左心房与肺静脉容积比预测导管消融术后心房颤动复发

目的 观察左心房容积(LAV)与肺静脉容积(PVV)比(LAV/PVV)预测导管消融术后心房颤动(AF)复发的价值。方法 纳入95例接受导管消融术治疗的AF患者，根据术后随访1年内有无AF复发将其分别归入复发组(n=23)与未复发组(n=72)。采用2种方法(方法1,对各支肺静脉均渲染至距肺静脉开口部后2 cm;方法2,对各支肺静脉均渲染至肺静脉分叉后1 cm)基于心脏CT血管成像(CTA)测量左肺上静脉容积(LSPVV)、左肺下静脉容积(LIPVV)、右肺上静脉容积(RSPVV)及右肺下静脉容积(RIPVV),计算LAV及PVV;比较2种方法测值，评估LAV/PVV预测导管消融术后AF复发的价值。结果 方法1、2所测LIPVV差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据单因素分析结果，性别、年龄、体质量指数(BMI)、心力衰竭、LAV及LAV/PVV均为导管消融术后AF复发的危险因素；多因素分析结果显示，仅LAV/PVV为AF复发的危险因素。以8.27为方法1所获LAV/PVV的最佳截断值，其预测导管消融术后AF复发的曲线下面积(AUC)、敏感度及特异度分别为0.774、78.26%...     

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence after primary circumferential pulmonary vein isolation

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (CPVI) is difficult to predict. Inflammation is associated with the development of AF. Inflammatory markers, such as high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP), are related to AF development via atrial remodeling. However, it is unknown whether plasma hsCRP concentration before CPVI can be used as a predictor for AF recurrence. Methods: A total of 121 patients without structural heart disease who underwent primary CPVI by a single operator were included in the study (paroxysmal/persistent AF: 77/44). Left atrial diameter was measured by transesophageal echocardiography. Plasma hsCRP concentration was determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Based on the follow‐up outcomes, patients were divided into two groups, a recurrence group and a nonrecurrence group. AF recurrence was defined as AF or atrial flutter or atrial tachycardia episodes lasting for ≥30 s during regular follow‐up (>12 months). Results: A total of 36 (29.8%) patients (paroxysmal/persistent AF: 19 [24.7%]/17 [38.6%]) had AF recurrence in a mean 23 (range, 12–44) month follow‐up period. The plasma hsCRP concentration in the recurrence group was significantly higher than that in the nonrecurrence group for all patients (median [quartile range] 2.22 [1.97] mg/L vs 0.89 [1.30] mg/L, P < 0.001), for patients with paroxysmal AF (2.12 [2.78] mg/L vs 0.84 [1.15] mg/L, P = 0.028), and for those with persistent AF (2.29 [1.08] mg/L vs 0.89 [1.53] mg/L, P = 0.005). Multiple logistic regression analyses showed that the higher level of the plasma hsCRP (P < 0.001) was a significant prognostic predictor of AF recurrence, both for patients with paroxysmal AF (P = 0.012) and those with persistent AF (P = 0.003). Conclusion: Plasma hsCRP concentration before CPVI was associated with AF recurrence after primary CPVI procedure for both paroxysmal and persistent AF patients. Plasma hsCRP concentration could play a role in prediction of AF recurrence after primary CPVI. (PACE 2011; 34:398–406)     

左房容积指数用于预测心房颤动患者射频消融后复发的meta分析

目的 评价左房容积指数(left atrial volume index,LAVI)用于预测心房颤动(atrial fibrillation,AF)患者射频消融术后复发的临床价值。方法 计算机检索PubMed、the Cochrane Library、Web of Science、中国知网、中国生物医学文献数据库、维普数据库等,查找LAVI用于预测AF患者射频消融后复发的相关文献。采用STATA 12.0进行meta分析。结果 共纳入13项研究1 519例AF患者。Meta分析结果显示与AF射频消融后未复发患者相比,复发患者平均LAVI更高(SMD=2.51, 95%CI:1.61～3.41,P=0.001),同时AF射频消融后未复发患者与复发患者LAV/LAVI两组间差异有统计学意义(OR=2.88,95%CI:2.68～3.10,P=0.001),提示AF患者接受射频消融术后密切监测LAVI变化可有效评估其术后复发的可能性。结论 与AF射频消融术后未复发的患者相比,复发的患者平均LAVI更高,其可作为评估AF患者接受射频消融术后复发的有效指标。结论仍需更多多中心、大样本的随机对照试...     

阵发性心房颤动患者环肺静脉射频消融术后复发的预测因素研究

目的探讨阵发性心房颤动（PAF）患者左心房功能联合B型脑钠肽（BNP）预测环肺静脉射频消融术（CPVA）后复发的意义。 方法选取2017年1月至2018年12月在常州市第一人民医院住院的拟行第一次CPVA术的PAF患者201例。CPVA术前测定患者血液BNP水平;实时三维超声心动图（RT-3DE）获取左心房时间-容积曲线;根据术后3个月动态心电图结果,将PAF患者分为窦性心律组和复发组。应用多因素Logistic回归分析影响CPVA术后PAF复发的独立危险因素;对获得的独立危险因素行预测PAF复发的ROC曲线,比较不同指标的效能。 结果201例PAF患者完成CPVA术,随访中36例（17.9%）复发,复发组BNP高于窦性心律组（P＜0.05）。2组间左心房最大容积指数（LAVImax）、左心房最小容积指数（LAVImin）差异有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;2组间膨胀指数（EI）、舒张期射血指数（DEI）、被动射血指数（PEI）、主动射血指数（AEI）差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析表明：术前BNP、DEI及PAF病史是PAF复发的独立预测因素（均P＜0.05）。ROC曲线显示：DEI及联合指标（DEI+BNP）预测CPVA术后复发的效能均优于LAVImin（AUC：0.881 vs 0.686、0.901 vs 0.686,均P<0.05）;联合诊断的特异性优于DEI及BNP（89.7% vs 79.4%、89.7% vs 72.7%,均P＜0.05）。 结论CPVA术治疗的PAF患者中,左心房存储功能受损及BNP增高均是CPVA术后PAF复发的独立预测因素,两者联合可提高预测复发的特异度。     

Predictive value of early atrial tachyarrhythmias recurrence after circumferential anatomical pulmonary vein ablation

OBJECTIVE: Radiofrequency (RF) ablation at the ostia of the pulmonary veins (PVs) to cure atrial fibrillation (AF) is often followed by early AF recurrence. The aims of this study were to determine the rate of early atrial tachyarrhythmia as recurrence after circumferential anatomical PV ablation; to evaluate whether the early recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias correlates with the long-term outcome of ablation; and to identify the predictors of early atrial tachyarrhythmias relapse. METHODS: We studied 143 consecutive patients who underwent circumferential anatomical PV ablation. We defined early atrial tachyarrhythmias relapse as the recurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias during the first 3 months after RF ablation. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up of 18.7 +/- 7.2 months, 102/143 patients (71%) were deemed responders to ablation. Atrial tachyarrhythmias relapsed during the first 3 months of follow-up in 65/143 (46%) patients. Patients without early atrial tachyarrhythmias relapse had a higher probability of long-term clinical success than patients with early atrial tachyarrhythmias relapse (95% vs 43%, P < 0.0001). However, patients who relapsed within the first month had 45.5% probability of long-term clinical success. On multivariate analysis, the presence of structural heart disease and the lack of a successful anatomical ablation of all targeted PV were significantly and independently correlated with early atrial tachyarrhythmias relapse. CONCLUSION: A delayed cure may be expected in almost 50% of patients in whom atrial tachyarrhythmias relapses within the first month after circumferential anatomical PV ablation. The presence of structural heart disease and the lack of a successful anatomical ablation of all targeted PV predict early atrial tachyarrhythmias recurrence.     

Pulmonary vein isolation during atrial fibrillation using a circumferential cryoablation catheter

Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation is limited by procedure related complications, such as PV stenosis and occlusions. We report about a PV isolation using a circumferential cryoablation catheter which applies the ablation energy simultaneously at the entire circumference by cooling down to a minimal temperature of -80 degrees C.     

Renin-angiotensin system blocker use may be associated with suppression of atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation

Introduction: An additional approach may be essential to reduce recurrences of atrial fibrillation (AF) after pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). We examined the efficacy of renin‐angiotensin system blockers (RAS‐B) in suppressing AF recurrences after PVI. Methods and Results: We retrospectively studied 264 consecutive patients (195 male, median age: 63 years) who underwent successful PVI of paroxysmal (n = 94) or persistent AF (n = 170). RAS‐B treatment was performed in 145 patients (angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; n = 13, angiotensin receptor blockers; n = 129, both; n = 3). Echocardiography was performed before and 3 months after the ablation to examine the occurrence of left atrial structural reverse remodeling (LA‐RR). After a median follow‐up of 195 (interquartile range: 95–316) days, AF recurred in 51 (19.3%) patients. A Cox regression analysis revealed that AF recurrence was significantly lower in the patients with RAS‐B than in those without (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.41 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.23–0.71], P = 0.002). After a multivariate adjustment for potential confounders, the use of RAS‐B (HR = 0.39 [95% CI: 0.19–0.77], P = 0.007) and type of AF (HR = 0.30 [95% CI: 0.13–0.66], P = 0.003) were the independent predictors for AF recurrence during the entire follow‐up. Although effect of RAS‐B was not significant during the early follow‐up (<3 month), it was the only independent predictor during the late follow‐up (>3 months) (HR = 0.21 [95% CI: 0.08–0.53], P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in LA‐RR occurrence regarding RAS‐B medication. The use of RAS‐B was an independent predictor of late AF recurrences irrespective of an early LA‐RR occurrence. Conclusions: Treatment with RAS‐B significantly reduced the AF recurrence after PVI. This benefit became more prominent 3 months after the PVI. (PACE 2011; 34:296–303)     

Prognostic value of pulmonary vein size in prediction of atrial fibrillation recurrence after pulmonary vein isolation: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study

Background

The relationship between pulmonary vein (PV) anatomy and successful catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is poorly understood

Methods

First-pass contrast enhanced PV magnetic resonance angiography was performed in 71 consecutive patients prior to PV isolation. PV diameter and cross-sectional area (CSA) were measured prior to PV isolation. Any symptomatic or asymptomatic AF >10s was considered a recurrence. Early recurrence was defined as recurrent AF ≤30 days after PV isolation, while late recurrence of AF was defined as recurrent AF >30 days after.

Results

At 1 year, 57 % had any recurrence of AF while 41 % had late recurrence of AF. Study subjects with one or more PV diameter in the top 10^th percentile had trend toward more early recurrent AF (HR 1.99, p = 0.053). Study subjects with one or more PV CSA in the top 10^th percentile had more late recurrent AF (HR 2.25, p = 0.039) and a trend toward more early recurrent AF (HR 1.94, p = 0.064). With multivariate analysis, PV size was not associated with early recurrent AF, but late recurrent AF was associated with one or more large PV, increased left atrial size, and non-paroxysmal AF. Study subjects with all three of these risk factors had a 100 % rate of late recurrent AF at 1 year, while those with none had a 7 % rate of late recurrent AF.

Conclusions

Larger PV size is independently associated with more late recurrent AF after PV isolation. Determination of PV size prior to PV isolation may predict procedural success.     

环肺静脉隔离术对阵发性心房颤动患者血浆心房钠尿肽水平的影响

目的 探讨环肺静脉隔离术(PVI)对阵发性心房颤动(简称房颤)患者心房钠尿肽(ANP)水平的影响.方法 连续19例接受PVI治疗的阵发性房颤患者,分别在术前、术后第1天及术后3个月时于稳定的窦性心律下取血测定血浆ANP浓度.结果 共16例患者完成了全部3次ANP测定.PVI术后第1天的血浆ANP浓度(14±8 pg/mL)显著低于PVI术前(26±12 pg/mL,P<0.01)和PVI术后3个月时(24±17 pg/mL,P<0.01),而后两者之间差异无显著性(P>0.05).结论 对于阵发性房颤,PVI仅在术后早期显著降低患者的血浆ANP水平,提示该术对心房内分泌功能的影响是一过性的.     

Left atrial flutter after segmental ostial radiofrequency catheter ablation for pulmonary vein isolation

Segmental ostial ablation to electrically isolate pulmonary veins has been performed for atrial fibrillation. Left atrial flutter that utilized a critical isthmus adjacent to the ostium of the left superior pulmonary vein was diagnosed and successfully ablated in a patient 3 months after a successful pulmonary vein isolation procedure. Documenting the cause of symptoms after pulmonary vein isolation in patients with atrial fibrillation is critical in guiding therapy.     

组织多普勒评价阵发性心房颤动患者环肺静脉左心房线性消融术后左心房功能变化

目的 利用组织多普勒超声评价阵发性心房颤动(房颤)患者环肺静脉左房线性消融术后左房功能的动态变化.方法 阵发性房颤患者108例,CARTO系统下行环肺静脉左房线性消融术,术前48 h及术后48 h、1个月、3个月、6个月分别行组织多普勒及常规超声心动图检查.结果 106例阵发性房颤患者成功施行环肺静脉左房线性消融术.与术前相比,左房前后径和左房容积减小,但术后48 h、1个月差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),术后3个月和6个月差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);左室舒张末内径、左室收缩末内径、左室射血分数差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);二尖瓣舒张早期峰速差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),二尖瓣舒张晚期峰速术后48 h较术前降低(P＜0.05),术后1个月、3个月、6个月逐渐增高,3个月时恢复到术前水平.与术前相比,二尖瓣环左室侧壁收缩期峰速、舒张早期峰速差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),舒张晚期峰速术后48 h较术前降低(P＜0.05),术后1个月、3个月、6个月逐渐增高,1个月时恢复到术前水平.结论 环肺静脉左房线性消融术后左房内径和容积减小;环肺静脉左房线性消融术后可出现左房主动收缩功能降低(左房顿抑),经过一段时间可自行恢复.     

EnsiteNavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左心房线性消融治疗心房颤动

目的 探讨EnsiteNavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左房线性消融电隔离治疗心房颤动的疗效.方法 阵发性心房颤动14例和持续性心房颤动3例,采用EnsiteNavX标测系统进行环肺静脉左房线性消融.消融终点为肺静脉电隔离.结果 17例患者均达到消融终点;手术时间(226.1±36.2)min、X线曝光时间(41.3 ±12.8)min、放电时间(61.9±15.4)min.术后2例复发,1例再次消融成功,1例拒绝再次手术;随访3～26个月,14例(82.3%)无心房颤动发作;3例(17.7%)有心房颤动复发,但发作次数及时间均较术前明显减少,用胺碘酮治疗可控制(术前胺碘酮治疗无效).术中及随访期间无任何与操作相关的并发症.结论 Ensite NavX标测系统指导下环肺静脉左房线性消融治疗心房颤动有效、安全.     

Non-pulmonary vein epicardial foci of atrial fibrillation identified in the left atrium after pulmonary vein isolation

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation (PVI) has been demonstrated to be an effective technique for curing atrial fibrillation (AF). AF foci that cannot be isolated by PVI (non-PV foci) can become the cause of AF recurrence. The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of non-PV AF foci. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two hundred consecutive patients with symptomatic AF underwent electrophysiologic studies. In all patients, successful ostial or antral PVI was achieved with a multielectrode basket catheter (MBC). In 45 patients, spontaneous AF was induced even after PVI. In 23 of those patients, 30 AF foci were found in the left atrium (LA) (12 in the PV antrum, and 18 in the LA wall). Twenty-six of those foci were eliminated by focal ablation guided by an MBC. Five of those foci (four in the PV antrum and one in the LA posterior wall) were speculated to be located epicardially because a small potential preceding the LA potential was recorded from the MBC electrodes during AF initiation at the successful ablation site where single large potentials were recorded during sinus rhythm and a longer duration of radiofrequency energy delivery was needed to eliminate them. CONCLUSIONS: MBC mapping with induction of spontaneous AF may be useful for identifying non-PV AF foci in the LA after PVI. In some of those non-PV foci, mainly around the PVI lesions, a few electrophysiologic findings suggesting an epicardial location were observed. This may be a rationale for the efficacy of extensive PV ablation.     

The dormant epicardial reconnection of pulmonary vein: an unusual cause of recurrent atrial fibrillation after pulmonary vein isolation

The case of a 65-year-old man with recurrent atrial fibrillation after undergoing segmental pulmonary vein isolation caused by the reconnection of previously isolated pulmonary veins is herein reported. Interestingly, frequent ectopic firings in the left superior pulmonary vein conducted to the left atrium, not through its ostium but through the supposed epicardial pathway at the region of the Marshall ligament, which had been absent during the first treatment session. The reisolation of the left superior pulmonary vein by radiofrequency application in the left atrial appendage thus successfully eliminated the occurrence of atrial fibrillation.     

应变率显像评价Carto系统引导环肺静脉消融术对左心房功能的影响

目的：用应变率显像技术评价Carto标测系统引导下的环肺静脉消融术治疗心房颤动对近期左心房功能的影响。方法：30例因阵发性心房颤动行消融治疗的患者，于术前和术后1个月进行超声心动图检查，测量左房容积参数、左房射血力（LA-AEF）和左房各壁的收缩期峰值应变率（SRs）、舒张早期峰值应变率（SRe）及舒张晚期峰值应变率（SRa），评价左房机械功能的改变。结果：消融后LA-AEF和主动排空容积降低，左房最小容积和管道容积增加。左房各壁SRa降低，尤其后壁和侧壁；SRs和SRe在后壁和侧壁降低，前壁、下壁和房间隔增高，平均SRs和SRe较消融前无明显改变。LA-AEF与左房后壁SRa之间无相关性（r=0．39，P〉0．05），而与左房平均SRa存在较好的正相关关系（r=0.79，P〈0．001）。结论：Carto系统引导下的环肺静脉消融术对近期左房功能存在一定程度的不利影响。     

Determinants and prognostic significance of immediate atrial fibrillation recurrence following cardioversion in patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation

BACKGROUND: Immediate recurrence of atrial fibrillation (IRAF) occurs frequently after electrical cardioversion, its electrophysiological determinants and prognostic significance have, however, not been studied in detail. This study aimed to explore (1) the association of IRAF with clinical characteristics, pulmonary vein (PV) arrhythmogenicity as well as atrial electrophysiologic properties and (2) the prognostic significance of IRAF for outcome of PV isolation for atrial fibrillation (AF). METHODS AND RESULTS: The subjects of this study were 41 consecutive patients (30 males, 11 females) who underwent PV isolation for drug-refractory AF. Following successful initial cardioversion, 19 patients (46%) had IRAF within 2 minutes. Coupling intervals of AF reinitiating beats arising from PVs were shorter (386 +/- 39 vs 490 +/- 136 ms, P = 0.008) and prematurity indices (0.38 +/- 0.06 vs 0.51 +/- 0.12, P = 0.01) smaller than those of premature beats not initiating AF. Patients with IRAF had more frequently AF duration <1 month, a longer P-wave duration, and a longer mid coronary sinus AF cycle length. Multivariate regression analysis revealed coronary sinus AF cycle length (beta= 0.186, P = 0.049), which was closely correlated with conduction time along the coronary sinus (R = 0.716, P = 0.003) to be independently associated with IRAF. While early AF recurrence rate (within the first 5 days) following the procedure was higher in the IRAF group (53 vs 18%, P = 0.02), outcome was not different between the two groups thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: (1) IRAF is common in patients undergoing PV isolation for AF, (2) is initiated by premature atrial beats with short coupling intervals, and (3) seems to be associated with conduction disturbances along the coronary sinus. It reflects susceptibility of arrhythmia recurrence within the first 5 days after the procedure, but not thereafter.     

Staged circumferential and ostial pulmonary vein ablation for the treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUND: Comparisons between segmental ostial disconnection of the pulmonary veins (PV) and circumferential ablation have produced conflicting results in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). The aim of this study was to evaluate a staged ablation procedure, every step of which was assessed by means of AF inducibility. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with paroxysmal AF were subjected to three ablation stages during one session: (1) circumferential ablation around the PV ostia, (2) segmental ostial PV isolation, and (3) ablation of areas within the circumferential lines with fractionated electrograms or voltage >0.2 mV as well as linear ablation at the mitral isthmus and the left atrial roof. Endpoint of the procedure was noninducibility of AF at any stage. RESULTS: Average radiofrequency energy delivery, fluoroscopy, and procedure times were 43 +/- 11 minutes, 40 +/- 11 minutes, and 3.8 +/- 0.5 hours, respectively. At 6-months follow-up, four patients experienced recurrence of AF (18%), whereas two additional patients (9%) had left atrial arrhythmias not registered before the procedure. Ninety-five percent of the patients who did not have inducible AF (regardless of the stage of ablation at which noninducibility was achieved) were free of recurrent AF, as opposed to none of the patients in whom AF was inducible at the end of the procedure (log-rank test, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A staged ablation procedure combing circumferential and ostial PV ablation with AF noninducibilty as endpoint may result in high success rates without the need of prolonged ablation sessions in certain patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation.     

Effect of pulmonary vein isolation on left atrial appendage flow in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

Background

Left atrial appendage (LAA) functional modification in the context of pulmonary vein isolation has been a focus point of research and LAA emptying flow velocity (LAAEFV) is considered to reflect LAA contractility, stunning, and fibrosis.

Objective

In the present study, we sought to prospectively evaluate short‐term LAAEFV changes after radiofrequency (RF) or cryoballoon ablation in paroxysmal AF.

Methods

This was a prospective substudy of the Effect of Cryoballoon and RF Ablation on Left Atrial Function (CryoLAEF) study ( ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02611869). Thirty patients, randomly assigned to RF or cryoablation, were prospectively followed. Transesophageal echocardiograms were performed at baseline and at 3 months postablation to measure LAAEFV.

Results

All measurements were performed in sinus rhythm. Overall, LAAEFV was 44.2 [38.5–62.8] cm/s at baseline and was increased to 70.8 [64.8–77.6] cm/s at 3 months’ postablation (P < 0.001). Baseline LAAEFV was 52.5 [37.7–68.0] cm/s in the RF group and 42.8 [38.7–52.9] cm/s in the CryoBalloon group (P  =  0.653). At 3 months, the corresponding values were 68.5 [61.9–76.6] cm/s and 73.9 [69.2–79.9] cm/s, respectively (P  =  0.081 for the difference between the two groups at 3 months). The median change in LAAEFV was 11.0 [4.7–26.2] cm/s in the RF group versus 29.6 [15.8–37.0] cm/s in the CryoBalloon group (P  =  0.033).

Conclusion

LAA function is improved after catheter ablation with RF or balloon cryoablation in patients with paroxysmal AF, evaluated while in sinus rhythm both at baseline and on follow‐up.