Classical herniorrhaphies of Bassini,Halsted and Ferguson

Eduard Bassini's paper describing his new operation for inguinal hernia was dated July 30, 1889 but did not appear until 1890. He had operated, upon 251 patients over a four and one-half year period with six recurrences. The main features of his operation are: suture of the threefold layer to Poupart's ligament to form the posterior wall of the new inguinal canal; suture of the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle over the cord, forming the anterior wall of the new inguinal canal.Wm. S. Halsted's new operation for inguinal hernia was described December, 1889. He presented five patients, representing work over a six-month period. The main features of this operation are: excision of most of the veins of the spermatic cord; transplantation of the vas deferens under the skin; closure of the structures of the abdominal wall (excluding the peritoneum and the skin) in one layer with interrupted mattress sutures.Alexander Hugh Ferguson's inguinal herniorrhaphy, having been performed by him sixty-four times, was described July 1, 1899. In his book in 1907, he still recommended the same operation. The main features of the Ferguson herniorrhaphy are: leaving the cord undisturbed; utilizing the cremaster muscle and the transversalis fascia in the repair, and suturing the internal oblique muscle and the conjoined tendon over the spermatic cord to Poupart's ligament, it being recommended that the spermatic cord not be lifted from its natural bed.Wm. S. Halsted published his new method of hernia repair August, 1903. The main features of this operation, as contrasted with the Halsted of 1893, are: transplantation of the neck of the sac, careful excision of any enlarged veins of the spermatic cord, utilization of the cremaster muscle and the transversalis fascia in the repair, and placing three rows of interrupted silk sutures and one of catgut in an overlapping type of repair of the layers of the region. Concerning this operation, Ferguson⁶ wrote in his book: “This modification, which is very similar to my operation, was not published until three years after I produced my method.”     

Use of transversus abdominis in repair of indirect inguinal hernia

Four points in the anatomy of the inguinal region are brought out; first, the close relationship between the internal ring and the free edge of the transversus abdominis above and with Poupart's ligament below; second, the fact that the transversus abdominis is aponeurotic at this point; third, that the transversus abdominis aponeurosis and the transversalis fascia are almost on planes of identical depth in the makeup of the abdominal wall; fourth, the dangerous position of the deep epigastric vessels medial to the inner margin of the internal abdominal ring.Considering these anatomical facts, a technic has been devised in which the aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis is sewed down to the shelving margin of Poupart's ligament, the ring margins being included in the sutures for the closure of the dilated internal ring found in association with indirect inguinal hernias. The intimate reinforcement given by this technic, and the lack of “dead space” following its use is emphasized.     

Coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction using the lateral half of the conjoined tendon

To preserve the coracoacromial (CA) ligament, we have used the lateral half of the conjoined tendon as an autograft source to replace the coracoclavicular (CC) ligament. The purpose of this study is to compare the ultimate tensile strength of the lateral 12 mm of the conjoined tendon with that of the CA ligament and the CC ligament. Eight paired cadaveric male shoulders were tested to tensile failure with a custom pneumatic testing apparatus. Although the lateral 12 mm of the conjoined tendon was stronger than the CA ligament, this difference was not statistically significant (P =.37). However, the intact CC ligament (621 +/- 209 N) was approximately 250% stronger than either the lateral 12 mm of the conjoined tendon (265 +/- 79 N, P <.001) or the CA ligament (246 +/- 69 N, P <.001). We believe that the lateral half of the conjoined tendon is a viable alternative autograft source for reconstruction of the CC ligament in cases of symptomatic acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Though not as strong as the native CC ligaments, the conjoined tendon is slightly stronger than the commonly used CA ligament.     

Rotator cuff repair with a novel mesh suture: An ex vivo assessment of mechanical properties

Surgical repair is a common treatment for rotator cuff tear; however, the retear rate is high. A high degree of suture repair strength is important to ensure rotator cuff integrity for healing. The purpose of this study was to compare the mechanical performance of rotator cuffs repaired with a mesh suture versus traditional polydioxanone suture II and FiberWire sutures in a canine in vitro model. Seventy‐two canine shoulders were harvested. An infraspinatus tendon tear was created in each shoulder. Two suture techniques—simple interrupted sutures and two‐row suture bridge—were used to reconnect the infraspinatus tendon to the greater tuberosity, using three different suture types: Mesh suture, polydioxanone suture II, or FiberWire. Shoulders were loaded to failure under displacement control at a rate of 20 mm/min. Failure load was compared between suture types and techniques. Ultimate failure load was significantly higher in the specimens repaired with mesh suture than with polydioxanone suture II or FiberWire, regardless of suture technique. There was no significant difference in stiffness among the six groups, with the exception that FiberWire repairs were stiffer than polydioxanone suture II repairs with the simple interrupted technique. All specimens failed by suture pull‐out from the tendon. Based on our biomechanical findings, rotator cuff repair with the mesh suture might provide superior initial strength against failure compared with the traditional polydioxanone suture II or FiberWire sutures. Use of the mesh suture may provide increased initial fixation strength and decrease gap formation, which could result in improved healing and lower re‐tear rates following rotator cuff repair. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:987–992, 2018.

     

A new caliper: uses in surgery.

A technique using Marlex mesh for the repair of incisional hernias in which the mesh is placed deep to the muscles and the musculofascial layers are closed completely over the mesh is described. Great mechanical advantage is obtained and healing of the wound by primary repair is made possible. This technique has been used in 31 patients since February 1978 with good results. Most of the 31 patients had large defects, and primary closure over the mesh was possible in all of them.     

New technique for repairing incisional hernias with Marlex mesh.

A technique using Marlex mesh for the repair of incisional hernias in which the mesh is placed deep to the muscles and the musculofascial layers are closed completely over the mesh is described. Great mechanical advantage is obtained and healing of the wound by primary repair is made possible. This technique has been used in 31 patients since February 1978 with good results. Most of the 31 patients had large defects, and primary closure over the mesh was possible in all of them.     

指浅屈肌腱束修复指间关节侧副韧带断裂

目的 介绍应用指浅屈肌腱束加强修复近节指间关节侧副韧带断裂的方法及疗效。方法 自１９８７年以来,对２３例２３指近节指间关节侧副韧带断裂,采用部分指浅屈肌腱显微技术加强修复。用细克氏针在侧副韧带起点外向健侧钻两个相距２～３ｍｍ骨孔穿过钢丝,切开屈肌腱鞘,从指浅屈肌腱一侧近端切取所需长度肌腱束,此肌腱束穿过钢丝孔,保持肌腱束的合适张力,用５／０～７／０无创线缝合于浅腱止点,应用８／０针结将肌腱束缝合于     

Repair of massive septic abdominal wall defects with Marlex mesh

Marlex mesh was used to close the abdominal wall defect in six patients with septic wound dehiscence and intra-abdominal infection. The mesh was implanted under local anesthesia and served as a protective covering for the bowel and allowed early ambulation, including prone positioning of the patient for easier wound care. In four surviving patients, the Marlex mesh was covered by full thickness skin flaps after granulation tissue had covered the material. No patients had infected sinus tract formation or extrusion. Two patients had incisional hernias develop when the Marlex mesh was not sutured to the abdominal wall permanently. The use of Marlex mesh to cover infected defects in the abdominal wall when primary closure cannot be accomplished is suggested by our experience.     

Arthroscopic "interval slide" in the repair of large rotator cuff tears.

An arthroscopic technique for coracohumeral ligament release from a retracted supraspinatus tendon is presented. The procedure is technically simple and can greatly improve the mobility of retracted rotator cuff tears, thus expanding the application of arthroscopic repair to larger tears.     

Part I: Footprint contact characteristics for a transosseous-equivalent rotator cuff repair technique compared with a double-row repair technique

Rotator cuff repair via transosseous tunnels can improve footprint contact area and pressure when compared with suture anchor techniques. A double-row technique has been used clinically to improve footprint coverage by a repaired tendon. We hypothesized that a transosseous-equivalent rotator cuff repair via tendon suture bridges would demonstrate improved pressurized contact between the tendon and tuberosity when compared with a double-row technique. In 6 fresh-frozen human shoulders, a transosseous-equivalent rotator cuff repair was performed: a suture limb from each of 2 medial anchors was bridged over the tendon and fixed laterally with an interference screw (4 suture bridges). In 6 of the contralateral specimens, two types of repair were performed randomly in each specimen: (1) a double-row repair and (2) a transosseous-equivalent repair with a single screw (2 suture bridges). For all repairs, pressure-sensitive film was placed at the tendon-footprint interface, and software was used to obtain measurements. The mean pressurized contact area between the tendon and insertion was significantly greater for the 4-suture bridge technique (124.2 +/- 16.3 mm2, 77.6% footprint) compared with both the double-row (63.3 +/- 28.5 mm2, 39.6% footprint) and 2-suture bridge (99.7 +/- 22.0 mm2, 62.3% footprint) techniques (P < .05). The mean interface pressure exerted over the footprint by the tendon was greater for the 4-suture bridge technique (0.27 +/- 0.04 MPa) than for the double-row technique (0.19 +/- 0.01 MPa) (P = .002). The transosseous-equivalent rotator cuff repair technique can improve pressurized contact area and mean pressure between the tendon and footprint when compared with a double-row technique. A transosseous-equivalent technique, using suture bridges, may help optimize the healing biology at a repaired rotator cuff insertion.     

A case report on a full-thickness chest wall reconstruction with polypropylene mesh and stainless steel mesh concurrently using a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap.

A full-thickness chest wall resection requires subsequent chest wall reconstruction. A chest wall resection and reconstruction was performed using a transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap, together with polypropylene mesh (Marlex mesh) and stainless steel mesh (SSM). A 71-year-old man was diagnosed as having recurrent lung cancer in the chest wall, and underwent surgical resection. Marlex mesh was sutured to the posterior wall of the surgical defect. A portion of the SSM was adjusted to the size of the defect and cut out. Its edges were folded to make the portion into a plate. This SSM plate was placed anteriorly to the Marlex mesh and sutured to the ribs. The Marlex mesh was folded back on the SSM plate by 2 cm and fixed. After the above procedures, a left-sided TRAM flap was raised through a subcutaneous tunnel up to the defect and sutured to the region. The patient was discharged from hospital 19 days postoperatively. The wound was fine and he had no flail chest or dyspnea, and carcinomatous pain resolved.     

Massive rotator cuff tear treated with a synthetic patch: a case report 16 years after surgery

Massive rotator cuff tears usually cannot be repaired due to tendon atrophy and marked retraction, as well as muscles fatty degeneration. There are several options for surgical treatment: open or arthroscopic debridement with or without subacromial decompression, arthroscopic isolated biceps tenotomy, partial tendon repair, use of synthetic or biologic patches, tendon transfers, hemiarthroplasty, reverse arthroplasty, and arthrodesis. In this article, we will discuss a particular case of massive rotator cuff tear treated with Marlex mesh. The patient was clinically, radiologically, and MRI checked 16 years after the surgical implant. The active function of shoulder had preserved very well, the Constant score was 76. The X-rays showed a limited progression of osteoarthritis without further cranial migration of the humeral head. At MR cartilage preservation was appreciated, the patch being in good position and the teres minor being smaller than average but it was nonetheless present. This case report can highlight the usefulness of patches in patients with irreparable rotator cuff lesion both for the immediate benefit in terms of pain, strength, movement, and in perspective allowing for the preservation of anatomical structures that might avoid the need for a prosthetic implant over the years.     

应用人工材料行腹肌后筋膜前修补治疗切口疝80例

目的:总结应用人工材料修补腹壁切口疝的经验。方法:回顾分析我院以单丝编织聚丙烯网片修补的80例腹部切口疝的临床资料。结果:全组无围手术期死亡,1例术后24h内出现急性左心功能衰竭,经对症处理后治愈。全组无切口感染,无血肿形成;拔除引流管后皮下血肿形成1例,无窦道形成。平均住院(14.3±6.5)d。获随访者73例,无复发病例。结论:人工材料腹肌后筋膜前修补术是治疗腹壁切口疝的优良术式;对于疝环横径>10cm或疝内容物多、突出时间较长的巨大切口疝病人应予充分的术前准备。     

Resection of Sternal Tumors and Reconstruction of the Thorax: A Review of 15 Patients

Purpose We report our experience of resecting sternal tumors, followed by reconstruction of the skeletal and soft-tissue defects, and discuss the usefulness of sandwiched Marlex and stainless-steel mesh. Methods Fifteen patients underwent resection of a sternal tumor and chest wall reconstruction with autologous bone grafts, sandwiched Marlex and stainless-steel mesh or a titanium plate, and musculocutaneous flaps. The sternal tumors were from locally recurrent breast carcinoma in ten patients, metastasis from other organs in three, and primary chondrosarcoma in two. Results All patients were extubated without paradoxical respiration just after surgery. There was no operative mortality. A wound infection developed in the acute phase after a sandwiched Marlex and stainless-steel mesh reconstruction in one patient. A second repair with Marlex and stainless-steel mesh was required in two patients; for flail chest after an autologous bone graft in one; and following re-recurrence of breast carcinoma in another patient who had undergone a musculocutaneous flap repair. No signs of breakdown, dislodgment, severe depression, or deformity were seen in any of the six patients who underwent reconstruction with Marlex and stainless-steel mesh during a median follow-up period of 56 months. Conclusions Wide resection of sternal tumors provides good local control. Reconstruction with Marlex and stainless-steel mesh seems to be the most effective technique for repairing a wide anterior chest wall defect.     

Massive rotator cuff tear treated with a synthetic patch: a case report 16 years after surgery

Massive rotator cuff tears usually cannot be repaired due to tendon atrophy and marked retraction, as well as muscles fatty degeneration. There are several options for surgical treatment: open or arthroscopic debridement with or without subacromial decompression, arthroscopic isolated biceps tenotomy, partial tendon repair, use of synthetic or biologic patches, tendon transfers, hemiarthroplasty, reverse arthroplasty, and arthrodesis. In this article, we will discuss a particular case of massive rotator cuff tear treated with Marlex mesh. The patient was clinically, radiologically, and MRI checked 16 years after the surgical implant. The active function of shoulder had preserved very well, the Constant score was 76. The X-rays showed a limited progression of osteoarthritis without further cranial migration of the humeral head. At MR cartilage preservation was appreciated, the patch being in good position and the teres minor being smaller than average but it was nonetheless present. This case report can highlight the usefulness of patches in patients with irreparable rotator cuff lesion both for the immediate benefit in terms of pain, strength, movement, and in perspective allowing for the preservation of anatomical structures that might avoid the need for a prosthetic implant over the years.     

Experimental rotator cuff repair. A preliminary study.

BACKGROUND: The repair of chronic, massive rotator cuff tears is associated with a high rate of failure. Prospective studies comparing different repair techniques are difficult to design and carry out because of the many factors that influence structural and clinical outcomes. The objective of this study was to develop a suitable animal model for evaluation of the efficacy of different repair techniques for massive rotator cuff tears and to use this model to compare a new repair technique, tested in vitro, with the conventional technique. METHODS: We compared two techniques of rotator cuff repair in vivo using the left shoulders of forty-seven sheep. With the conventional technique, simple stitches were used and both suture ends were passed transosseously and tied over the greater tuberosity of the humerus. With the other technique, the modified Mason-Allen stitch was used and both suture ends were passed transosseously and tied over a cortical-bone-augmentation device. This device consisted of a poly(L/D-lactide) plate that was fifteen millimeters long, ten millimeters wide, and two millimeters thick. Number-3 braided polyester suture material was used in all of the experiments. RESULTS: In pilot studies (without prevention of full weight-bearing), most repairs failed regardless of the technique that was used. The simple stitch always failed by the suture pulling through the tendon or the bone; the suture material did not break or tear. The modified Mason-Allen stitch failed in only two of seventeen shoulders. In ten shoulders, the suture material failed even though the stitches were intact. Thus, we concluded that the modified Mason-Allen stitch is a more secure method of achieving suture purchase in the tendon. In eight of sixteen shoulders, the nonaugmented double transosseous bone-fixation technique failed by the suture pulling through the bone. The cortical-bone-augmentation technique never failed. In definite studies, prevention of full weight-bearing was achieved by fixation of a ten-centimeter-diameter ball under the hoof of the sheep. This led to healing in eight of ten shoulders repaired with the modified Mason-Allen stitch and cortical-bone augmentation. On histological analysis, both the simple-stitch and the modified Mason-Allen technique caused similar degrees of transient localized tissue damage. Mechanical pullout tests of repairs with the new technique showed a failure strength that was approximately 30 percent of that of an intact infraspinatus tendon at six weeks, 52 percent of that of an intact tendon at three months, and 81 percent of that of an intact tendon at six months. CONCLUSIONS: The repair technique with a modified Mason-Allen stitch with number-3 braided polyester suture material and cortical-bone augmentation was superior to the conventional repair technique. Use of the modified Mason-Allen stitch and the cortical-bone-augmentation device transferred the weakest point of the repair to the suture material rather than to the bone or the tendon. Failure to protect the rotator cuff post-operatively was associated with an exceedingly high rate of failure, even if optimum repair technique was used. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Different techniques for rotator cuff repair substantially influence the rate of failure. A modified Mason-Allen stitch does not cause tendon necrosis, and use of this stitch with cortical-bone augmentation yields a repair that is biologically well tolerated and stronger in vivo than a repair with the conventional technique. Unprotected repairs, however, have an exceedingly high rate of failure even if optimum repair technique is used. Postoperative protection from tension overload, such as with an abduction splint, may be necessary for successful healing of massive rotator cuff tears.     

Ulnar instability of the metacarpophalangeal joint of thumb

A method of reconstruction of the long standing rupture of ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb is described. Its advantage is the tightness with which the tendon used for repair can be sutured to achieve maximum stability. This has been used in eight patients in the past four years and provided a stable and painless thumb.     

Evaluation of polylactic acid-carbon mesh for repair of ventral herniorrhaphy

Large ventral hernias are a difficult surgical problem. Previous attempts to repair large defects in the abdominal wall with prostheses have been associated with recurrences and infection. A filamentous polylactic acid-carbon tissue mesh is a possible alternative prosthesis. We evaluated and compared polylactic acid-carbon mesh and Marlex mesh in repairing a large defect of the abdominal wall in a rat model. The polylactic acid-carbon mesh led to as strong a repair as Marlex mesh for the same time periods postoperatively; furthermore, no infection was noted with the former, whereas a 5.3 percent incidence of infection was noted with Marlex mesh. One mesh disruption was also noted with Marlex mesh. Polylactic acid-carbon mesh was found to have a more marked fibrotic response and a lesser inflammatory response. Polylactic acid-carbon mesh, therefore, appears to be more biocompatible, with more fibrosis, less inflammatory reaction, and equal strength to Marlex mesh. It is therefore a more appropriate synthetic material for a large ventral herniorrhaphy.     

Tissue‐engineered tendon constructs for rotator cuff repair in sheep

Current rotator cuff repair commonly involves the use of single or double row suture techniques, and despite successful outcomes, failure rates continue to range from 20 to 95%. Failure to regenerate native biomechanical properties at the enthesis is thought to contribute to failure rates. Thus, the need for technologies that improve structural healing of the enthesis after rotator cuff repair is imperative. To address this issue, our lab has previously demonstrated enthesis regeneration using a tissue‐engineered graft approach in a sheep anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) repair model. We hypothesized that our tissue‐engineered graft designed for ACL repair also will be effective in rotator cuff repair. The goal of this study was to test the efficacy of our Engineered Tissue Graft for Rotator Cuff (ETG‐RC) in a rotator cuff tear model in sheep and compare this novel graft technology to the commonly used double row suture repair technique. Following a 6‐month recovery, the grafted and contralateral shoulders were removed, imaged using X‐ray, and tested biomechanically. Additionally, the infraspinatus muscle, myotendinous junction, enthesis, and humeral head were preserved for histological analysis of muscle, tendon, and enthesis structure. Our results showed that our ETC‐RCs reached 31% of the native tendon tangent modulus, which was a modest, non‐significant, 11% increase over that of the suture‐only repairs. However, the histological analysis showed the regeneration of a native‐like enthesis in the ETG‐RC‐repaired animals. This advanced structural healing may improve over longer times and may diminish recurrence rates of rotator cuff tears and lead to better clinical outcomes. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:289–299, 2018.     

Lateral Release in Hallux Valgus Deformity: From Anatomic Study to Surgical Tip

The important part of hallux valgus deformity operations, especially in the case of an incongruent joint, is the release of the soft tissue on the lateral side of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. The purpose of the present anatomic study was, with preparation of the lateral structures of the joint and lateral conjoined tendon, to provide a background for a surgical tip of the release of the joint for an additional metatarsal osteotomy. For the present study, we used 30 specimens (15 left and 15 right) from 19 cadavers at the Institute of Anatomy, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles Faculty (Prague, Czech Republic). Only specimens that met the criteria of hallux valgus were included in the present study. The technique was based on the incision of the lateral sesamoid ligament and partial tenotomy of the lateral conjoined tendon from the first interdigital web space. The release was done gradually with supination and abduction of the big toe to achieve the smallest size of the tenotomy. The median of the tenotomy size of the conjoined tendon was 6.5 (range 5 to 14) mm. The median size of the conjoined tendon in the frontal plane just ventral to the sesamoid bone was 10.6 (range 8 to 14) mm. The technique of the release, in which the big toe was abducted and supinated, can minimize the size of the lateral conjoined tendon release and can minimize the possibility of a postoperative deformity.