无锡市电镀行业铬作业危害调查

对本市38家电镀工厂的472名铬作业工人的健康状况调查表明,不同浓度铬酸雾对工人健康产生损害。认为对铬的现有卫生学标准、铬损害的早期指标有进一步探讨及验证的必要。     

某市电镀行业铬作业工人鼻部损害的调查

目的 了解某市电镀行业铬作业工人鼻部损害的状况.方法 对车间空气中六价铬浓度进行监测,并对铬作业工人进行职业性健康检查.结果 车间六价铬时间加权平均浓度为0.043 mg/m3,样品合格率为84.2%.铬作业工人鼻黏膜充血肿胀、鼻中隔糜烂、溃疡和穿孔的检出率分别为3.8%、15.0%、11.3%、15.0%,对照组的检出率均为0,两组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 某市电镀行业铬作业工人鼻部疾患检出率明显高于对照组,厂方应加强通风排毒设施,积极做好个人防护.     

张家港市电镀企业铬污染现状及作业工人健康现状

目的了解张家港市电镀企业铬污染现状及作业工人职业健康现状,为制定职业病危害预防控制措施提供科学依据。方法选择张家港市6家小型电镀企业,对作业点空气中Cr6+浓度进行检测,对69名铬作业工人和22名非接触人员进行职业健康现状调查,对企业职业卫生管理现况进行调查。结果铬作业点Cr6+浓度均小于国家职业接触限值;接触组呼吸系统异常率高于非接触组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);接触组不同工龄、饮酒史工人异常率差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05);铬作业工人个人职业卫生习惯及企业职业卫生管理存在一定欠缺。结论本次调查电镀企业铬作业点浓度符合国家职业卫生标准,铬作业工人职业健康存在一定损害,应积极采取综合防控策略与措施,以确保铬作业工人职业健康。     

电镀企业铬作业工人职业健康监护结果分析

目的对本地区电镀企业铬作业工人进行职业健康监护,保护电镀企业作业工人的身体健康。方法根据职业健康监护技术规范的要求对电镀企业作业工人400例进行问诊、体格检查、实验室检测,以同时期健康监护的364人作为对照组。结果观察组400人,神经系统症状7例,呼吸系统症状6例,鼻粘膜充血、糜烂45例,鼻中隔肥厚、弯曲23例,血常规10例,尿常规9例,肝功能11例,B超2例,心电图5例,对照组364例,神经系统症状4例,呼吸系统症状5例,鼻粘膜充血、糜烂8例,鼻中隔肥厚、弯曲5例,血常规6例,尿常规6例,肝功能10例,B超2例,心电图3例。观察组工人健康受到影响的占总人数的29.5%,对照组工人健康受到影响的占总人数的13.46%。观察组400人中铬作业工人出现一般症状、鼻部损害等职业损害相关症状,其中鼻部损害68例（发生率17.00%）,对照组为13例（发生率3.57%）,2组间差异具有统计学意义（χ2=7.51,P〈0.05）。结论电镀作业对工人鼻损害会造成影响,应加强防护。     

铬酸盐及电镀作业工人鼻部损害的调查分析

目的调查铬作业工人的鼻部损害情况。方法专职耳鼻喉科医师用前鼻镜检查鼻腔,对阳性体征记录部位,并对糜烂、溃疡和穿孔者记录部位及大小。结果铬作业工人的有34.46%无自觉症状,65.54%有自觉症状。出现鼻黏膜糜烂、溃疡、鼻中隔穿孔的患者有9.48%无自觉症状。铬作业工人鼻部阳性体征以糜烂为主(33.01%),其次为充血(30.96%),穿孔部位均发生于鼻中隔软骨部。结论铬对鼻部的损害(糜烂、溃疡及穿孔等)与工龄基本成正比关系,随着作业工龄的增加,铬对鼻部损害也明显增多。     

铬电镀工人肺癌死亡率初探

调查汇明电筒厂铬电镀工人160名。队列观察期限从1940年1月1日起至1988年8月1日止,以该厂非接触者1112名为对照组。接触组发现因肺癌死亡13名,期望值3.0,SMR为433,P<0.01。用Poisson回归模型按年龄、接触、吸烟进行分层分析,发现因接触铬酸雾而致肺癌死亡的相对危险度为2.726,因吸烟而致肺癌死亡的相对危险度为15.425,P<0.01。结果提示接触铬酸雾可能致接触人群肺癌死亡增加。     

嵊州市电镀业铬作业工人职业暴露状况调查

长期接触铬盐可引起皮肤和粘膜损害,典型的皮肤溃疡称铬疮,鼻部的损害称铬鼻病,均已列入我国法定职业病。电镀业铬作业工人可职业性接触铬酸雾,为了解嵊州市电镀业职业病危害状况,加强职业病防治工作,本研究对嵊州市电镀业铬作业工人作了现状调查,重点调查铬作业工人的暴露水平和鼻损伤发生率。     

龙岗区铬作业工人职业暴露情况调查

目的 通过开展铬职业暴露现状调查与铬职业暴露人群呼吸系统健康损害检查,有助于详细掌握辖区内铬职业暴露人群的铬暴露量、健康状况和职业危害现状,为开展铬职业暴露人群的健康效应评估、健康监护和基本职业卫生服务提供翔实的基础数据.方法 调查辖区全部五金电镀厂基本情况,对作业场所空气、作业工人血进行采样和检测,同时对铬作业工人进行职业健康检查.结果 作业场所空气铬时间加权平均浓度为0.012 mg/m3(浓度范围:0.01 ～0.24 mg/m3),低于国家容许卫生标准(0.15 mg/m3),未发现铬酸盐超标.对372名工人鼻部进行检查,发现鼻中隔黏膜糜烂2例、鼻中隔软骨部穿孔2例,总检出率为1.08％.工人工龄与血铬浓度两者间的相关分析结果无统计学意义(r=-0.04,P=0.445).作业场所空气铬浓度组间铬鼻部位征检出率之间的差异无统计学意义(x2 =2.18,P=0.140).结论 地方政府部门需要高度关注辖区五金电镀行业铬作业职业病危害的现状,积极采取综合整治措施,建立长效管理机制,控制铬职业病危害.     

某电镀厂低浓度铬对作业工人职业危害调查分析

为了解某电镀厂镀铬车间职业危害情况,对该车间进行了现场卫生学调查,测定车间空气中三氧化铬浓度,并对车间90名作业工人进行职业健康检查。结果显示,镀铬车间空气中三氧化铬浓度符合国家职业卫生标准;临床检查发现,铬作业工人鼻咽部自觉症状如鼻塞、流涕、鼻衄、鼻灼痛、嗅觉减退和鼻部异常体征如鼻黏膜充血、鼻中隔黏膜糜烂、鼻中隔黏膜溃疡、鼻中隔穿孔的检出率与对照组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);工龄<10 a与≥10 a的2个工龄段,铬鼻病患病率比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。提示,长期接触低浓度铬对作业工人鼻部损害较明显,不容忽视,应积极采取措施进行综合防治。     

Spirometric alterations in workers in the chromium electroplating industry

Summary The spirometric values (VC, FeV₁, FEF_25–75%) were studied in 44 workers of 17 chromium electroplating plants. Urinary chromium was also measured. The dynamic values of spirometry are lower amongst the workers who have higher urinary chromium. The part that can be attributed to tobacco smoking is much lower than that of chromium. The workers dealing with chromium electroplating in poor conditions seem to be subjects at risk in developing obstructive respiratory syndrome. The hazard seems to be especially high in plants dealing with hard chromium plating.     

Nasal septum lesions caused by chromium exposure among chromium electroplating workers

A chromium electroplating worker, suffering from epistaxis during work, was found to have nasal septum perforation. To determine the etiology and prevalence of nasal septum lesions, we conducted a survey of seven chromium electroplating factories and examined 79 workers. Forty workers from three aluminum electroplating factories were also enrolled as the reference group. Subjects were thoroughly examined by an otolaryngologist and each of them provided a blood and urine sample. A questionnaire interview regarding symptoms of the upper respiratory tract, past medical history, life style, and work history was also conducted. Air chromium concentrations were measured by taking area samples for 4–6 hours. Based on field observation and chromium measurements, we divided chromium electroplating into three different exposure zones: workers directly dealing with electroplating tanks (n = 31), other process workers (n = 29), and office workers and drivers (n = 19). Among the 79 chromium electroplating workers, there were 16 cases of nasal septum perforation, and 42 with either scar formation or ulceration; 10 chromium electroplating workers developed skin ulcers after performing chrome plating. No workers from aluminum electroplating factories had any nasal septum or skin abnormalities. There was a consistent trend between the degree of chromium exposure and the signs and symptoms related to the nose, throat, and skin. Immediate improvement of occupational hygiene is warranted.     

Dermal exposure to chromium in electroplating

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to measure the dermal and respiratory exposure levels of hexavalent chromium during electroplating work. METHODS: Potential dermal exposure of the body was measured with patch samples and actual exposure of hands with hand-wash samples. For comparison, personal air samples were also collected. RESULTS: The exposure varied widely between workers. The range of body and hand exposure to the electroplating solution was 0.17-28.1 mg/h and 0.04-6.37 mg/h, respectively. Hands and lower limbs were the most contaminated body parts. CONCLUSIONS: The results of breathing zone samples and dermal exposure did not correlate with each other. In manual electroplating processes, dermal exposure was higher than in semi-automatic and automatic processes. The amount of hexavalent chromium the workers were exposed to is probably high enough to cause a risk of skin sensitization.     

电焊作业人员红细胞内锰铜锌含量的变化

电焊作业者红细胞内锰含量高于对照组 ,女性高于男性 ,红细胞内铜锌含量变化与锰呈正相关关系     

25家电镀企业中铬污染现状和作业者接触情况

目的 了解电镀企业铬污染现状和工人铬接触情况,寻找有效的铬接触生物标记物,为铬污染的防治提供科学依据.方法 采用整群抽样的方式抽取杭州市25家使用6价铬的电镀企业,进行职业卫生现场调查和空气中铬浓度检测,并对157名铬接触工人和93名非接触工人进行健康调查和体内红细胞中铬含量检测.结果 车间空气中6价铬短时间接触浓度中位数为0.06 mg/m3,范围0.01(检出限)～0.53 mg/m3,合格率89.4％;其中超标岗位均为电镀岗位,中位数0.10 mg/m3,范围0.01(检出限)～0.53 mg/m3,合格率76.3％.铬接触工人红细胞内铬含量的中位数为4.41( 2.50～5.29) μg/L,显著高于对照人群[1.54 (0.61～2.98) μg/L,P＜0.01).按性别、年龄、吸烟、饮酒分层后,除了小于30岁的人群(P=0.11),其余各层内两组间的差异都有统计学意义(P＜0.05).在接触工人中,吸烟者红细胞内铬含量[4.98(2.90～6.37) μg/L]明显高于不吸烟的人群[3.58( 2.25～4.40) μg/L],差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 杭州市电镀作业环境中存在6价铬污染,电镀作业工人体内铬负荷显著高于对照人群.应降低作业环境中铬浓度,加强工人个体防护,降低6价铬对工人的危害.     

Hair chromium concentration and chromium excretion in tannery workers.

Hair and urine samples were collected from 34 male tannery workers and from 12 normal adults. Eighteen of the workers dealt directly with chromium and the remaining 16 (controls) worked in the offices and kitchen of the same factory. All were found to be clinically healthy. Chromium was determined by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. When compared with normal adult values, urinary chromium concentration, Cr/Creatinine ratio, daily chromium excretion, and hair chromium, concentrations were significantly higher and urinary beta 2-microglobulin/Cre ratios significantly lower in both tannery workers and in controls. A significant negative correlation was found between urinary beta 2-microglobulin/Cre and Cr/Cre ratios of tannery workers and controls. A significant positive correlation was shown between hair chromium and urinary Cr/Cre values in all workers. No correlations between the duration of exposure to chromium and hair and urinary chromium values were found. Nevertheless, high values observed in workers with short exposures show that chromium is readily absorbed through the respiratory system.     

北京市女职工生育能力调查分析

目的了解北京市女职工生育能力状况,探讨工作场所环境和工作方式对女职工生育能力的影响。方法采用横断面调查方法,对北京市女职工生育情况进行现场调查,内容涉及女职工基本情况、工作场所职业危害、生殖及生育状况。结果提取分析已婚、未采取避孕措施的调查问卷5 536份,一年内未怀孕1 467人,不孕率26.5%。经单因素χ~2分析,与不孕有关的因素有年龄(χ~2=19.86,P<0.01)、家庭收入(χ~2=13.48,P<0.01)、文化程度(χ~2=13.78,P<0.01)、职业(χ~2=38.05,P<0.01)、遭遇生活事件(χ~2=13.48,P<0.01)、工效学作业(χ~2=4.899,P<0.05)、工作负荷(χ~2=7.97,P<0.01)、经常加班(χ~2=6.03,P<0.05)、月经异常(χ~2=37.04,P<0.01)、妇科疾病(χ~2=14.70,P<0.01)。经过Logistic多因素分析,不孕的危险因素包括经常加班(OR=1.152,95%CI 1.00~1.324)、月经异常(OR=1.403,95%CI 1.236~1.593)、妇科疾病(OR=1.176,95%CI1.04~1.331)。结论不孕与女职工文化程度和职业因素有关,经常加班、月经异常、患有妇科疾病是女职工不孕的危险因素,应采取针对措施提高女职工的生育水平。     

介入、核医学放射工作人员外照射个人剂量水平调查与分析

目的 掌握介入、核医学放射工作人员外照射剂量水平,评价放射工作人员的防护效果,为放射卫生防护与监督管理工作提供科学依据。方法 按照GBZ 207-2008《外照射个人剂量系统性能检验规范》、GBZ 128-2002《职业性外照射个人监测规范》的要求,对铅衣内、外热释光个人剂量计（TLD）的受照剂量进行监测。结果 2015年累计监测放射工作者324名,其中介入人员287人,核医学人员37人。不同级别医院（三甲、三级（未定等）、二甲）工作人员铅衣内人均年剂量当量中位值分别为0.9 mSv、1.14 mSv和0.86 mSv;铅衣外分别为1.96 mSv、5.86 mSv和1.37 mSv。各级医院之间差别有统计学意义,并且各级医院工作人员铅衣内、外差别也均有统计学意义。结论 本次调查的324名介入、核医学放射工作人员的个人年剂量水平,均在国家标准限值内;但铅衣内外、不同级别医院以及不同工种之间个人剂量受照水平存在较大差异,应采取有效防护措施降低放射工作人员的受照剂量,在放射防护实践中应加强重点工种人员的个人剂量监测与防护。