肺移植术后气道狭窄并发症的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨肺移植术后气道狭窄并发症的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析2002年9月至2010年12月间100例肺移植受者的临床资料.100例受者中,接受单肺移植者72例,接受序贯式双肺移植者28例,共有128个气管吻合口.2007年5月前术中支气管吻合均采用套入式,2007年6月后均采用间断吻合.术后对所有受者进行长期随访,监测受者的肺功能,并根据临床需要及时行胸部CT和纤维支气管镜等检查.结果 共有10例受者的12个气管吻合口出现狭窄,发生率为9.4％(12/128).发生时间为术后(60.1±35.6)d(15～120d),中位时间为术后59 d,均经纤维支气管镜等检查明确诊断.纤维支气管镜引导保护性毛刷培养阳性8例次,其中铜绿假单胞菌阳性3例,肺炎克雷伯菌阳性2例,曲霉阳性2例,以及大肠埃希菌阳性1例.10例发生气道狭窄的受者均采用了纤维支气管镜球囊扩张治疗,有5例联合应用了高频电切治疗,4例植入金属支架,1例应用氩气刀治疗.经治疗后,7例好转,3例死亡.结论 肺移植术后气道狭窄并发症严重影响受者的存活,纤维支气管镜检查是诊断的“金标准”,纤维支气管镜下球囊扩张为首选治疗,其他治疗方式还包括高频电切、氩气刀和金属支架植入等.     

肺移植术后气道吻合口狭窄的原因和治疗

目的探讨肺移植术后气道吻合口狭窄的原因及预防和治疗方法。方法2003年1月至2005年8月，对11例重度肺气肿患者成功地实施了同种异体单肺移植手术，9例存活良好，气道吻合均采用端端支气管吻合（膜部连续软骨部间断缝合）方法。术后有4例发现霉菌感染以及其中2例出现支气管吻合口狭窄。结果2例分别于术后1个月、7个月发现支气管吻合口狭窄，置人镍钛网状支架后症状改善。结论气道吻合口狭窄与支气管缺血、霉菌感染以及吻合技术等多方面因素有关。气道支架置人治疗吻合口狭窄效果显著。     

肺移植术后气道吻合口狭窄的诊治进展

肺移植是治疗多数终末期肺病的唯一有效手段,而气道吻合口并发症是限制肺移植受者术后存活及生存质量的主要障碍.气道吻合口狭窄是肺移植术后最常见的气道吻合口并发症.近年来,受者选择、器官保存、外科技术、术后重症监护管理、免疫抑制、抗真菌及内镜治疗等方面的改进,降低了气道吻合口狭窄的发生率,改善了肺移植手术结果和受者生存情况....     

肺移植术后气道并发症CT表现和应用进展

随着外科技术和围手术期管理的不断改进,肺移植手术成功率逐渐提高,但术后发生气道并发症仍较常见.肺移植术后气道并发症可能会降低受者生活质量,增加医疗成本,甚至危及受者生命.2018年,国际心肺移植学会(ISHLT)共识指出气道并发症包括缺血坏死、吻合口裂开、气道狭窄及气管支气管软化症.支气管镜仍是诊断气道并发症的金标准,...     

体外膜肺氧合用于重度气管狭窄患者气道重建术的效果

先天性气管发育异常、创伤性疤痕狭窄、气管原发性肿瘤或者气管周围肿物压迫、气管切开引起的狭窄、邻近组织放射治疗后的狭窄等,均可导致重度气管狭窄[1].其治疗方法有外科手术切除病变后气道重建;采用钬激光或氩气刀切除气管内肿物;气管支架植入等[2].由于患者重度气管狭窄,不仅清醒局部麻醉下无法耐受纤维支气管镜检查,而且在全麻诱导后存在无法建立有效气道的风险.本院对4例重度气管狭窄患者,在体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)辅助下完成气道重建术.现总结如下.     

肺移植术后气道吻合口狭窄的研究进展

肺移植是治疗终末期肺疾病的惟一有效手段，而气道并发症是手术失败的主要原因和术后常见的并发症。随着对患者的选择、器官保护、外科技术、免疫抑制疗法及术后监护等方面的不断改进，手术成功率有很大提高，但术后发生气道并发症仍较常见，以吻合口狭窄为主要表现形式。充分认识气管狭窄的形成和相应处理方法，将有助于提高患者远期生存率和生活质量。现就肺移植手术后气道吻合口狭窄的原因、预防及治疗的进展进行综述。     

双肺移植术后呼吸道并发症的防治一例

目的探讨双肺移植术后呼吸道并发症的防治。方法为1例终末期肺淋巴管平滑肌瘤病合并双肺感染的患者施行体外循环下序贯式双侧单肺移植手术。结果术后患者发生肺部细菌和真菌混合感染,纤维支气管镜检查发现右侧支气管吻合口愈合不良,术后第14d发生急性排斥反应,第29d因气管内大出血而死亡。结论肺移植术后的呼吸道并发症较为严重,应通过控制肺部感染、预防急性排斥反应及提高手术技巧等综合防治。     

创伤性支气管断裂的诊断及治疗

目的探讨创伤性气管、支气管断裂的诊断和治疗方法,提高诊断率及治疗效果。方法回顾性分析21例创伤性支气管断裂患者的临床资料。10例行支气管修补术,8例行支气管重建术,2例保守治疗,1例行全肺切除术。术后多次行纤维支气管镜检查,同时吸痰并修剪吻合口肉芽组织,保持通畅。结果18例行支气管修补或支气管重建患者有1例因支气管针尖样狭窄行右中下肺叶切除术,余均通畅良好,肺复张满意。结论创伤性支气管断裂容易误诊,纤维支气管镜检查是早期诊断最重要的手段,后期在切除狭窄段支气管时瘢痕要切除干净。     

肺移植术后气道吻合口狭窄的原因和预防

肺移植是治疗终末期肺疾病的惟一有效手段,而气道并发症是手术失败的主要原因和术后常见的并发症,以吻合口狭窄为主要表现形式。本文着重对肺移植后气道吻合口狭窄的病因和预防手段进行综述。     

喉罩通气下无痛支气管镜治疗的护理

本文报道2012年11月~2014年3月介入治疗中心性气道狭窄导致呼吸困难等症状48例的护理经验,全身麻醉,喉罩机械通气下经支气管镜应用氩等离子体凝固(argon plasma coagulation,APC)、高频电凝、高压球囊导管扩张及气道支架置入治疗。48例均获成功,无严重并发症发生。     

Treatment of Airway Complications Following Lung Transplantation

ObjectiveTo describe our experience in airway complications following lung transplantation and to suggest a management strategy using different interventional bronchoscopic techniques.MethodRetrospective analysis of all airway complications following lung transplantation from January 1999 to July 2007.ResultsDuring this period, 223 patients underwent lung transplantation, with a total of 345 airway anastomoses. In 70 (20.23%), there were complications requiring endoscopic intervention. A total of 631 procedures were carried out in 52 patients. Thirty-three patients presented a combination of bronchial stenosis and bronchomalacia, 18 patients had bronchial stenosis alone and 1 patient presented dehiscence of the anastomosis. In most cases, pneumatic balloon dilatation was effective, although temporarily, and ultimately 47 patients required endobronchial stent placement. The most common complication associated with the use of stents was granulation tissue formation, seen in 57.3% of patients. After stent placement, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV₁) improved significantly.ConclusionAirway complications after lung transplantation are frequent. Balloon dilatation was effective in only a few patients with bronchial stenosis, requiring stent placement in most. Airway permeabilization after endobronchial stent placement improved FEV₁ in these patients. Based on our experience, we propose a management strategy for airway complications after lung transplantation.     

Airway complications after lung transplantation: a review of 151 anastomoses.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence, treatment and follow up of airway complications after lung transplantation. METHODS: From October 1993 to April 2000, 104 lung transplants were performed in 101 patients. One hundred and fifty one bronchial anastomoses at risk were included in the study (29 single lung and 61 sequential double lung). Donor lungs were flushed both antegradely and retrogradely with Eurocollins. In the recipients, either a single or a sequential bilateral lung transplantation was performed when indicated. The bronchial anastomosis was telescoped and covered with peribronchial tissue in all cases. Postoperative fiberoptic bronchoscopic examinations were dictated by clinical grounds. Recipient variables were recorded and analyzed to assess possible differences between both complicated and non-complicated groups. RESULTS: Eight bronchial anastomotic complications (5.3%) occurred in six patients (6.8%). All complicated cases developed in sequential bilateral lung recipients (P=0.08): stenosis (n=5), granulation tissue (n=2), and bronchial dehiscence (n=1). Treatment consisted of lobectomy and subsequent completion pneumonectomy in one patient, rigid bronchoscopy dilation in two, balloon bronchodilation in two, laser debridement and stenting in one, and conservative therapy in two cases. One patient with severe sepsis and bronchial dehiscence died on day +30. The rest of the patients remain well so far. Airway complications were related to longer intubation periods (P<0.01). Other perioperative donor and recipient factors including the incidence of infections and acute rejection episodes, and actuarial survival, did not differ between groups. CONCLUSION: In our experience, the incidence of airway complications after lung transplantation is 5.3%. The careful surgical technique and organ preservation, the close surveillance of rejection and infection, and early postoperative extubation might play a role in reducing this incidence. Either surgical therapy or bronchoscopic dilation and stenting methods may contribute to resolve these complications.     

High dose rate brachytherapy in the management of lung transplant airway stenosis

BACKGROUND: Airway complications after lung transplantation remain a major cause of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Interventional bronchoscopic management continues to be the main modality in the management of these problems. METHODS: Four patients with airway stenoses after lung transplantation received high dose rate brachytherapy for management of recurrent stenosis. All 4 patients had been treated with various bronchoscopic interventions, including dilation and stenting, electrocautery ablation, and neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser therapy. High dose rate endobronchial brachytherapy was subsequently used in all 4 patients for management of recurrent airway obstruction. The radiation dose for all 4 patients was 3 Gy at a distance of 1 cm from the center of the catheter. RESULTS: All four patients have had routine follow-up after endobronchial brachytherapy treatments. Of the 4 patients, 2 treated with this modality showed a significant response to therapy in that the bronchus remained free of obstruction after treatment; 1 patient had partial improvement, and 1 patient failed to show significant improvement and expired from the sequelae of persistent airway obstruction. CONCLUSIONS: Endobronchial brachytherapy can be an effective modality for managing recurrent stenoses caused by hyperplastic granulation tissue at the bronchial anastomosis. The optimal timing and ideal candidate for intraluminal radiation therapy for this problem remains a challenge and warrants further investigation.     

Removal of metallic tracheobronchial stents in lung transplantation with flexible bronchoscopy

Background  

Airway complications are among the most challenging problems after lung transplantation, and Self-Expandable Metallic Stents (SEMS) are used to treat airway complications such as stenosis or malacia at the bronchial anastomosis sites. Several transplantation centers are reluctant to use SEMS since their removal is sometimes needed and usually requires the use of rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia. The objective of the current report is to describe our experience in SEMS retrieval by flexible bronchoscopy under conscious sedation.     

Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Assessment of Bronchial Stenosis in Lung Transplant Recipients

Bronchial stenosis in lung transplant recipients is a common disorder that adversely affects clinical outcomes. It is evaluated by spirometry, CT scanning, and bronchoscopy with significant limitations. We hypothesize that MRI using both ultrashort echo time (UTE) scans and hyperpolarized (HP) ¹²⁹Xe gas can offer structural and functional assessment of bronchial stenosis seen after lung transplantation. Six patients with lung transplantation–related bronchial stenosis underwent HP ¹²⁹Xe MRI and UTE MRI in the same session. Three patients subsequently underwent airway stent placement and had repeated MRI at 4‐week follow‐up. HP ¹²⁹Xe MRI depicted decreased ventilation distal to the stenotic airway. After airway stent placement, MRI showed that low‐ventilation regions had decreased (35% vs. 27.6%, p = 0.006) and normal‐ventilation regions had increased (17.9% vs. 27.6%, p = 0.04) in the stented lung. Improved gas transfer was also seen on ¹²⁹Xe MRI. There was a good correlation between UTE MRI and independent bronchoscopic airway diameter assessment (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.92). This pilot study shows that UTE and HP ¹²⁹Xe MRI are feasible in patients with bronchial stenosis related to lung transplantation and may provide structural and functional airway assessment to guide treatment. These conclusions need to be confirmed with larger studies.     

Summary of the British Thoracic Society guidelines for advanced diagnostic and therapeutic flexible bronchoscopy in adults

This new guideline covers the rapidly advancing field of interventional bronchoscopy using flexible bronchoscopy. It includes the use of more complex diagnostic procedures such as endobronchial ultrasound, interventions for the relief of central airway obstruction due to malignancy and the recent development of endobronchial therapies for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. The guideline aims to help all those who undertake flexible bronchoscopy to understand more about this important area. It also aims to inform respiratory physicians and other specialists dealing with lung cancer of the procedures possible in the management and palliation of central airway obstruction. The guideline covers transbronchial needle aspiration and endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration, electrocautery/diathermy, argon plasma coagulation and thermal laser, cryotherapy, cryoextraction, photodynamic therapy, brachytherapy, tracheobronchial stenting, electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy, endobronchial valves for emphysema and bronchial thermoplasty for asthma.     

Successful treatment of bronchial anastomotic stenosis with modified Dumon Y-stent insertion in lung transplantation: report of a case

Bronchial complications owing to airway anastomosis still remain a cause of morbidity and mortality following lung transplantation, and bronchial stenosis is the most common manifestation. Current treatment strategies include endoscopic balloon dilation, laser ablation, and stent insertion. Although a variety of stent types are currently available, it is unclear as to which type of prosthesis is most suitable for post-transplant bronchial complications with regard to the primary effects and long-term outcomes. We herein discuss a case of stenosis of the right bronchial anastomosis in a patient who underwent right single lung transplantation for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. This complication was successfully treated with the placement of a modified Dumon Y-stent. The stent was removed 2 months after insertion, and the patient has subsequently maintained an adequate airway caliber. Computed tomography, especially the sagittal section through the chest, is useful for detecting bronchial stenosis and monitoring the healing of this condition.     

Bronchoplasty for bronchial stenosis in a neonate: a case report

Bronchial stenosis is an uncommon problem in children. Management can be difficult because of the small luminal diameter and proximity of the lung parenchyma to the bronchial lesion. Bronchoplasty procedures have obvious advantages in children because of their long life expectancy. Long-term functional results are superior compared with pneumonectomy because of preserved lung tissue. A premature neonate weighing only 779 g at birth was born with severe respiratory distress syndrome complicated with hyperbillirubinemia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The child underwent bronchoplasty using a costal cartilage graft for a right main bronchus stenosis after 2 failed attempts at bronchoscopic dilatations. In spite of all complications, the child improved sufficiently to be discharged without any oxygen dependency. Our case highlights the successful application of bronchoplasty in a very small baby. Preoperative and intraoperative bronchoscopy was helpful in localization of the endobronchial lesion. Understanding the principle, precise attention to technical detail and meticulous postoperative care contribute toward long-term benefit for pulmonary conservation.     

Early and Late Airway Complications After Lung Transplantation: Incidence and Management

Background. Airway anastomosis complications continue to be a source of morbidity for lung transplant recipients.

Methods. This study analyzes incidence, treatment, and follow-up of airway anastomotic complications occurring in 127 consecutive lung transplant airway anastomoses (77 single lung and 25 bilateral sequential lung). Complications were categorized as stenosis (11), granulation tissue (8), infection (7), bronchomalacia (5), or dehiscence (3). Follow-up after treatment ranged from 6 months to 4 years.

Results. Nineteen airway anastomosis complications (15.0%) occurred in 18 patients. Telescoping the airway anastomosis reduced the complication rate to 12 of 97 (12.4%), compared with 7 of 30 (23.3%) for omental wrapping, (p = 0.15). Complications developed in 13 of 77 single-lung airway anastomoses (16.9%) versus 6 of 50 bilateral sequential lung recipients (12.0%). Treatment consisted of stenting (9 airway anastomoses), bronchodilation (8), laser debridement (4), rigid bronchoscopic debridement (2), operative revision (2), and growth factor application (2). There was no difference in actuarial survival between patients with or without airway anastomosis complications (p = 1.0).

Conclusions. Airway anastomosis complications can be successfully managed in the immediate or late postoperative period with good outcome up to 4 years after intervention.     

Successful conservative management of an anastomotic airway dehiscence at the left main bronchus following bilateral cadaveric lung transplantation

There is a dearth of data on management of anastomotic airway dehiscence following lung transplantation. Herein we report a case of successful conservative management of an anastomotic airway dehiscence after cadaveric donor lung transplantation. A 41-year-old woman with primary ciliary dyskinesia underwent cadaveric bilateral lung transplantation without cardiopulmonary bypass. On the postoperative day 25, left pneumothorax developed and bronchoscopy demonstrated a localized anastomotic dehiscence at the left main bronchus. The dehiscence was managed with 2 weeks of pleural drainage and was completely covered with regenerated bronchial epithelium at 4 months after transplantation. There is no finding suggestive of significant stenosis at 4 years of follow-up. Our case suggested asymptomatic and localized anastomotic dehiscence does not always require endobronchial stent placement or re-operation. Multiple factors that may contribute to the successful conservative management were discussed in this article.