间充质干细胞在关节软骨组织工程中的应用

背景：组织工程技术的发展为关节软骨缺损修复和功能重建提供了新的方法和思路。目的：探讨以间充质干细胞作为种子细胞在关节软骨组织工程中的应用和研究进展。 方法：由第一作者检索 PubMed 数据库中2000-01-01/2014-09-30有关间充质干细胞和关节软骨组织工程的文献,检索词为“articular cartilage defects, cartilage tissue engineering, mesenchymal stem cel s”。共检索到70篇相关文献,对其中49篇文献进行综述。 结果与结论：关节软骨缺损自身修复能力很有限,目前的临床治疗手段无法达到满意修复,而组织工程的发展为解决这个问题提供了新思路。在种子细胞选择方面,软骨细胞去分化能力有限,胚胎干细胞受到伦理、法律等方面的制约,而间充质干细胞因其自体来源、易扩增、具有软骨分化潜能而受到广泛重视。但目前应用组织工程方法修复关节软骨缺损的效果存在一定的争议,主要是远期功能距离临床应用存在一定差距,在修复组织结构和生物力学方面还需要进一步研究。     

组织工程技术修复损伤关节软骨的研究与应用

背景：软骨是一种无血管的组织,软骨损伤后自身修复能力有限。当前用于治疗关节软骨损伤的方法从保守治疗到手术治疗多种多样。随着组织工程技术的发展,关节软骨的修复又进入了新的高度。目的：综述组织工程方法修复软骨损伤的新进展。方法：由第一作者在2013年5月应用计算机检索2000至2013年PubMed 数据库及CNKI 数据库,英文以“cartilage tissue engineering,cartilage defect;stem cel ,scaffold;growth factor”为关键词,中文以“软骨组织工程,软骨缺损,干细胞,支架,生长因子”为关键词,选择内容与软骨组织工程、软骨损伤修复相关的文章,同一领域文献则选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章,共纳入64篇文献。结果与结论：软骨组织工程三大要素--种子细胞、支架和细胞因子,三者必须协调发展和互利。现阶段组织工程方法修复关节软骨损伤的研究虽已取得很大进展,但大多停留于实验探索阶段,尚未应用于临床。随着新材料的不断研发,新的组织工程软骨修复材料将兼顾材料学和生物科学的需要,使其更接近机体自身组织生物学特性。在新的技术支持下,动物实验研究也将向临床试验转变,使关节软骨损伤的治疗取得突破性进展。     

组织工程软骨与柚皮苷联合修复兔膝关节软骨缺损的组织学证实

背景：目前临床上虽有多种方法用于治疗软骨缺损,但没有从根本上解决关节软骨缺损修复问题。目的：通过组织学研究进一步评价柚皮苷结合组织工程软骨修复兔关节软骨缺损的效果。方法：取兔骨髓间充质干细胞体外增殖后,复合于改建后的脱细胞真皮基质载体上,制成组织工程软骨,植入到兔膝关节软骨缺损,并以柚皮苷汤灌胃,于4,8周后分别对修复组织进行苏木精-伊红、Masson三色染色、甲苯胺蓝染色、Ⅱ型胶原染色、Ⅹ型胶原染色等组织学检查。结果与结论：术后8周,柚皮苷结合干细胞复合体组缺损处修复组织变成乳白色,半透明光滑组织,缺损修复组织与周围正常软骨已基本难区分,表面光滑。组织学检查发现修复缺损处基本为新生软骨填充。结果证实,柚皮苷结合组织工程软骨能提高家兔膝关节软骨缺损的修复质量。     

3D ingrowth of bovine articular chondrocytes in biodegradable cryogel scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering

A feasibility study was undertaken to examine the potential of biodegradable HEMA-lactate-dextran (HEMA-LLA-D)-based cryogels as scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering. This was a preliminary in vitro study giving essential information on the biocompatibility of cryogels with cartilage cells. HEMA-lactate (HEMA-LLA) and HEMA-LLA-D were synthesized and characterized by different techniques. Cryogel scaffolds with supermacroporous structures were produced by cryogenic treatment of these macromers. Chondrocytes obtained from bovine articular cartilage were seeded onto cylindrical cryogels and cultured. The samples were examined by several microcopical techniques for cell viability and morphological analyses were performed at two culture points. Histological study of the constructs revealed the cells' growth on the surface and within the scaffolds. Confocal microscopical images demonstrated that the majority of live vs. dead cells had been attached to and integrated with the pores of the scaffold. SEM analysis showed round to oval-shaped chondrocytic cells interconnected with each other by communicating junctions. The chondrocytes rapidly proliferated in the cryogels, manifesting that they fully covered the scaffold surface after 9 days and almost filled the spaces in the pores of the scaffold after 15 days of culture. Chondrocytes secreted significant amount of extracellular matrix in the scaffolds and exhibited highly interconnective morphology. Light and transmission electron microscopy revealed groups of active cartilage cells closely apposed to the cryogel. We concluded that cryogel scaffolds could be excellent candidates for cartilage tissue regeneration with their extraordinary properties, including soft, elastic nature, highly open interconnected pore structure and very rapid, controllable swellability.     

组织工程化软骨修复界面整合的体外模型

背景：随着组织工程学的发展,自体软骨细胞移植技术经常被用来修复软骨缺损,整合不良是导致修复失败的原因之一。许多体外模型被用来进行这方面的研究。 目的：建立一种组织工程化软骨修复界面整合的体外实验模型并评价其效果。 方法：制备猪体外软骨整合模型,获得21个软骨环,18只琼脂糖凝胶覆盖的软骨环设为琼脂糖凝胶组,剩余3个做无琼脂糖对照组,分别植入分离的软骨细胞,观察近期软骨环边界细胞漏出情况,分别在1,2,4周做切片、染色并行组织学观察,测量新生软骨平均面积并进行比较。 结果与结论：无琼脂糖对照组由于软骨细胞早期从软骨环底部漏出,未能在软骨环中形成软骨细胞聚集,所以未做后期处理,而琼脂糖凝胶组则未发生。琼脂糖凝胶组1,2,4周做切片并行固定后组织切片分别用苏木精-伊红染色、阿利新蓝、番红O、Ⅱ型胶原免疫组化染色,移植的软骨细胞在软骨环内不断增殖,并且产生细胞外基质。在第1,2周的孵育中,新生软骨的面积明显增大,到第4周时,面积也有进一步增加,但是第2-4周的面积增加,差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）。模型成功模拟了自体软骨细胞移植修复关节软骨缺损的体外整合过程,未来可应用于软骨整合及软骨组织工程的机制研究。     

Mesenchymal cell transfer for articular cartilage repair

Mature articular cartilage has a poor reparative response to injury and its irreparable breakdown is the common feature of degenerative joint diseases. If articular cartilage lesions become symptomatic, the orthopaedic surgeon must decide on a treatment option. The treatment options include conversion of chondral lesions to osteochondral lesions, which facilitates migration of cells from the marrow space to effect repair. In recent years, a greater emphasis has been placed on tissue engineering strategies and thus several new treatment options have been introduced, including the use of cell transplantation. Several tissue sources and cell types can potentially be used for this type of therapy. These include autologous or allograft chondrocytes and mesenchymal progenitor cells from various tissues. These cells may be delivered to articular cartilage lesions by a variety of methods including direct cell injection to the lesion or seeding in a biodegradable scaffold prior to implantation. In this review, the potential of cell transplantation for articular cartilage repair and regeneration will be discussed. The authors will focus on the available technologies and the present limitations of cell-based therapies.     

Co-culture in cartilage tissue engineering

For biotechnological research in vitro in general and tissue engineering specifically, it is essential to mimic the natural conditions of the cellular environment as much as possible. In choosing a model system for in vitro experiments, the investigator always has to balance between being able to observe, measure or manipulate cell behaviour and copying the in situ environment of that cell. Most tissues in the body consist of more than one cell type. The organization of the cells in the tissue is essential for the tissue's normal development, homeostasis and repair reaction. In a co-culture system, two or more cell types brought together in the same culture environment very likely interact and communicate. Co-culture has proved to be a powerful in vitro tool in unravelling the importance of cellular interactions during normal physiology, homeostasis, repair and regeneration. The first co-culture studies focused mainly on the influence of cellular interactions on oocytes maturation to a pre-implantation blastocyst. Therefore, a brief overview of these studies is given here. Later on in the history of co-culture studies, it was applied to study cell-cell communication, after which, almost immediately as the field of tissue engineering was recognized, it was introduced in tissue engineering to study cellular interactions and their influence on tissue formation. This review discusses the introduction and applications of co-culture systems in cell biology research, with the emphasis on tissue engineering and its possible application for studying cartilage regeneration.     

Processed xenogenic cartilage as innovative biomatrix for cartilage tissue engineering: effects on chondrocyte differentiation and function

One key point in the development of new bioimplant matrices for the reconstruction and replacement of cartilage defects is to provide an adequate microenvironment to ensure chondrocyte migration and de novo synthesis of cartilage‐specific extracellular matrix (ECM). A recently developed decellularization and sterilization process maintains the three‐dimensional (3D) collagen structure of native septal cartilage while increasing matrix porosity, which is considered to be crucial for cartilage tissue engineering. Human primary nasal septal chondrocytes were amplified in monolayer culture and 3D‐cultured on processed porcine nasal septal cartilage scaffolds. The influence of chondrogenic growth factors on neosynthesis of ECM proteins was examined at the protein and gene expression levels. Seeding experiments demonstrated that processed xenogenic cartilage matrices provide excellent environmental properties for human nasal septal chondrocytes with respect to cell adhesion, migration into the matrix and neosynthesis of cartilage‐specific ECM proteins, such as collagen type II and aggrecan. Matrix biomechanical stability indicated that the constructs retrieve full stability and function during 3D culture for up to 42 days, proportional to collagen type II and GAG production. Thus, processed xenogenic cartilage offers a suitable environment for human nasal chondrocytes and has promising potential for cartilage tissue engineering in the head and neck region. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Novel injectable gel (system) as a vehicle for human articular chondrocytes in cartilage tissue regeneration

We developed a novel injectable carrageenan/fibrin/hyaluronic acid‐based hydrogel with in situ gelling properties to be seeded with chondrogenic cells and used for cartilage tissue engineering applications. We first analysed the distribution within the hydrogel construct and the phenotype of human articular chondrocytes (HACs) cultured for 3 weeks in vitro. We observed a statistically significant increase in the cell number during the first 2 weeks and maintenance of cell viability throughout the cell culture, together with the deposition/formation of a cartilage‐specific extracellular matrix (ECM). Taking advantage of a new in vivo model that allows the integration between newly formed and preexisting cartilage in immunodeficient mice to be investigated, we showed that injectable hydrogel seeded with human articular chondrocytes was able to regenerate and repair an experimentally made lesion in bovine articular cartilage, thus demonstrating the potential of this novel cell delivery system for cartilage tissue engineering. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An additive manufacturing‐based PCL–alginate–chondrocyte bioprinted scaffold for cartilage tissue engineering

Regenerative medicine is targeted to improve, restore or replace damaged tissues or organs using a combination of cells, materials and growth factors. Both tissue engineering and developmental biology currently deal with the process of tissue self‐assembly and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. In this investigation, additive manufacturing (AM) with a multihead deposition system (MHDS) was used to fabricate three‐dimensional (3D) cell‐printed scaffolds using layer‐by‐layer (LBL) deposition of polycaprolactone (PCL) and chondrocyte cell‐encapsulated alginate hydrogel. Appropriate cell dispensing conditions and optimum alginate concentrations for maintaining cell viability were determined. In vitro cell‐based biochemical assays were performed to determine glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), DNA and total collagen contents from different PCL–alginate gel constructs. PCL–alginate gels containing transforming growth factor‐β (TGFβ) showed higher ECM formation. The 3D cell‐printed scaffolds of PCL–alginate gel were implanted in the dorsal subcutaneous spaces of female nude mice. Histochemical [Alcian blue and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining] and immunohistochemical (type II collagen) analyses of the retrieved implants after 4 weeks revealed enhanced cartilage tissue and type II collagen fibril formation in the PCL–alginate gel (+TGFβ) hybrid scaffold. In conclusion, we present an innovative cell‐printed scaffold for cartilage regeneration fabricated by an advanced bioprinting technology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Use of stem cells in the biological repair of articular cartilage

Importance of the field: Articular cartilage is avascular, aneural, and renowned for its poor capacity to repair after damage. For decades scientists and clinicians have deliberated over the potential to repair or regenerate articular cartilage and to date many techniques have been used in an attempt to create the best possible repair tissue.

Areas covered in this review: This review article summarises surgical interventions that have been developed since the late 1940's; covering conservative strategies, invasive techniques and touching upon latest advancements involving stem cells and tissue engineering.

What will the reader gain: The reader will gain a sound understanding into the history and background of strategies that have developed in attempts to reverse clinical symptoms of damaged or diseased articular cartilage. The article provides an insight into the plethora of potential repair mechanisms, and reviews future developments involving stem cells and biomaterials.

Take home message: Although work is still in its infancy, the use of stem cells in the biological repair of articular cartilage provides a promising outlook onto future developments; advancing from strategies and techniques that are already in use.     

Efficacy of thermoresponsive,photocrosslinkable hydrogels derived from decellularized tendon and cartilage extracellular matrix for cartilage tissue engineering

Tissue engineering using adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), a promising approach for cartilage repair, is highly dependent on the nature of the matrix scaffold. Thermoresponsive, photocrosslinkable hydrogels were fabricated by functionalizing pepsin‐soluble decellularized tendon and cartilage extracellular matrices (ECM) with methacrylate groups. Methacrylated gelatin hydrogels served as controls. When seeded with human bone marrow MSCs and cultured in chondrogenic medium, methacrylated ECM hydrogels experienced less cell‐mediated contraction, as compared against non‐methacrylated ECM hydrogels. However, methacrylation slowed or diminished chondrogenic differentiation of seeded MSCs, as determined through analyses of gene expression, biochemical composition and histology. In particular, methacrylated cartilage hydrogels supported minimal due to chondrogenesis over 42 weeks, as hydrogel disintegration beginning at day 14 presumably compromised cell–matrix interactions. As compared against methacrylated gelatin hydrogels, MSCs cultured in non‐methacrylated ECM hydrogels exhibited comparable expression of chondrogenic genes (Sox9, Aggrecan and collagen type II) but increased collagen type I expression. Non‐methacrylated cartilage hydrogels did not promote chondrogenesis to a greater extent than either non‐methacrylated or methacrylated tendon hydrogels. Whereas methacrylated gelatin hydrogels supported relatively homogeneous increases in proteoglycan and collagen type II deposition throughout the construct over 42 days, ECM hydrogels possessed greater heterogeneity of staining intensity and construct morphology. These results do not support the utility of pepsin‐solubilized cartilage and tendon hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering over methacrylated gelatin hydrogels. Methacrylation of tendon and cartilage ECM hydrogels permits thermal‐ and light‐induced polymerization but compromises chondrogenic differentiation of seeded MSCs.     

Tissue engineering a human phalanx

A principal purpose of tissue engineering is the augmentation, repair or replacement of diseased or injured human tissue. This study was undertaken to determine whether human biopsies as a cell source could be utilized for successful engineering of human phalanges consisting of both bone and cartilage. This paper reports the use of cadaveric human chondrocytes and periosteum as a model for the development of phalanx constructs. Two factors, osteogenic protein‐1 [OP‐1/bone morphogenetic protein‐7 (BMP7)], alone or combined with insulin‐like growth factor (IGF‐1), were examined for their potential enhancement of chondrocytes and their secreted extracellular matrices. Design of the study included culture of chondrocytes and periosteum on biodegradable polyglycolic acid (PGA) and poly‐l ‐lactic acid (PLLA)–poly‐ε‐caprolactone (PCL) scaffolds and subsequent implantation in athymic nu/nu (nude) mice for 5, 20, 40 and 60 weeks. Engineered constructs retrieved from mice were characterized with regard to genotype and phenotype as a function of developmental (implantation) time. Assessments included gross observation, X‐ray radiography or microcomputed tomography, histology and gene expression. The resulting data showed that human cell‐scaffold constructs could be successfully developed over 60 weeks, despite variability in donor age. Cartilage formation of the distal phalanx models enhanced with both OP‐1 and IGF‐1 yielded more cells and extracellular matrix (collagen and proteoglycans) than control chondrocytes without added factors. Summary data demonstrated that human distal phalanx models utilizing cadaveric chondrocytes and periosteum were successfully fabricated and OP‐1 and OP‐1/IGF‐1 accelerated construct development and mineralization. The results suggest that similar engineering and transplantation of human autologous tissues in patients are clinically feasible. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Polysaccharide‐based materials for cartilage tissue engineering applications

Tissue engineering was proposed approximately 15 years ago as an alternative and innovative way to address tissue regeneration problems. During the development of this field, researchers have proposed a variety of ways of looking into the regeneration and engineering of tissues, using different types of materials coupled with a wide range of cells and bioactive agents. This trilogy is commonly considered the basis of a tissue‐engineering strategy, meaning by this the use of a support material, cells and bioactive agents. Different researchers have been adding to these basic approaches other parameters able to improve the functionality of the tissue‐engineered construct, such as specific mechanical environments and conditioned gaseous atmospheres, among others. Nowadays, tissue‐engineering principles have been applied, with different degrees of success, to almost every tissue lacking efficient regeneration ability and the knowledge and intellectual property produced since then has experienced an immense growth. Materials for regenerating tissues, namely cartilage, have also been continuously increasing and most of the theoretical requirements for a tissue engineering support have been addressed by a single material or a mixture of materials. Due to their intrinsic features, polysaccharides are interesting for cartilage tissue‐engineering approaches and as a result their exploitation for this purpose has been increasing. The present paper intends to provide an overview of some of the most relevant polysaccharides used in cartilage tissue‐engineering research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mechanical compression of articular cartilage induces chondrocyte proliferation and inhibits proteoglycan synthesis by activation of the ERK pathway: implications for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

Articular cartilage is recalcitrant to endogenous repair and regeneration and is thus a focus of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine strategies. A prerequisite for articular cartilage tissue engineering is an understanding of the signal transduction pathways involved in mechanical compression during trauma or disease. We sought to explore the role of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) pathway in chondrocyte proliferation and proteoglycan synthesis following acute mechanical compression. Bovine articular cartilage explants were cultured with and without the ERK 1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059. Cartilage explants were statically loaded to 40% strain at a strain rate of 1/s for 5 s. Control explants were cultured under similar conditions but were not loaded. There were four experimental groups: (a) no load, without inhibitor; (b) no load, with the inhibitor PD98059; (c) loaded, without the inhibitor; and (d) loaded, with the inhibitor PD98059. The explants were cultured for varying durations from 5 min to 5 days and were then analysed by biochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Mechanical compression induced phosphorylation of ERK 1/2, and this was attenuated with the ERK 1/2 pathway inhibitor PD98059 in a dose‐dependent manner. Chondrocyte proliferation was increased by mechanical compression. This effect was blocked by the inhibitor of the ERK 1/2 pathway. Mechanical compression also led to a decrease in proteoglycan synthesis that was reversed with inhibitor PD98059. In conclusion, the ERK 1/2 pathway is involved in the proliferative and biosynthetic response of chondrocytes following acute static mechanical compression. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Enhanced treatment of articular cartilage defect of the knee by intra‐articular injection of Bcl‐xL‐engineered mesenchymal stem cells in rabbit model

Direct intra‐articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been proposed as a potential cell therapy for cartilage defects. This cell therapy relies on the survival of the implanted MSCs. However, the arduous local environment may limit cell viability after implantation, which would restrict the cells' regenerative capacity. Thus, it is necessary to reinforce the implanted cells against the unfavourable microenvironment in order to improve the efficacy of cell therapy. We examined whether the transduction of an anti‐apoptotic protein, Bcl‐xL, into MSCs could prevent cell death and improve the implantation efficiency of MSCs in a rabbit model. Our current findings demonstrate that the group treated with Bcl‐xL‐engineered MSCs could improve cartilage healing both morphologically and histologically when compared with the controls. These results suggest that intra‐articular injection of Bcl‐xL‐engineered MSCs is a potential non‐invasive therapeutic method for effectively treating cartilage defects of the knee. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Chondrogenic potential of electrospun nanofibres for cartilage tissue engineering

Articular cartilage has a heterogeneous structure, comprising elongated cells at the articulating surface and rounded cells elsewhere. This feature poses a complex challenge when fabricating 3D tissue engineering scaffolds able to mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) of cartilage for tissue repair and regeneration. Nanofibre scaffolds can provide an ECM-like structure, but are mechanically weak and typically have subcellular pore geometries. In this study, the use of poly(L,D-lactide) (PLDLA) nanofibre coatings on PLDLA microfibres or films (nanofibre composites) to influence bovine chondrocyte behaviour was investigated. It was demonstrated that electrospun nanofibres facilitated the adhesion of chondrocytes and helped to maintain smaller projected cell areas and a rounded cell phenotype, when compared to PLDLA films or microfibres. Random nanofibre composites were associated with the smallest and most rounded cells and aligned nanofibre composites also demonstrated a similar tendency. Quantitative PCR revealed that nanofibres promoted the expression of chondrogenic markers, such as collagen type IIaI and aggrecan, while maintaining low levels of collagen IaI. It was also found, by water contact angle measurement, that nanofibres were significantly more hydrophobic than cast films. The lower wettability of polymeric nanofibres favoured the maintenance of rounded chondrocyte morphology. To our knowledge this is the first study to confirm the positive influence on preserving chondrogenic phenotype and gene expression at the interface of true nano-microfibrous composites by using individual microfibres coated with aligned nanofibres. Such composites can potentially be fabricated into mechanically durable 3D scaffolds with better cell infiltration throughout the scaffolds.     

A comparison study of different decellularization treatments on bovine articular cartilage

Previous researches have emphasized on suitability of decellularized tissues for regenerative applications. The decellularization of cartilage tissue has always been a challenge as the final product must be balanced in both immunogenic residue and mechanical properties. This study was designed to compare and optimize the efficacy of the most common chemical decellularization treatments on articular cartilage. Freeze/thaw cycles, trypsin, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and Triton‐X 100 were used at various concentrations and time durations for decellularization of bovine distal femoral joint cartilage samples. Histological staining, scanning electron microscopy, DNA quantification, compressive strength test, and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy were performed for evaluation of the decellularized cartilage samples. Treatment with 0.05% trypsin/EDTA for 1 day followed by 3% SDS for 2 days and 3% Triton X‐100 for another 2 days resulted in significant reduction in DNA content and simultaneous maintenance of mechanical properties. Seeding the human adipose‐derived stem cells onto the decellularized cartilage confirmed its biocompatibility. According to our findings, an optimized physiochemical decellularization method can yield in a nonimmunogenic biomechanically compatible decellularized tissue for cartilage regeneration application.     

Effect of double growth factor release on cartilage tissue engineering

The effects of double release of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) and growth factor β1 (TGF–β1) from nanoparticles on the growth of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and their differentiation into cartilage cells were studied on PLGA scaffolds. The release was achieved by using nanoparticles of poly(lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) carrying IGF‐I and TGF–β1, respectively. On tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS), TGF‐β1 released from PNIPAM nanoparticles was found to have a significant effect on proliferation, while IGF‐I encouraged differentiation, as shown by collagen type II deposition. The study was then conducted on macroporous (pore size 200–400 µm) PLGA scaffolds. It was observed that the combination of IGF‐I and TGF‐β1 yielded better results in terms of collagen type II and aggrecan expression than GF‐free and single GF‐containing applications. It thus appears that gradual release of a combination of growth factors from nanoparticles could make a significant contribution to the quality of the engineered cartilage tissue. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

聚乙烯醇及其复合材料在组织工程支架中的应用

背景：聚乙烯醇是具有良好生物相容性和生物降解特性的聚合物,因其水溶性、成膜性、乳化性、胶黏性,而且无味无毒,被广泛用于临床领域。
　　目的：综述聚乙烯醇及其复合材料在骨、软骨、皮肤、血管等组织工程支架中的应用。
　　方法：由第一作者检索2000年1月至2011年12月中国知网数据库、1980年1月至2012年12月Pubmed数据库及 Elsevier数据库中,有关聚乙烯醇及其复合材料在骨、软骨、皮肤、血管等组织工程支架中应用的文章,中文关键词为“聚乙烯醇,复合材料,组织工程支架”,英文关键词为“Poly (vinyl alcohol),composite material, tissue engineering scaffold”。
　　结果与结论：虽然聚乙烯醇及其复合材料还存在强度不够高、植入后有并发症等缺点,但这类材料具有良好的生物相容性和生物可降解特性,在组织工程中的应用从实验室到临床前研究都有很大的进展。对于其修复的长期效果还需要进一步深入研究。通过对材料表面进行修饰,改善细胞与支架材料的相互作用;通过模拟细胞生长微环境,制备仿生材料,提高材料的亲水性、对细胞的黏附性,促进细胞的分化增殖;构建具有可控三维多孔结构的支架,并赋予其控制释放细胞生长因子等功能,更好地仿生天然细胞外基质的结构和功能;制备出降解速度与机械强度能够完全适应组织再生需要的支架,研制复合、仿生材料是今后支架材料研究的主要方向。