复合带瓣人工血管替换升主动脉和主动脉瓣

报告２４例或主动脉瘤伴主动脉瓣关闭不全行升主动脉和主动脉瓣替换及冠状动脉开口移植术。１３例伴有升主动脉夹层分离，对其中９例ＤｅＢａｋｅｙＩ型者，以Ｔｅｆｌｏｎ毡条内外加固主动脉切端后吻合。１３例用人工血管周围间隙与右心耳吻合以控制升主动脉吻合以控制升主动脉吻合上的出血。３例以人工血管片环包主动脉吻合口控制局部广泛渗血及出血。２例术毕不能脱离体外循环死亡。手术死亡率８．３％。随访平均２１．８个月，２     

主动脉瓣二瓣畸形与升主动脉形变的血流动力学关系

主动脉瓣二瓣畸形(BAV)是常见的先天性心脏病,BAV与升主动脉形变的血流动力学之间的关系至关重要,本文旨在对其进行综述。     

主动脉瓣及瓣上狭窄合并升主动脉扩张一例

患者男,29岁。主诉：发现心脏杂音13年,心前区痛1周余。查体：血压120/80 mm Hg,心率70次/分,律齐,主动脉瓣听诊区可闻及3/6级收缩期喷射样杂音,向颈部传导,P2〉A2。心电图示：窦性心律,左心室高电压;心脏超声心动图提示：主动脉瓣重度狭窄、轻度关闭不全,主动脉瓣上隔膜型狭窄,升主动脉及弓部增宽,升主动脉直径53 mm,左心室内径44 mm,左心室肥厚,室间隔厚度19 mm,射血分数（EF）85%。术前CT示：主动脉根部狭窄,升主动脉扩张（图1）。     

应用无支架Medtronic生物瓣行主动脉瓣替换

评估无支架Ｍｅｄｔｒｏｎｉｃ生物瓣作主动脉瓣替换的安全性和临床效果。方法以冠状动脉开口下方植入技术用无支架Ｍｅｄｔｒｏｎｉｃ生物瓣作主动脉瓣替换共８５例。易除左、右冠状动脉空运保留完整的无冠窦,全部采用连续缝合方法。结论无支架Ｍｅｄｔｒｏｎｉｃ生物瓣作主动脉瓣替换效果良好,适用于年龄超过７５岁以及伴有狭小动脉根部的病人。     

细小主动脉根部扩大主动脉瓣及二尖瓣双瓣替换术六例

自１９９２年１２月～１９９６年７月我们为６例风湿性联合瓣膜病合并细小主动脉根部患者施行了主动脉瓣环扩大、主动脉瓣替换及二尖瓣替换术，效果良好。１临床资料与方法本组６例，男２例，女４例。年龄１８～５３岁，体重３２～５５ｋｇ。超声心动图示升主动脉内径２７...     

无包裹-纵切口升主动脉成形术治疗升主动脉扩张的疗效分析

目的探讨无包裹-纵切口升主动脉成形术治疗升主动脉扩张的临床疗效。方法 2005年9月-2011年5月,对53例主动脉瓣病变伴升主动脉扩张患者行主动脉瓣置换加无包裹-纵切口升主动脉成形术治疗。男41例,女12例;年龄22～75岁,平均52岁。病程1个月～14年。心脏彩色超声多普勒检查示术前升主动脉直径为(45.9±3.3)mm;主动脉瓣三叶瓣40例,主动脉瓣二叶畸形13例。心功能根据纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)分级标准:Ⅱ级19例,Ⅲ级33例,Ⅳ级1例。结果术后发生1例纵隔广泛渗血、3例肺部感染、1例Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞。患者均无升主动脉成形术相关并发症。53例均获随访,随访时间3～68个月,平均15个月。患者均无明显胸闷、心累。末次随访时心功能NYHA分级Ⅰ级22例,Ⅱ级31例。升主动脉直径为(35.2±4.0)mm,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.000);与术后出院时(34.0±2.5)mm比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.245)。其中,随访时间≥60个月者末次随访时升主动脉直径与术前、术后出院时比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);主动脉瓣二叶畸形患者末次随访时升主动脉直径与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);术前升主动脉直径>50 mm患者末次随访时升主动脉直径与术前比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论无包裹-纵切口升主动脉成形术治疗主动脉瓣病变伴升主动脉轻-中度(直径范围40～50 mm)扩张患者可获得较好早中期疗效,但应严格选择患者,远期效果需进一步随访观察。     

先天性主动脉瓣四瓣化畸形合并升主动脉瘤1例

病人男，35例。间断胸闷2个月。查体：血压190／50mmHg(1mmHg=0．133kPa)；心界扩大；主动脉瓣第1、2听诊区可闻及双期杂音；水冲脉、股动脉枪击音阳性、毛细血管征阳性。X线胸片示心脏近似“靴形”，中上纵隔增宽，升主动脉迂曲，心尖向左下延长，心胸比率0．62。心电图示左心室肥厚、劳损。心脏彩色超声检查示左室明显扩大，舒张期末     

升主动脉成形术的早中期临床结果分析

目的分析升主动脉成形术治疗主动脉瓣病变伴升主动脉扩张患者的临床随访结果,总结其临床经验,以提高治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2010年8月北京阜外心血管病医院36例主动脉瓣病变伴升主动脉扩张患者行主动脉瓣置换和升主动脉成形术的临床资料,其中男26例、女10例,年龄7~72（51±16）岁。分别于术前、术后出院前及随访中通过心脏超声心动图检查测量升主动脉直径,并进行比较。结果无围术期死亡。体外循环时间（96.2±28.3）min,主动脉阻断时间（69.2±22.1）min,术后住院时间（11.0±7.8）d。36例患者全部进行随访,术后随访1.1~9.0（4.0±2.3）年,随访期间死亡1例,无二次手术患者。心脏超声心动图提示：主动脉瓣功能正常,术后升主动脉直径较术前减小[（36.4±6.1）mm vs.（46.8±4.6）mm,t=13.12,P=0.00];随访期间升主动脉直径与术后相比有所增加[（40.8±6.8）mm vs.（36.4±6.1）mm,t=-2.64,P=0.01],与术前相比减小[（40.8±6.8）mm vs.（46.8±4.6）mm,t=3.48,P=0.00]。结论升主动脉成形术治疗主动脉瓣病变伴升主动脉扩张患者可获得较好的早中期疗效,但远期效果需进一步随访观察。     

The Replacement of the Ascending Aorta and Aortic Valve with a New Design Composite Graft: A Six-Year Experience

The problems encountered in coronary artery reattachment when the ascending aorta and aortic valve are replaced with a composite graft induced Gallucci and one of the authors to develop a new aortovalvular prosthesis in clinical practice. The unique transverse ovoidal shape of this graft is intended to conform to the natural aortic root and facilitate the coronary anastomoses and minimize bleeding. We present our 6-year experience with 56 patients operated upon with this prosthesis. In all patients we were able to connect the coronary arteries directly to the graft without complications including hemorrhage or distortion of the coronary ostia. The survivors were evaluated with chest X ray, two-dimensional echocardiography, and conventional or digital subtraction angiography to detect the presence of pseudoaneurysms at the site of the coronary anastomosis, reported by others that have used the composite graft technique. The notable absence of this complication in our patients at a mean follow-up of 41 months (range 3-71) documents that this ovoidal composite graft is a reliable tool in the treatment of aortic root pathology.     

应用同种动脉治疗主动脉根部病变

报告５例采用同种动脉（ＨＡＶ）治疗５例主动脉根部病变（主动脉瓣狭窄１例，关闭不全４例）。男３例，女２例；年龄１３～４７岁。病因为细菌性心内膜炎２例（包括先天主动脉瓣二瓣化畸型１例），Ｍａｒｆａｎ综合征２例，风湿性主动脉瓣关闭不全１例。术中采用同种主动脉全根置换３例（Ｂｅｎｔａｌｌ手术），其中１例用ＨＡＶ上的二尖瓣前叶加宽主动脉瓣环（Ｍａｎｏｕｇｕｉａｎ手术），余２例用自体肺动脉移置主动脉根部，另取同种肺动脉做原位移置（Ｒｏｓｓ手术）。结果死亡１冽，４例存活，且无并发症发生。术后超声心动图提示主动脉根部良好，无主动脉瓣反流。随访２．５～３．５年疗效满意。     

Aortotomy and Endarterectomy of the Ascending Aorta for Aortic Valve Replacement in a Patient with Porcelain Aorta

Patients with a calcified “porcelain” aorta may also have aortic valve stenosis, necessitating aortic valve replacement to prevent cerebral complications. However, a porcelain aorta can be difficult to open, and ascending aorta repair sutures are almost impossible to insert in a calcified plate. We devised a method of aortotomy using a small oscillating saw, which allowed us to incise the aortic wall cleanly without destruction or the formation of debris. After partial endarterectomy of the calcified plate with aortotomy, closure of the aorta was buttressed with bovine pericardium. During the endarterectomy, we used an elevator designed for hand surgery to exfoliate the calcified intimal plate.     

Aortic Valve Replacement With Patch Enlargement of the Aortic Annulus

Background. Aortic annulus enlargement has long been advocated for the placement of valve prostheses larger than otherwise would have been possible. Little information exists, however, on the short- and long-term outcome of this surgical procedure.

Methods. We performed a retrospective review of 530 patients enrolled in a registry for patients who underwent aortic valve replacement using the Hancock II bioprosthesis and were followed up prospectively over the course of 11 years at a single institution. In an effort to avoid prosthetic valve-patient mismatch, the aortic annulus was enlarged in 98 patients (18%). Short- and long-term outcome was analyzed.

Results. Enlargement of the aortic annulus during aortic valve replacement increased the operative mortality rate from 3.5% to 7.1%, but this difference did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.10). The long-term survival of patients who had annulus enlargement was similar to that of patients who did not. Because there were differences in the clinical profile of patients who had annulus enlargement and those who did not, a case-control study was carried out. This study showed similar long-term survival, freedom from valve-related and cardiac death, and combined end points in the two groups of patients.

Conclusion. Aortic annulus enlargement increased the operative mortality of aortic valve replacement. However, patients who underwent enlargement of a small aortic annulus had long-term survival and freedom from cardiac and valve-related death comparable to those of patients who received larger aortic prostheses.     

114例升主动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的　总结升主动脉瘤手术治疗的经验 ,并分析探讨其相关的问题。　方法　对 114例升主动脉瘤患者(其中 6 2例伴升主动脉夹层分离 )施行了手术治疗。 10 5例升主动脉瘤伴主动脉瓣关闭不全患者行 Bentall手术 (升主动脉和主动脉瓣置换术以及冠状动脉开口移植术 ) ,其余 9例患者仅行升主动脉置换术。　结果　手术死亡 7例(6 .14 % ) ,其中 6例为术前心功能 (NYHA) 级患者。随访 10 7例 ,随访时间 7天～ 12 .4年 (40± 30月 ) ,死亡 8例 ,死于颅内出血 3例 ,腹内动脉瘤破裂出血 3例 ,急症冠状动脉旁路移植术 1例 ,原因不明猝死 1例。存活的 99例(86 .8% )情况良好 ,心功能为 、 级。　结论　主动脉置换术治疗升主动脉瘤、Bentall手术治疗升主动脉瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全 ,术后可使大多数存活患者获得良好的功能恢复和生活质量 ,手术效果满意。     

Comparative Finite Element Model Analysis of Ascending Aortic Flow in Bicuspid and Tricuspid Aortic Valve

In bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) disease, the role of genetic and hemodynamic factors influencing ascending aortic pathology is controversial. To test the effect of BAV geometry on ascending aortic flow, a finite element analysis was undertaken. A surface model of aortic root and ascending aorta was obtained from magnetic resonance images of patients with BAV and tricuspid aortic valve using segmentation facilities of the image processing code Vascular Modeling Toolkit (developed at the Mario Negri Institute). Analytical models of bicuspid (antero‐posterior [AP], type 1 and latero‐lateral, type 2 commissures) and tricuspid orifices were mathematically defined and turned into a volumetric mesh of linear tetrahedra for computational fluid dynamics simulations. Numerical simulations were performed with the finite element code LifeV. Flow velocity fields were assessed for four levels: aortic annulus, sinus of Valsalva, sinotubular junction, and ascending aorta. Comparison of finite element analysis of bicuspid and tricuspid aortic valve showed different blood flow velocity pattern. Flow in bicuspid configurations showed asymmetrical distribution of velocity field toward the convexity of mid‐ascending aorta returning symmetrical in distal ascending aorta. On the contrary, tricuspid flow was symmetrical in each aortic segment. Comparing type 1 BAV with type 2 BAV, more pronounced recirculation zones were noticed in the latter. Finally, we found that in both BAV configurations, maximum wall shear stress is highly localized at the convex portion of the mid‐ascending aorta level. Comparison between models showed asymmetrical and higher flow velocity in bicuspid models, in particular in the AP configuration. Asymmetry was more pronounced at the aortic level known to be more exposed to aneurysm formation in bicuspid patients. This supports the hypothesis that hemodynamic factors may contribute to ascending aortic pathology in this subset of patients.     

Modified Cabrol's Technique for Composite Replacement of the Aortic Valve and Ascending Aorta

A bstract Composite replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with coronary reimplantation can be complicated by intraoperative hemorrhage from the coronary ostial anastomoses and proximal aortic suture line. Exposure and repair of these suture lines may be quite difficult after the termination of bypass in the intact aortic root. Cabrol originally described connecting the coronary ostia by separate Dacron graft, which was then anastomosed side-to-side to the aortic conduit, and the entire repair wrapped in the aneurysm wall to control bleeding. This article describes a modification of Cabrol's technique in which coronary ostial buttons are mobilized and the entire aortic wall resected. This procedure has been used in five patients with varied pathology, with no perioperative deaths and one minor intraoperative neurological event. The greater ease of operation and improved hemostasis afforded by the technique described in this article warrant its consideration in patients requiring aortic root replacement, and may prove particularly helpful in complex cases and reoperations.     

Clinical Results of Valve Replacement by the Starr-Edwards Prosthesis

Heart valve replacement has initiated special research efforts and has led to debate among surgeons from different surgical services. It is in this area of cardiac surgery that complications are frequent. This paper is a summarized review of the problems related to valve replacement by the Starr-Edwards prosthesis at the University of São Paulo Medical School Heart Institute. It describes the difficulties which led the authors to abandon its use in 1971. Clinical experience is from July 1958 to January 1974.