age groups. Dental caries was found to be a common problem, affecting practically every person, in many cases quite severely. There was a tendency towards accumulation of the disease in children. Some geographic variation was found in the prevalence and severity of dental caries and periodontal disease. An additional sample of privileged children was examined, and among these children 14-year-olds showed significantly higher DMFS values than their age mates in the rest of the country. Tooth defects, including fluorosis, and oral mucosal diseases did not seem to constitute severe problems of oral health in Swaziland. On the basis of these data a public dental health program has been initiated which emphasizes prevention.     

农村社区儿童口腔健康状况的调查研究

目的　调查农村地区儿童与青少年口腔健康状况 ,为开展农村社区口腔保健项目制订相应对策。方法　采用随机分层、整群抽样的方法 ,抽取两个省的二个乡镇社区 1～ 12岁儿童及 15岁、18岁青少年共计 2 793名。采用WHO的基本调查方法进行龋病与牙周病患病状况的调查 ,分析学龄前无龋儿童与高龋儿童 (龋均 >3)的分布状况 ,以及调查青少年的牙周健康状况 ,评价疾病的分布范围与严重程度 ,以便确定干预的重点。结果　学龄前儿童乳牙患龋水平很高 ,6岁儿童患龋率为 72 .9% ,龋均 3.6 4 ;其中无龋儿童为 2 7.15 % ,高龋儿童 5 2 .2 % ,97%的龋未经治疗。 7～ 12岁儿童乳牙患龋率随年龄增长逐年下降 ,至 12岁仍有乳牙龋残留。恒牙患龋水平很低 ,12岁患龋率 2 1% ,龋均 0 .38,95 %未经治疗。青少年软垢指数为中等水平 ,口腔卫生状况普遍较差 ,牙龈炎与牙石严重 ,浅牙周袋很少 ,无深牙周袋 ,未发现牙周炎问题。结论　农村儿童乳牙龋患严重 ,恒牙龋水平很低 ,大多数龋未经治疗。口腔卫生状况较差 ,牙龈炎、牙石严重。发展农村社区保健项目 ,初级口腔卫生保健应是重点。     

江苏省12～74岁自然人群牙周健康状况流行病学抽样调查

目的了解江苏省12~74岁自然人群牙周健康流行状况,为开展口腔预防保健提供基线资料。方法参考世界卫生组织(WHO)《口腔健康调查基本方法》(第4版)调查方法,采用多阶段、分层、等容量、随机抽样的方法,调查江苏省12岁、35~44岁和65~74岁3个年龄组的城乡居民2373人,其中城市1186人,农村1187人。结果①城乡居民牙周健康的检出率和区段数仅为8.05%和1.62;牙龈出血检出率和区段数为61.27%和1.50;牙结石检出率和区段数为84.45%和3.64;浅牙周袋检出率和区段数为32.07%和0.56;深牙周袋检出率和区段数为7.46%和0.10。②农村居民的口腔健康状况比城市居民差。③中老年组牙周袋检出率和区段数随年龄增长而增加。④3个年龄组相应指标的检出率和平均区段数均高于全国第2次口腔流行病调查的结果。结论牙周病是江苏省居民常见病、多发病,牙结石是居民口腔卫生面临的一个重要问题。因此,应加强口腔预防保健工作,开展社区口腔卫生服务,使牙周病也能做到早发现、早治疗。     

Oral conditions in a population of young adults in Strasbourg

The oral conditions of 1,993 young adults, 16-30 years old, constituting a statistically representative random sample of the population of Strasbourg, were studied. Plaque, calculus, and gingival indices were determined as well as DMFT and DMFS caries indices. All these indices showed a highly statistically significant linear correlation with age. Sex had a significant influence on caries indices but not on plaque, calculus, or gingival indices. Socioprofessional conditions had a very significant influence on caries and gingival indices but not much on plaque index and not at all on calculus index.     

Dental health of patients with Parkinson's disease in Iceland

The oral and dental health of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) has not been well documented and the findings are conflicting. Patients with PD were invited to take part in a clinical and radiographic examination together with a comparison control group of persons who were a spouse or family member. Subjects (n = 67) and controls (n = 55) were examined and compared. Subjects with PD had more missing teeth, caries, dental plaque, and poorer periodontal health. Counts of cariogenic bacteria in saliva were significantly higher for subjects with PD. They did not consume more sweets or sugar, did not brush less frequently, used dental floss more than controls, and visited the dentist at least as often. Salivary flow levels were comparable between subjects with PD and controls. The lack of muscular control may explain the poorer oral health of patients with PD. Dentists and patients with PD may be reluctant to embark on complex dental procedures, and this may explain the increased number of missing teeth in persons with PD in this study.     

Oral health status of male prisoners in Italy

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of dental and root caries, periodontal conditions, and prosthetic status of prison inmates. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: Penal institutions in the Calabria region (Italy). PARTICIPANTS: A random sample of 544 prisoners. METHODS: Participants underwent a structured interview by trained interviewers and a dental examination. RESULTS: Only 2% had no history of caries. Mean DMFT and DMFS were 9.8 and 37.6 and missing teeth was the most prevalent component of the DMFT. Higher DMFT was found among older prisoners, having regular dental attendance, higher plaque index, and in those with a lower frequency of a tooth brushing habit. Conservative care and extractions were required by 61.9% and 33.3%. The mean plaque and gingival indices were 0.74 and 0.75; 10.5% had healthy periodontal tissues. The highest number of individuals was classified as having a CPI of 2, whereas 5% had at least one sextant with a CPI score of 4. Deep pockets were more likely in older subjects and in those with a lower frequency of a tooth brushing habit. A minimum of oral hygiene instruction was needed by 89.6%. Seven subjects were edentulous and 85.1% had a prosthetic treatment need. CONCLUSIONS: This survey emphasises the need for programmes to improve the oral health of prisoners.     

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口腔疾病患病率和发病率特别高,是主要的公共卫生问题之一。特别在社会低收入人群中,口腔疾病已经成为主要的疾病负担之一。本文就我国口腔流行病学资料,对我国目前口腔疾病的现状、改变的趋势、发展及对策做一论述和探讨。     

Oral Health Status, Knowledge, and Practices in an Amish Population

This study was conducted in the summer of 1985 to assess the oral health status, knowledge, and practices of an Amish population in southwest Michigan. Dental caries experience, periodontal health, and oral hygiene status were recorded using decayed, missing, and filled surfaces (DMFS), periodontal index (PI), and simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S). Data on oral health knowledge and practices were collected by interviews using a structured questionnaire. Results showed significantly lower levels of disease among Amish. DMFS scores for 5-17-year-old Amish children were almost half that of the US general population (NIDR 1979-80). PI score of all ages combined was 2.0, which was 3.6 times lower than a national sample (1971-74). Lower levels of disease in Amish could be related to their way of life and dietary patterns. A relatively higher level of unmet need for prosthodontic care, inadequate oral health knowledge, and barriers to dental care in the study population emphasize the need for dental public health and health education programs.     

Oral health promotion for our ageing Australian population

The ageing Australian population living in the new millennium has dental needs that are very different and more complex than those experienced by previous older adult cohorts during the twentieth century. A summary of the oral health status of older Australians is presented, together with a review of the important relationships between general health and oral health. The key to maintaining and improving older adults' oral health status is the use of oral health promotion strategies that focus not only on dental characteristics, but also on the life characteristics of older adults, and on their quality of life issues. Traditionally, there has been very limited geriatric oral health promotion, with several myths contributing to this situation. Contemporary geriatric oral health promotion in the new millenium has an evidence-based and planned approach. It encompasses not only the treatment of oral diseases and conditions, but has an increased focus on the prevention of oral diseases and conditions to enhance oral health status and older adults' quality of life. Using the Ottawa Charter and a functional dependence classification, a geriatric oral health promotion matrix is presented, using a specific example of Australian residential care.     

Oral health promotion among adults with diabetes in Finland

OBJECTIVES: In the present community trial, changes in oral health among adults with diabetes in Finland were assessed in three differing intervention groups and in a control group. The goal of intervention was to promote periodontal health. METHODS: The study population comprised of 120 adults with diabetes, who were regular patients at the Salo Regional Hospital Diabetes Clinic in Salo, Finland. All underwent periodontal examination in 1999 and 2001. The percentage of dropouts was 4%. Outcome measures were visible plaque, presence of calculus, and the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN) index calculated for each tooth separately. Oral-health-related factors were determined by a questionnaire. Intervention based on the recommended treatment interval was carried out in the following groups: diabetes nurse-letter-reminder group (n = 26), diabetes nurse-reminder group (n = 31), letter-reminder group (n = 30), and a control group (n = 28). RESULTS: A significant decrease occurred in the visible plaque index between 1999 and 2001 in all groups, and in calculus index in the diabetes-nurse-reminder group and in the letter-reminder group. During the study period, only in the control group, the CPITN index codes 3 and 4, calculated for each tooth separately, increased. CONCLUSION: These positive results emphasize the potential of existing health-care actions for promoting periodontal health. With minimal recourse demands, it was possible to increase oral health behaviors and periodontal health among patients with diabetes.     

Oral health in Slovenia, Yugoslavia

An oral health epidemiological survey using WHO assessment forms was conducted in the Republic of Slovenia (Yugoslavia) in 1987. The study population consisted of 1623 persons aged 6, 12, 15, 18, 35-44 and over 65 yr. The survey included 10 towns in 9 geographical areas of Slovenia. The results showed the prevalence of dental caries in the Slovenian population to be very high (93.6% in 12-yr-olds). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) scores were as follows: 5.1 at age 12 yr, 10.2 at 15 yr, 12.9 at 18 yr, 20.5 at 35-44 yr, and 27.0 in persons aged over 65 yr. Assessment of the periodontal status showed calculus to be the predominant disorder in the age groups 18 and 35-44 yr, while shallow pockets prevailed in persons aged over 65 yr.     

Oral health in SFR Yugoslavia in 1986

A pilot oral health epidemiological survey using WHO assessment forms was conducted in Yugoslavia in the year 1986. The study population consisted of 2600 persons aged 6, 12, 15, 18, 35-44, and over 65 yr. The survey included 22 towns (11 developed and 11 underdeveloped) in the six Republics and two Provinces of Yugoslavia. The results showed the prevalence of dental caries in the Yugoslav population to be very high (98.7% in 12-yr-olds). The mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMF) scores were as follows: 6.1 at age 12 yr, 9.6 at age 15, 10.9 at age 18, 18.0 at age 35-44, and 28.0 in persons aged over 65 yr. Assessment of the periodontal status showed calculus to be the predominant disorder in the age groups 18 and 35-44 yr, while loss of sextants prevailed in persons aged over 65 yr.