急性出血坏死性胰腺炎非手术治疗关键环节的研究——附83例分析

从1970年1月至1996年4月共收治急性出血坏死性胰腺炎(AHNP)病人160例,1980年以前以简化手术为主,1980—1990年期间以经典手术为主,1990年以后以非手术治疗为主。非手术治疗组的各种并发症及死亡率均低于手术治疗组(p<0.05)。并发症ARDS、胰腺脓肿、腹腔出血可能和手术打击有关。因此非手术治疗值得提倡和推广。采用非手术治疗的关键环节:(一)诊断要十分明确;(二)早期(发病3—5日内)以纠正内环境紊乱及减轻胰外器官损害为主;(三)中期(发病2—4周内)以防治胰腺坏死组织继发感染为主;(四)后期(发病4周后)以处理胰腺坏死组织引起并发症为主。     

非手术治疗急性出血坏死性胰腺炎83例分析

非手术治疗急性出血坏死性胰腺炎８３例分析北京医科大学第三医院普外科（１０００８３）侯宽永袁炯修典荣宋世兵近年来采用非手术治疗急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＨＮＰ）的报告在不断增加。本文总结我院从１９７０年１月至１９９６年４月早期非手术治疗ＡＨＮＰ８３例，并...     

急性出血坏死性胰腺炎患者手术治疗意义的探讨

作者总结４年来治疗急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＨＮＰ）７０例的经验。胆源性３９例，非胆源性３９例。早期简化手术治疗１４例，非手术治疗５６例，其中中转手术１１例，手术距发病时间９～９０天，中转手术原因：坏死组织感染５例，无菌性坏死性包块引起胆道及胃肠道梗阻２例，大量胰性腹水１例，巨大假性囊肿１例，假性囊肿破裂出血２例。１１例中行坏死组织清除及外引流７例（其中３例采用多个小切口），囊肿内引流１例，囊肿外引流２例，单纯腹腔置管引流腹水１例；术后腹腔感染９例，消化道瘘１例，胰瘘６例。全组死亡３例，死亡率为４．３％。早期手术指征为诊断不明及伴有严重胆管炎；中转手术指征为：（１）坏死组织继发不可控性感染；（２）无菌性坏死性包块出现并发症；（３）胰腺假性囊肿及其并发症；（４）大量腹水经保守治疗不能控制；（５）胆源性坏死性胰腺炎治愈后应择期行胆道手术；（６）坏死性胰腺炎原因不明。     

胰酶自身消化在大鼠急性出血坏死性胰腺炎病程中的应用

目的 探讨急性出坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＨＮＰ）病程中胰酶自身消化对胰腺病变的作用程度及胰酶活性与胰腺病变间的关系。方法 以３％牛磺胆酸钠经胆胰管逆行注射制成大鼠ＡＨＮＰ，观察血清、十二指肠液、胰腺组织胰酶活性变化及胰腺组织学改变。结果 ＡＨＮＰ６小时出现严重的胰腺出血坏死，血清胰酶活性显著升高（Ｐ〈０．０１），十二指肠液、胰腺组织胰酶活性显著降低（Ｐ〈０．０１），１２小时后三种胰酶活性呈进行性降低，胰腺     

急性出血坏死型胰腺炎的并发症与死因分析

急性出血坏死型胰腺炎的并发症与死因分析上海市嘉定区中心医院普外科（２０１８００）陆林兴，吴萍山急性出血坏死型胰腺炎（ＡＨＮＰ）是急性胰腺炎（ＡＰ）中的重症型，处理困难、并发症多、死亡率高。我院６年内共收治ＡＰ２０４例，其中手术证实为ＡＨＮＰ者３４例，...     

重症急性胰腺炎的手术与非手术治疗

为提高重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）的疗效，作者总结了９３例ＳＡＰ患者的治疗经验。９３例中，治愈７３例（７８．５％）、死亡２０例（２１．５％）。手术治疗组５３例，死亡１５例（２８．３％）；非手术治疗组４０例，死亡５例（１２．５％）。１９９２年以前早期手术为主，死亡率２３％；１９９２年以后非手术或延期手术为主，死亡率１９．５％。作者认为本病的死亡原因与病情、胰腺坏死范围、有无继发感染及器官衰竭的处理方法有关。早期手术未能改善初期休克、胰腺广泛坏死、器官衰竭等并发症的预后，而非手术方法可以治愈大多数ＳＡＰ病例。胰腺组织坏死继发严重感染者应行手术治疗。手术方法以坏死组织清除和充分引流为主。     

非手术治疗重症急性胰腺炎

非手术治疗重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）是针对过去常规采取早期手术治疗而提出的一种内科治疗方式。它的优点是并发症少,病死率低,并可使大部分病人免于手术。本文参阅国内外文献,结合我们的临床实践和实验研究,对非手术治疗ＳＡＰ的机理、适应证、方法和手术指征作一综合论述。１　非手术治疗ＳＡＰ的机理１１　ＳＡＰ是一种全身炎症反应ＳＡＰ是以胰腺弥漫性出血和组织坏死为特征的急性胰腺炎。它发病急骤,病情凶险。过去对它的发病机理缺乏认识,认为ＳＡＰ仅为胰腺自身消化的局部病变,采取早期手术可以阻止病变的发展,但结果不能…     

手术在急性出血坏死性胰腺炎治疗中的地位（附61例分析）

手术在急性出血坏死性胰腺炎治疗中的地位（附６１例分析）北京医科大学第三医院普外科（１０００８３）袁炯，候宽水，宋世兵，修典荣近年来，非手术治疗急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＨＮＰ）并发症发生率及病死率明显降低。但是，强调非手术治疗不能忽略手术治疗的重要性，...     

重症急性胰腺炎的治疗

目的 探讨重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）的治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析１０７例ＳＡＰ患者非手术治疗及手术治疗的疗效。结果 １０７例中治愈９８例（９１．６％）,死亡９例（８．４％）。８９例采用非手术治疗（其中１６例因并发症行延期手术治疗）,其中仅３例１周内死于早期休克,２例２周后死于继发性感染;３４例行手术者（包括１６例延期手术者）,４例死于术后并发症。结论 ＳＡＰ早期手术并非完全必要,手术治疗的“个体化”     

急性出血坏死性胰腺炎术后并发症的防治(附156例分析)

急性出血坏死性胰腺炎术后并发症的防治（附１５６例分析）镇江医学院附属医院普外科（２１２００１）谢啸东姚昌宏（指导）丹阳市人民医院外科张庆林徐卫星１）急性出血坏死性胰腺炎（ＡＨＮＰ）是一种症状凶险疾病，手术治疗后并发症甚多，平均病程常需２～３个月以上。...     

Surgical management of complications associated with percutaneous and/or endoscopic management of pseudocyst of the pancreas

OBJECTIVE: To study the magnitude of complications associated with the nonoperative management of peripancreatic fluid collections and pseudocysts and to assess the surgical management of these complications. These are compared with complications associated with operative management. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Pancreatic pseudocysts and peripancreatic fluid collections associated with acute pancreatitis have been managed with success using nonoperative techniques for more than a decade. When successful, these techniques have clear advantages compared with operative management. There has, however, been little focus on the magnitude and outcomes after complications sustained by nonoperative management. Our report focuses on these complications and pseudocysts and on the surgical management. We have been struck by the high percentage of patients who sustain significant and at times life-threatening complications related to the nonoperative management of fluid collections. We further define an association between the main pancreatic ductal anatomy and the likelihood of major complications after nonoperative management. METHODS: Between 1992 and 2003, all patients admitted to our service with peripancreatic fluid collections or pseudocysts were monitored. We evaluated complications patients managed with percutaneous (PD) or endoscopic drainage (E). Data were collected regarding patient characteristics, need for intensive care unit (ICU) stays, hemorrhage, hypotension, renal failure, and ventilator support. We further focused on the duration of fistula drainage from patients who have had a percutaneous drainage, and we assessed the necessity for urgent or emergent operation. By protocol, all patients had pancreatic ductal anatomy evaluated by means of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Patients with complications of E and PD were compared with 100 consecutive patients who underwent operative management of pseudocyst and fluid collections as their sole mode of intervention. RESULTS: A total of 79 patients with complications of PD, E, or both were studied. There were 41 males and 38 females in the group of patients who sustained complications (mean age 49 years). Sixty-six of the 79 subsequently required operation to manage their peripancreatic fluid collection, 37 urgent or emergent. The mean elapsed time from diagnosis to nonoperative intervention was 18.1 days. This group of 79 patients had mean 3.1 +/- 0.7 hospitalization (range, 1-7) and length-of-stay 42.7 +/- 4.1 days. ICU stays were required in 36 of the 79 (46%). A defined episode of clinical sepsis was identified in 72 of 79 (91%) and was by far the most common complication. Hemorrhage requiring transfusion was identified in 16 of the 79 (20%), clinical shock 51 of the 79 (65%), renal failure 16 of the 79 (20%), ventilator support for longer than 24 hours 19 of the 79 (24%). A persistent pancreatic fistula occurred in 66 of the 79 patients (84%); mean duration was 61.4 +/- 9.6 days. Sixty-three of the 79 patients with complications of E or PD had ductal anatomy (ERCP/MRCP) which predicted failure because of significant disruption or stenosis of the main pancreatic duct. Among the 100 operated patients, 69 complications occurred in 6 of the 100 (6%). Operation was initiated electively a mean interval of 42.7 days after diagnosis of pseudocyst. Hemorrhage, hypotension, renal failure, sepsis, persistent fistula, or urgent operation all were not seen in the complications associated with operated patients. CT imaging obtained at least 6 months after intervention documented complete resolution after surgery alone in 91 and 9 with cystic structures less than 2 cm. In patients with operation after failed nonoperative therapy, 6 patients had persistent cystic lesions less than 2 cm in diameter. CONCLUSION: These data support the premise that a choice between operative and nonoperative management for peripancreatic fluid collections and pseudocysts should be made with careful assessment of the pancreatic ductal anatomy, with a clear recognition of the magnitude of complications which are likely to occur should nonoperative measures be used in patients most likely to sustain complications. It is vital to recognize the magnitude and severity of complications of nonoperative measures as one chooses a modality. Ductal anatomy predicts patients who will have complications or failure of management of their peripancreatic fluid collection.     

Prospective study of the early postoperative course of splenic rupture: spleen preservation versus splenectomy]

The haematological and immunological changes after splenectomy have been the subject of intensive research in recent years. As a consequence there has been a clear trend towards splenic salvage. Due to the availability of improved diagnostic investigations (sonography, CT) nonoperative treatment with close observation has become increasingly important in adults. 75 patients with documented splenic injury were prospectively evaluated over a 45-month period with an emphasis upon splenic preservation. Unstable patients had operative exploration with attempt at splenorrhaphy or partial splenic resection. Stable patients were managed nonoperatively, regardless of the degree of splenic injury as determined by sonography and/or computed tomography. In 38 patients the spleen was preserved by operative preservation in 20 and nonoperative treatment in 18 patients. 37 patients required splenectomy. Four patients were managed initially by nonoperative treatment, but required exploration for secondary rupture at 7, 7, 10 and 13 days. Delayed splenectomy was performed in three patients and one patient was treated by splenorrhaphy 7 days after admission. Bleeding complications occurred in one patient after splenorrhaphy (bleeding from the pancreatic tail) and the bleeding vessel could be transfixed during the same anaesthetic. Four patients required reexploration after splenectomy for hemorrhage (2) and evacuation of infected haematomas. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) of the splenectomy and splenic preservation group was determined. Splenectomised patients showed in the postoperative follow-up a significantly increased infection rate (40%, p less than 0.02) when compared to patients with splenic preservation (10%) or nonoperative treatment (11%), even when they were matched in respect of multiple trauma using the Injury Severity Score (ISS).     

Delayed celiotomy for the treatment of bile leak,compartment syndrome,and other hazards of nonoperative management of blunt liver injury

BACKGROUND: Management of blunt liver injury is predominantly nonoperative. However, complications occur in 10% to 25% of patients, with half taking place more than 24 hours after injury. Few reports have addressed the management of the new pattern of these delayed complications, which is the objective of this study. METHODS: Adult patients admitted to our level one trauma center from 1995 to 2000 with blunt liver injury were identified. Demographic, physiologic and laboratory data, computed tomography (CT) and operative findings, and complications were reviewed. RESULTS: Blunt liver injury was identified in 192 patients. Thirty-nine patients (20%) underwent immediate celiotomy. The remaining 153 patients were initially managed nonoperatively. Liver-related complications developed in 19 (12%) patients. Fifteen patients underwent delayed celiotomy to treat secondary inflammatory processes, from bile leak (6), hemorrhage (5), and hepatic abscess (1), and to treat abdominal compartment syndrome (2), and decompress hepatic compartment syndrome (1). Although no deaths or complications were directly caused by delayed celiotomy, 2 deaths (11%), occurring early in this series, were attributed to liver-related complications. CONCLUSIONS: These complications, occurring in 12% of patients with liver injuries, may be a consequence of initial nonoperative management. Although these findings do not negate nonoperative management of blunt liver injury, this approach can be hazardous and requires diligence to recognize and treat delayed and potentially fatal complications.     

Comparison of hepatic abscess after operative and nonoperative management of isolated blunt liver trauma

Hepatic abscess has been well recognized as a complication after blunt hepatic injuries. The clinical presentation of hepatic abscess after the operative and nonoperative management of isolated blunt liver injury is compared in this study. From 1995 to 2000, 674 patients with blunt liver injury were admitted and were managed either operatively or nonoperatively. Hepatic abscess occurred in 21 of these patients. Six of the 21 patients had their liver injuries managed nonoperatively (group 1) and the remaining 15 had their liver injuries managed operatively (group 2). The severity of injury of both groups of patients was similar, but group 2 patients required more blood transfusion and had a higher incidence of abscess formation. The formation of abscess occurred within 12 days after admission in the group 1 patients but ranged from 5 days to 6 years in the group 2 patients. One of the group 1 and eight of the group 2 patients had recurrent abscesses and required repeated admission. The nonoperative management of blunt hepatic trauma had a better outcome than the operative approach in terms of a significant decrease in abdominal infections and tended to result in complete recovery without the need of repeated admission and drainage.     

Treatment of femoral shaft fractures associated with acute spinal cord injuries

Twenty-seven femoral shaft fractures in 23 patients with acute spinal cord injuries were reviewed for evaluation of the outcome of operative versus nonoperative treatment. Three groups were identified: 11 nonoperative, eight early operative, and eight delayed operative. Patients treated initially by nonoperative methods developed five impending nonunions (31%), which subsequently were treated by open reduction and internal fixation. One femur in each of the operative groups developed a refracture after early removal of metal fixation devices. In the delayed operative group, four patients (50%) required manipulation under general anesthesia for treatment of poor knee motion. Patients with complete neurologic lesions whose femurs were treated nonoperatively incurred more complications, i.e., decubitus ulcers, than those treated operatively. Operative stabilization of the femur within six weeks of injury rendered the most favorable outcome with the least number of orthopedic or medical complications in patients with both complete and incomplete cord lesions. All of the eight fractures united.     

Nonsurgical management of solid abdominal organ injury in patients over 55 years of age

Age greater than 55 is often stated to be a contraindication to nonoperative management of intraperitoneal solid organ injury, based upon failures in early experiences of nonoperative therapy. Refinements in the criteria for nonoperative management of hepatic and splenic injuries have yielded improved success rates compared with those in initial reports, raising questions as to the validity of an age-related contraindication. A retrospective chart review of patients more than 55 years of age sustaining blunt hepatic and/or splenic injury at two urban Level I trauma centers was performed. Patients were stratified into three groups in which selection criteria could not consistently be determined: those managed nonoperatively, those managed operatively, and those who died within 24 hours. The purpose of this review is to identify whether age is a determinant for nonoperative management of abdominal solid organ injury. Eighty-eight patients were identified (mean age, 68.7 +/- 9.8), 17 of whom died in the emergency department or after operative intervention. Of the remaining 71 patients, 37 were originally managed nonoperatively (mean age 69.9 +/- 9.1, mean Injury Severity Score 19.9), 24 sustained hepatic injuries (grades I-IV), 12 sustained splenic injuries (grades I-III), and one patient sustained both organ injuries. Three patients with multisystem trauma died from complications unrelated to their solid organ injury (one brain death, one septic death, and one respiratory arrest). A single patient, with a grade I liver injury, required delayed exploration (for a persistent, unexplained metabolic acidosis) and underwent a nontherapeutic celiotomy. All but one of the 37 patients were successfully treated nonoperatively, for a 97 per cent success rate. We conclude that hemodynamically stable patients more than 55 years of age sustaining intra-abdominal injury can be observed safely. Age alone should no longer be considered an exclusion criterion for nonoperative management of intra-abdominal solid organ injury.     

急性出血坏死性胰腺炎继发感染的手术时机及转归探讨

探讨急性出血坏死性胰腺炎继发感染后的手术治疗时机的选择及其不同治疗方法对转归的影响。方法：对１９８８年９月至１９９７年３月１２２例ＡＨＮＰ中发生感染的３５例治疗进行总结。结果：１２例在发生感染后未采取任何手术措施而是经营养支持和抗生素应用而痊愈，治疗时间６－６０天；１１例于感染后７－６０天经过一次清创引流后得到控制，术后平均１周体温降至正常；１２例死于感染中毒性休克及与感染有关的器官功能衰竭。     

Changing patterns in the management of splenic trauma: the impact of nonoperative management.

OBJECTIVE: The recognition that splenectomy renders patients susceptible to lifelong risks of septic complications has led to routine attempts at splenic conservation after trauma. In 1990, the authors reported that over an 11-year study period involving 193 patients, splenorrhaphy was the most common splenic salvage method (66% overall) noted, with nonoperative management employed in only 13% of blunt splenic injuries. This report describes changing patterns of therapy in 190 consecutive patients with splenic injuries seen during a subsequent 6-year period (1990 to 1996). An algorithmic approach for patient management and pitfalls to be avoided to ensure safe nonoperative management are detailed. METHODS: Nonoperative management criteria included hemodynamic stability and computed tomographic examination without shattered spleen or other injuries requiring celiotomy. RESULTS: Of 190 consecutive patients, 102 (54%) were managed nonoperatively: 96 (65%) of 147 patients with blunt splenic injuries, which included 15 patients with intrinsic splenic pathology, and 6 hemodynamically stable patients with isolated stab wounds (24% of all splenic stab wounds). Fifty-six patients underwent splenectomy (29%) and 32 splenorrhaphy (17%). The mean transfusion requirement was 6 units for splenectomy survivors and 0.8 units for nonoperative therapy (85% received no transfusions). Fifteen of the 16 major infectious complications that occurred followed splenectomy. Two patients failed nonoperative therapy (2%) and underwent splenectomy, and one patient required splenectomy after partial splenic resection. There no missed enteric injuries in patients managed nonoperatively. The overall mortality rate was 5.2%, with no deaths following nonoperative management. CONCLUSIONS: Nonoperative management of blunt splenic injuries has replaced splenorrhaphy as the most common method of splenic conservation. The criteria have been extended to include patients previously excluded from this form of therapy. As a result, 65% of all blunt splenic injuries and select stab wounds can be managed with minimal transfusions, morbidity, or mortality, with a success rate of 98%. Splenectomy, when necessary, continues to be associated with excessive transfusion and an inordinately high postoperative sepsis rate.     

The efficacy and timing of operative intervention for spontaneous pneumothorax

To reassess the role and timing of operative intervention for spontaneous pneumothorax, 119 patients were retrospectively reviewed to compare recurrences, complications, and hospital stay between a nonoperative group (Group 1) and an operative group (Group 2). Total hospital days were greater in Group 2, but excluding the length of preoperative stay, the number of hospital days were similar in both groups. Group 1 patients more than 40 years old had a longer postoperative hospitalization, but not a higher rate of complication. Overall, morbidity was not different between the two groups, and there were no immediate or perioperative deaths in either group. There were no recurrences in Group 2. At least 11 of the 49 patients in Group 1 had a recurrence (p = .012). Considering the excellent results achieved with operative pleurodesis and the total hospital days accrued with nonoperative therapy, operative pleurodesis should be considered if an active leak persists more than three days after the initial episode of spontaneous pneumothorax or at the time of the first recurrence in the hospitalized patient.