2型糖尿病全天血糖水平与糖化血红蛋白血糖漂移幅度的相关性分析

目的探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者日内不同时间的血糖水平与糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)及血糖漂移幅度的关系。方法选取2002年12月至2005年10月上海交通大学附属第六人民医院内分泌代谢科新诊断T2DM患者60例,采用动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)进行持续3d的血糖监测并分析日内不同时点、时段的血糖水平、HbA1c、餐后血糖漂移幅度(PPGE)及平均血糖漂移幅度(MAGE)之间的关系。结果(1)T2DM患者HbA1c与全天8次血糖水平均呈显著正相关(r=0.62~0.70,P均<0.01),与PPGE不相关(P>0.05),逐步回归分析显示空腹及中、晚餐后2h血糖进入最后的方程(校正R2=0.566,P<0.01)。(2)HbA1c与全天不同时段的平均血糖水平均呈显著正相关(r=0.57~0.74,P均<0.01),晚餐前1h、晚餐后2~3h及晨300~600时间段的平均血糖水平是其独立影响因素。(3)CGMS所示的日内平均血糖水平与HbA1c相关性最强(r=0.81,P<0.01)。(4)MAGE与HbA1c不相关(P>0.05),三餐PPGE及晨300的血糖水平为影响MAGE的独立参与因素(校正R2=0.427,P<0.01)。结论T2DM患者HbA1c与全天平均血糖水平的关系最密切,而日内血糖的漂移变化主要归因于餐后及夜间血糖的漂移。因此,T2DM的血糖监测及干预治疗应针对全天血糖谱。     

不同HbA1c水平的2型糖尿病患者动态血糖分析

目的利用动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）探讨不同HbA1c水平T2DM患者的血糖特点。方法将178例T2DM患者按HbA1c水平分为3个组,通过CGMS进行血糖监测。结果各组HbA1C与全天平均血糖值（24hMBG）均有相关性（P〈0．05）,与平均血糖漂移幅度（MAGE）无相关性。HbAlc≤7．5％时,餐后血糖与之相关性较好（P〈0．05）。HbA1c〉7．5％时,与三餐前血糖相关性较好（P〈0．05）。结论HbA1c代表血糖的整体水平,但不能反映血糖的稳定性,而CGMS可反映血糖的波动规律。HbA1c和CGMS联合应用更加有利于血糖的综合管理。     

HbA1c达标的老年糖尿病患者HbA1c与血糖波动的关系

目的探讨糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）达标（HbA1c〈7．5％）的老年2型糖尿病患者HbA1c与血糖波动的关系。方法选取HbA1c〈7．5％的住院老年糖尿病患者100例，采用动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）进行3d的血糖监测，分析血糖波动情况，计算平均血糖、高血糖持续时间以及平均血糖漂移幅度（MAGE），分析HbA1c与上述测定值之间的相关性。结果59．5％的患者血糖最高值超过11．1mmol/L，29．7％的患者发生低血糖（〈3．9mmol/L）；血糖超过7．8mmol/L占全天的时间百分比为33％；血糖超过11．1mmol/L占全天的时间百分比为（10．2&#177;1．2）％；低血糖占时间百分比（5．2&#177;1．5）％；HbA1c与CGMS平均血糖值呈显著正相关（r=0．55，P〈0．01），与高血糖持续时间相关（r=0．48，P〈0．01），与MAGE无关（r=0．12，P〉0．05）。结论HbA1c达标的老年2型糖尿病人血糖波动大；HbA1c与平均血糖以及高血糖持续时间相关。与血糖波动无关；HbA1c和血糖波动是评价血糖控制的量与质的独立指标。     

动态血糖监测系统的临床应用

用CGMS对19例DM患者进行连续3天的血糖监测，分析DM患者血糖特点。结果CGMS所测的血糖值与血浆血糖值及指端血糖值均呈显著正相关（r=0．91，r=0．92，P均〈0．01），24小时平均血糖值与HbA1c呈显著正相关（r=0．89，P〈0．01）。患者一天中血糖较高的时间段为早、晚餐后2h，6：00～〈11：00是血糖高峰最集中（52．0％）的时间段，而61．5％的血糖低谷值出现在1：00～〈6：00。依信息调整治疗后，血糖控制理想比例由75．8％上升至92．2％，低血糖发生率由3．4％降至1．2％。结论动态血糖监测能较好地评估血糖漂移变化，有助于更有效地控制糖代谢紊乱。     

动态血糖监测系统的临床应用

用CGMS对19例DM患者进行连续3天的血糖监测，分析DM患者血糖特点。结果CGMS所测的血糖值与血浆血糖值及指端血糖值均呈显著正相关（r=0．91，r=0．92，P均〈0．01），24小时平均血糖值与HbA1c呈显著正相关（r=0．89，P〈0．01）。患者一天中血糖较高的时间段为早、晚餐后2h，6：00～〈11：00是血糖高峰最集中（52．0％）的时间段，而61．5％的血糖低谷值出现在1：00～〈6：00。依信息调整治疗后，血糖控制理想比例由75．8％上升至92．2％，低血糖发生率由3．4％降至1．2％。结论动态血糖监测能较好地评估血糖漂移变化，有助于更有效地控制糖代谢紊乱。     

老年2型糖尿病患者血糖漂移幅度与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者血糖漂移水平的差异与颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）的关系。方法 采用动态血糖监测系统（continuous glucose monitoring system，CGMS）对43例正常人及87例2型糖尿病患者进行连续71±10）h的血糖监测，分析日内不同时段的血糖水平、平均血糖漂移幅度（MAGE）及日间血糖平均色对差（MODD）；并用多普超声观察颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生率及内中膜厚度，将糖尿病者分为A组（IMT〈0．8mm）和B组（IMT≥0．8mm），与对照组C组进行比较。结果 （1）糖尿病组的血压、血糖、血脂、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）及体质量指数（BMI）均高于对照组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），而高密度脂蛋白（HDL—C）则降低（P〈0．01）；B组冠心病及脑血管病的百分比、糖尿病病程、收缩压、HbAlC、BMI及低密度脂蛋白（LDL—C）较A组有增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；IMT与负2h血糖的相关性最强（r=0，88，P〈0．01），而与胰岛素敏感指数（ISI）呈负相关。（2）T2DM组的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生率及IMT增加（P〈0．001）；而CGMS显示的24hMBG、MAGE与IMT的相关性强（r=0．181，P〈0．01）.（3）HbAlc与MBG呈正相关（r=0．82，P〈0．01），而与MAGE、NGE及MODD均不相关。（4）研究还证明：CGMS观测值与血浆葡萄糖值及指端毛细血管血糖均呈正相关（r=0．93，r=0．95，P均〈0．001）。结论 T2DM患者的颈动脉粥样硬化不仅与血压、血糖、血脂、HbAlc及IMT有关，而且与血糖漂移水平的差异密切关联，相似的HbAlc水平其血糖漂移的程度可以不同，而血糖漂移幅度大的患者发生慢性并发症的危险性高。     

妊娠糖尿病患者动态血糖谱的特点及其意义

目的探讨妊娠糖尿病（GDM）患者动态血糖谱的特点,为临床治疗提供依据。方法采用动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）对7例GDM患者及20名糖耐量正常者（NGT）进行连续3d的皮下组织葡萄糖监测。GDM组和NGT组平均年龄分别为28岁与41岁,体质指数分别为24、25kg／m^2。计算比较2组平均血糖水平（MBG）、血糖标准差（SDBG）、平均血糖波动幅度（MAGE）、三餐餐后血糖漂移幅度（PPGE）、日间血糖平均绝对差（MODD）及日内最大血糖波动幅度（DMMG）,并统计血糖达标后胰岛素的使用情况。组间及组内参数比较采用t检验。结果GDM组MAGE、PPGE及DMMG均较NGT者升高,分别为MAGE（4．3±0．2）比（1．6±0．3）mmol／L,早餐餐后血糖漂移幅度（BPPGE）（5．5±1．1）比（1．8±0．4）mmol／L,中餐餐后血糖漂移幅度（LPPGE）（3．1±0．3）比（1．3±0．2）mmol／L,晚餐餐后血糖漂移幅度（DPPGE）（3．4±0．4）比（1．5±0．2）mmot／L,DMMG（6．0±2．7）比（2．9±0．2）mmol／L,2组差异均有统计学意义（t=4．4、5．6、2．3、2．8、6．1,均P〈0．05）。2组MBG、SDBG、MODD差异均无统计学意义（t=0．9、1．4、0．3,均P〉0．05）。GDM患者BPPGE较LPPGE和DPPGE大,差异均有统计学意义（t=3．1、2．6,均P〈0．05）。GDM患者基础胰岛素用量占一天胰岛素总量15．0％,早餐的餐时胰岛素用量最大,占一天胰岛素总量的33．5％。结论CGMS是GDM监测血糖波动的有效手段,GDM患者以三餐后高血糖及餐后血糖波动为主,早餐血糖波动最为显著,餐时胰岛素用量为主,早餐餐时胰岛素用量最大。胰岛素用量与血糖波动的情况一致。     

2型糖尿病患者24小时动态血糖变化与糖化血红蛋白水平的相关性

目的探讨T2DM患者24小时动态血糖变化与HbA1C水平之间的相关性。方法根据HbA1c水平将578名T2DM患者分为4个组,采用动态血糖监测系统（CGMS）监测患者全天血糖。结果组内分析显示,仅在7．5％≤HbA1c〈10．0％组及HbA1c≥10．0％组内HbA1c水平和高血糖曲线下面积、高血糖持续时间、平均血糖及血糖波动幅度呈正相关;仅在HbA1c〈6．5％组内HbA1c水平和空腹状态低血糖曲线下面积及持续时间呈负相关。结论当HbA1c处于不同区间内时,HbA1c水平与高血糖及低皿糖暴露、平均血糖水平及血糖波动幅度的相关性不同。     

老年2型糖尿病患者七时点血糖与糖化血红蛋白的相关性分析

目的评价老年2型糖尿病患者不同时间点的毛细血管血糖对评估血糖控制的相对价值。方法检测30例老年2型糖尿病患者的7个时点毛细血管血糖（3餐前、3餐后2hN睡前），分析糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）与血糖的关系。结果对平均血糖和HbA1c进行直线回归分析，平均血糖和7个时点血糖与HbA1c均明显相关（r值分别为0．87及0．50～0．86，均为P〈0．01），午餐后2h血糖、晚餐后2h血糖和睡前血糖与HbA1c具有更好的相关性。结论午餐后2h、晚餐后2h及睡前血糖在预测血糖控制方面优于其他时间点的血糖，在评价老年2型糖尿病患者血糖控制时，可作为HbA1c的一个补充指标。     

糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死患者住院期间血糖波动的变化及其临床意义

目的探讨糖尿病合并急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者住院期间血糖波动的变化及意义。方法以性别、年龄及HbA1c水平进行1：1配对的糖尿病合并AMI患者（AMI组）和糖尿病合并稳定性冠心病患者（CAD组）各30例,通过动态血糖监测技术获得患者住院期间血糖波动参数并比较。结果（1）AMI组与CAD组比,日内平均血糖波动幅度MAGE,（3．83±1．38）vs（3．17±1．14）mmol／L]、日间血糖平均绝对差[MODD,（2．62±1．08）vs（2．00±0．90）mmol／L]、餐后血糖波动幅度[PPGE,（3．43±1．70）vs（2．34±1．64）mmol／L]和餐后3h平均血糖水平[3hMPBG,（10．49±2．44）vs（8．95±2．45）mmol／L]均升高（P〈0．05）,平均血糖标准差有升高趋势[SDBG,（2．53±1．02）vs（2．16±0．85）mmol／L,P=0．051]。（2）多因素逐步回归分析显示AMI组中MAGE是独立于射血分数和年龄影响全球急性冠状动脉事件（GRACE）积分的危险因子。结论糖尿病合并冠心病患者发生AMI时,其住院期间的日内、日间和餐后血糖波动幅度均明显增大,MAGE还可能有助于评估患者的预后。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.