颈动脉体瘤15例的外科诊治体会

目的探讨颈动脉体瘤的诊断和手术治疗经验。方法回顾性分析1999年9月至2009年12月收治的15例颈动脉体瘤患者的临床资料。9例采用瘤体剥离术,6例行瘤体与所包裹的血管一并切除,切除后因血管长度不够,行血管间置,移植血管替代物中4例选用大隐静脉、1例选用颈外静脉、1例选用人工血管。结果15例术后病理证实为颈动脉体瘤,术后无死亡和偏瘫发生。舌下神经损伤1例,迷走神经损伤2例。结论颈动脉体瘤因为解剖上的特殊性,手术是治疗颈动脉体瘤首选的治疗措施。手术方式的选择应该根据肿瘤与动脉的密切关系来决定。     

Cervical paragangliomas-tumor control and long-term functional results after surgery.

Objective: To report long-term functional results of the surgical treatment of cervical paragangliomas. Patients and Methods: A retrospective review of 22 patients with 34 head and neck paragangliomas of which 27 were resected between 1981 and 2004. Of these, 16 were carotid body tumors and 11 were vagal paragangliomas. There were 13 women and 9 men with an average age of 48.6 years (range, 26 to 75 years; median, 49 years) and the mean follow-up period was 82 months (range, 3 to 184 months; median, 61 months). Results: There were 13 solitary tumors of which 5 were carotid body tumors and 8 vagal paragangliomas. Multiple head and neck paragangliomas were seen in 9 patients (41%). The incidence of associated multiple tumors was 64.3% for carotid body tumors and 38.5% for vagal paragangliomas. Complete tumor resection was achieved in all but 1 patient in whom a small intradural residual vagal paraganglioma had to be left. The internal carotid artery was preserved in all carotid body tumor resections. Lower cranial nerve deficits were sustained in 1 carotid body tumor resection only, but in all cases with multiple tumors. All patients with vagal paragangliomas had or developed a vagal nerve paralysis. In 4 cases minor complications developed postoperatively. No recurrent tumors were seen during the follow-up period. Conclusions: Even in large head and neck paragangliomas surgical treatment provides excellent tumor control with low postoperative morbidity. A wait-and-scan policy may be more appropriate for those patients with multiple tumors, advanced age, or high operative risk and for those whose tumors have recurred following radiotherapy.     

Der Karotisglomustumor (Paragangliom). Eine seltene und häufig verkannte Tumorform

The following article describes our experience with five patients presenting with six carotid body tumors who were treated operatively at our institution. All tumors could be resected radically with acceptable morbidity; a malignant growth of the resected tumors could not be demonstrated. The carotid body tumor (chemodectoma, paraganglioma) is a rare tumor originating from the neuroendocrine tissue of the carotid body. In fact, the tumor seems to be benign (malignancy in 2–10%), but because of its invasive progressive growth it should be classified as semi-malignant. Familial clustering is found in 10%; among those patients a bilateral tumor may occur in 35%. Often patients are operated on because of a different diagnosis. Diagnosis should be made by clinical examination, bolus CT, and MRI. Angiography could help to visualize the vascular structures of the tumor, and embolization of external carotid artery branches could be performed. Since former perioperative morbidity and mortality of the surgical approach have significantly decreased, operative resection of these tumors is the therapy of choice. Radiation treatment is included as a palliative adjunct for the exceptional paraganglioma not amenable to surgery.     

A contemporary assessment of carotid body tumor surgery

Carotid body tumor resection remains a surgical challenge traditionally associated with a 15-30% incidence of cranial nerve injury. The authors reviewed their experience with carotid body tumor surgery to determine whether contemporary awareness of carotid body tumors is leading to earlier detection and operation, resulting in a lower incidence of postoperative cranial nerve injury. Twenty-seven carotid body tumors were resected in 25 patients between 1990 and 2000. No patient died and no patient had postoperative baroreflex failure syndrome. There was 1 stroke (4%) in a patient who required ligation of the internal carotid artery. There were 9 cranial nerve injuries (33%), most commonly to the vagus or hypoglossal nerves, which was not significantly different from the rate of cranial nerve injury (44%) in the 9 patients operated upon between 1984 and 1989 (p=0.37, Fisher's exact test). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that tumor size was the only significant factor predicting cranial nerve injury (p=0.045, logistic regression). Since carotid body tumors with large size or higher Shamblin grades had predictably high operative blood loss and rates of postoperative cranial nerve injury, a high index of suspicion and aggressive surgical management may lead to earlier detection and operation on smaller tumors, ultimately reducing the risk of nerve injury. Nevertheless, carotid body tumor surgery appears to be relatively free of mortality and major morbidity in contemporary practice.     

介入联合颈内动脉转流在Ⅲ型颈动脉体瘤切除术中的应用

目的探讨介入联合颈内动脉转流在Ⅲ型颈动脉体瘤切除术中的应用及效果。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院自2002年1月至2012年7月期间收治的2l例（22侧）Ⅲ型颈动脉体瘤患者的临床资料。21例患者术前经充分评估后,于术前2～3d均用微导管对供瘤血管行超选择栓塞治疗,然后在颈内动脉转流下行颈动脉体瘤切除术。结果21例（22侧）手术均顺利完成,术后经病理学检查证实均为颈动脉体瘤。其中行颈动脉瘤切除术16例（17侧）,瘤体切除＋颈内动脉重建5例（其中自体大隐静脉3例,人工血管2例）。术后当天则出现神经并发症5例（舌歪3例,面部麻木2例）,术后3个月内均恢复正常;无脑梗塞、偏瘫和死亡病例。21例均获随访,随访时间2个月～9年,平均57个月,无复发病例。结论颈动脉体瘤首选的治疗方式是外科切除,介入联合颈内动脉转流下切除Ⅲ型颈动脉体瘤瘤体是安全有效的。     

Carotid body tumors managed with preoperative embolization. Report of two cases

Two patients with large vascular carotid body tumors underwent preoperative intravascular embolization of the major arterial feeders. The tumor vascularity was reduced markedly, and complete surgical extirpation was accomplished without difficulty. The literature on carotid body tumors is briefly reviewed. The role of preoperative embolization in the treatment of these difficult tumors is emphasized.     

颈动脉体瘤的外科治疗：附24例报告

目的:总结颈动脉体瘤(CBT)的诊治经验及其手术并发症的防治。方法:回顾性分析1999年1月—2012年9月收治的24例颈动脉体瘤患者共30侧资料。其中双侧肿瘤6例,单侧18例。结果:24例均手术治疗,其中Shamblin I型17侧行单纯瘤体剥除;Shamblin II型7侧行瘤体剥除及颈外动脉切除;6侧Shamblin III型侧行瘤体剥离、颈内动脉部分切除伴颈内动脉重建术。24例患者肿瘤均完整切除,无手术死亡病例,术后出现短暂性脑神经损伤5侧(16.7%),永久性脑神经损伤1例(3.33%)。随访1~15年,未出现延迟性并发症及肿瘤复发。结论:手术是CBT的最有效方式,根据肿瘤大小及与动脉关系决定手术方式,预后良好。     

Treatment of carotid body tumors

Twenty patients presenting with 23 carotid body tumors compose this study group. Eleven patients underwent resection of 14 tumors, while nine patients either refused resection or were unresectable. There was one tumor recurrence following resection. Of the patients not having resection, none have experienced morbidity or death. While surgical excision remains the mainstay of treatment for carotid body tumors, those patients not undergoing resection can survive for long periods.     

颈动脉体瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨颈动脉体瘤的诊断与外科治疗.方法 分析山东大学附属省立医院血管外科2003年1月至2010年10月收治16例颈动脉体瘤患者,经数字减影血管造影术检查得以最终确诊.采用Shamblin分型标准分型:Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型11例,Ⅲ型2例,本组全部行外科手术治疗.3例ⅠⅠ型患者行单纯摘除术.11例Ⅱ型患者中,3例行单纯摘除术,3例行摘除术并颈外动脉切除,3例行摘除术、颈外动脉切除并颈动脉修补术,2例行摘除术、颈外动脉切除并颈内动脉重建术.2例Ⅲ型患者,1例行摘除术、颈外动脉切除并颈动脉修补术,1例行摘除术、颈外动脉切除并颈内动脉重建术.结果 16例患者病理均证实为颈动脉体瘤.无手术死亡、偏瘫和失明.术后并发症中以颅神经损伤最多见,共有7例(43.75%),经对症治疗,6例有不同程度改善,1例遗留永久性13角歪斜.随访13例(81.25%),随访时间2～76个月,平均(42.0±1.2)个月,未见肿瘤复发和远处转移.结论 数字减影血管造影术在颈动脉体瘤的诊断和治疗中具有重要意义,颈动脉体瘤应首选手术治疗,可根据瘤体与血管的关系选择适当的术式.

Abstract：

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and surgical treatment for carotid body tumors (CBT). Methods Retrospective analysis was made on 16 cases of carotid body tumors hospitalized in Shandong Provincal Hospital from January 2003 to October 2010. All patients were diagnosed by digital subtraction angiography, including 3 case of Shamblin type Ⅰ,11 cases of Shamblin type Ⅱ and 2 cases of Shamblin type Ⅲ. Three cases of type Ⅰ and 3 cases of type Ⅱ underwent carotid body tumor resection. Three cases of type Ⅱ underwent carotid body tumor plus external carotid artery resection, 3 cases underwent carotid body tumor plus external carotid artery resection plus carotid artery repairment, 2 cases did carotid body tumor plus external carotid artery resection plus internal carotid artery reconstruction. One of type Ⅲ underwent carotid body tumor plus external carotid artery resection plus carotid artery repairment, and the other one underwent carotid body tumor plus external carotid artery resection plus internal carotid artery reconstruction. Results Diagnosis of CBT was confirmed by pathology in all cases. There was no postoperative death、hemiplegia and blindness. The cranial nerve injury was caused in 7 cases, accounting for 43. 75%. 13 cases ( 81. 25% ) were followed up for 2 to 76 months ( mean 42 months), no tumor recurrence and metastasis was found. Conclusions Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is important in the diagnosis and therapy of carotid body tumor. Surgical treatment is the choice of therapy for carotid body tumors.     

Carotid body tumor as a reversible cause of syncope

The causes of syncope are diverse and extensive; carotid body tumors are an extremely rare cause of syncope. These rare neoplasms represent less than 0.5% of all head and neck tumors. The authors present a case of a woman with syncope who was found to have a right-sided carotid body tumor. After surgical resection was performed, she did not have any additional syncopal or near-syncopal events. The authors provide a review of the literature on the natural history, presentation, and preferred management of carotid body tumors. With modern diagnostic tools and treatment options, most patients with this diagnosis can expect to recover fully.     

Bilateral carotid body tumor resection in a female patient

IntroductionCarotid body tumors also called carotid paragangliomas are rare neuroendocrine neoplasms derived from neural crest cells, approximately 3% of all paragangliomas occur in the head and neck area (Xiao and She, 2015); although they represent 65% of the head and neck paragangliomas (Georgiadis et al., 2008).Presentation of caseWe present the therapeutic management of a 65-year-old woman with bilateral carotid body tumors. The patient presented to medical clinic for unrelated signs and symptoms of weight loss, dyspepsia, and epigastric pain. Physical examination showed bilateral non-tender neck masses for which imaging studies were ordered resulting in the diagnosis of bilateral carotid tumor. Surgical resection was staged with one week of distance between each tumor resection.DiscussionCarotid Body Tumors can arise from the paraganglia located within the adventitia of the medial aspect of the carotid bifurcation.Resection is the only curative treatment. Carotid body tumors resection represents a special challenge due to potential neurovascular complications.ConclusionsSurgical resection of carotid body tumors represents a special challenge to the surgeon because of the complex anatomical location of the tumor, including close relationship with the cranial nerves, involvement of the carotid vessels and large vascularization of the tumor. With the advance of diagnosis and improvement in surgical techniques as well as the understanding of biological behavior of tumors, surgical treatment has become a safer alternative for treating these tumors.     

Internal carotid artery reconstruction with transposition of external carotid artery in carotid body tumor resection

The current treatment of Shamblin's class III carotid body tumors includes a variety of reconstructive techniques for the internal carotid artery, ranging from angioplasty to the use of various grafts such as autologous saphenous vein or synthetic shunts. We present the case of a 56-year-old female patient with a carotid body tumor. The diagnosis and therapeutic approach is discussed, as well as the surgical technique and postoperative outcome. In those cases where the carotid body tumor involves the internal carotid artery to the point that its sacrifice is imminent and synthetic grafts are not available, reconstruction of the internal carotid artery with transposition of the external carotid artery is recommended.     

颈动脉体瘤81例诊断与手术治疗

目的 探讨颈动脉体瘤的诊断和手术治疗.方法 回顾性分析第四军医大学西京医院甲乳血管外科2008年11月-2015年11月收治的81例颈动脉体瘤患者的临床资料.采用SPSS19.0统计学软件对资料进行分析,总结颈动脉体瘤的诊断、手术方式选择、疗效及并发症防治措施.结果 74例进行了手术治疗,其中瘤体单纯剥离52例,瘤体切除联合颈外动脉结扎13例,瘤体切除连同颈内动脉和颈外动脉结扎7例,其中3例行人工血管颈内动脉端端吻合.术后死于急性心肌梗死1例,并发脑梗死2例,颅神经损伤6例,对症处理后缓解出院.无偏瘫、失语等严重并发症.瘤体大小和手术时间相关性分析:相关系数为0.226,无明显相关性.结论 CTA是最常用的术前检查方法.手术切除是治疗颈动脉体瘤的有效方法.保留或重建颈内动脉是手术成功的关键.术前充分评估,选择恰当术式,术中精细操作,保证脑灌注,是预防和减少并发症的关键.     

颈动脉体瘤68例报告

目的:探讨颈动脉体瘤外科手术的经验.方法:总结1962年至1998年收治68例颈动脉体瘤,其中34例(50%)行单纯瘤体剥除,13例(19.1%)行瘤体连同包绕的颈外动脉一并切除,21例(30.9%)行瘤体及包裹的颈内动脉、颈总动脉分叉切除,在这21例中行颈内动脉重建的有18例,颈总动脉或颈内动脉结扎的有3例.结果:手术死亡2例,死亡率为2.9%.术后发生脑梗塞4例.术后并发症中以神经麻痹最多见,共有26例,其中舌下神经15例,迷走神经主干7例,迷走神经分支如咽支、喉上神经等9例,面神经下颌支1例,交感神经8例.结论:颈动脉体瘤因其解剖上的特殊性,使手术有一定的难度.随着手术技术和麻醉方法的改进,颈动脉体瘤手术变得更安全,但术后神经损伤的并发症仍较难控制.     

Carotid Body Tumors: The Role of Preoperative Embolization

Resection of carotid body tumors (neck paragangliomas) carries inherent risks of injury to the cranial nerves and other structures as well excessive blood loss. Preoperative embolization has been used to lessen the morbidity in tumors that are larger than 2 cm in diameter. Two female patients presented for treatment with large asymptomatic carotid body tumors-one 4 cm and one 5 cm in diameter. Both patients had preoperative angiography the day before surgery that revealed the feeding arterial vessels so that successful embolization could be accomplished with gel. Success was judged by diminution of the angiographic blush. Both patients had an uneventful surgical excision the following day with the carotid body tumors being able to be resected periadventitially without damage to either the external or internal carotid artery. The cranial nerves were preserved in both patients and blood loss was only 200 cc in both cases. We conclude that preoperative embolization is an important adjunct in treating patients with large carotid body tumors. The surgical exploration proceeds much smoother, the blood loss is minimal, and patients have minimal morbidity.     

Late outcome after surgical management of carotid body tumors from a 20-year single-center experience

Background and aims  Surgical resection is the treatment of choice for carotid body tumors. The aim of this study was to assess not only the perioperative, but also the long-term outcome after surgical treatment. Patients/methods  All patients that were operated on a carotid body tumor at our institution between 1986 and 2006 were reviewed. Data collection included patient profile, intraoperative findings and postoperative outcome. Results  Seventeen patients (11 female, six male) with 17 carotid body tumors (12 right, five left sided) were identified. Mean patient age at treatment was 49 years (range 19 to 76 years). Eight patients (47.1%) had large Shamblin type III tumors. Complete tumor resection was achieved in 16 of 17 cases (94.1%). Malignacy could not be proven in any patient. The 30-day mortality and stroke rates were 0. The incidence of temporary and permanent cranial nerve deficit was 41.2% and 11.8%, respectively. Patients with type III tumors had significantly higher risk of neurologic complications than patients with smaller tumors (p = 0.0152). The median postoperative follow-up was 6.4 years (range 1.5 to 20 years). The overall survival rate was 82.4%; the disease-specific survival rate was 94.1% (16 of 17 patients). One patient (5.6%) died of local tumor recurrence 3 years after a R1 resection. All the other patients showed no signs of local recurrence or metastases. Conclusions  The surgical therapy of carotid body tumors shows low long-term morbidity, mortality, and recurrence rates. Cranial nerve injury is mostly temporary but a relevant procedure-related complication. Surgical resection is indicated also for small, asympomatic tumors, because of the uncomplicated resectability of these tumors. Presented at the Annual Scientific Congress of the German, Swiss and Austrian Societies for Vascular Surgery, Basel Switzerland, September 2007.     

Endokrine Chirurgie zervikaler Paragangliome

Background

Head and neck paraganglioma (HNP) represent rare endocrine tumors. Therapy is decided on genetic findings, tumor characteristics (e.g. tumor size, localization and dignity), age of patient and symptoms. In terms of local control radiation therapy is as equally effective as surgery but surgical morbidity rates secondary to cranial nerve injuries remain high.

Patients

Based on 6?patients with 11 solitary (4?patients) and multiple (2?patients) HNP (8 carotid body tumors, 1 vagal, 1 jugular and 1 jugulotympanic paraganglioma) the specific characteristics of the need for surgery as well as correct choice of treatment in cases of sporadic succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) negative and hereditary SDH positive HNP will be exemplarily demonstrated.

Results

A total of 6 carotid body tumors (four sporadic, two hereditary) were resected in 4 patients, five as primary surgery and one as a revision procedure. In one case a preoperative embolization was performed 24?h before surgery. Malignancy could not be proven in any patient. The 30-day mortality was zero. In the patient with bilateral hereditary carotid body tumors, unilateral local recurrent disease occurred. After resection of the recurrent tumor permanent unilateral paralysis of the laryngeal nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve and hypoglossal nerve occurred. All patients were followed-up postoperatively for a mean of 64 months (range 23?C78 months) with a local tumor control rate of 100%. The overall survival rate after 5 years was 100%.

Conclusions

Given a very strict indication with awareness of surgical risks selective surgery has a key position with low postoperative morbidity in the treatment of HNPs. We prefer surgery for small unilateral paraganglioma, malignant or functioning tumors.     

Carotid body tumor: resection or reflection.

We have studied a series of 24 cases of carotid body tumor, comprising our total experience during the past two decades. Twelve patients had symptoms related to compression or invasion of the surrounding structures. Two patients had malignant changes, while three individuals had bilateral lesions. Thirteen patients underwent neck exploration for diagnosis or attempt at surgical removal of the tumor prior to admission to our institution. Definitive procedures in 24 cases resulted in one postoperative death, a rate of 4%. Internal carotid flow was preserved in every case. Intraluminal shunting was employed during the last decade, and no instance of cerebral damage was encountered. It is our intention to emphasize the importance of an accurate diagnosis by carotid angiography prior to surgical management. We also wish to encourage routine excision of these tumors as they are diagnosed, before they reach an enormous size.     

Current trends in the detection and management of carotid body tumors

Purpose: Because the natural history of carotid body tumors is believed to be unpredictable, immediate surgical removal has been recommended. The present study reviews our experience in the diagnosis and treatment of these uncommon lesions. Methods: The medical records of patients who appeared for treatment with carotid body tumors between 1981 and 1997 were reviewed. Patients demographics, mode of presentation, imaging and treatment modalities, Shamblin classification, and neurologic complications (stroke, cranial nerve injuries) were analyzed. Results: Over the past 16 years, 31 patients with 32 carotid body tumors have been evaluated, with an average follow-up of 3.2 years. The patients were arbitrarily classified into two groups on the basis of the mode of detection. Seventy percent (23 of 32) of the tumors discovered on clinical or self-examination were classified as Group 1; 28% (9 of 32) of the tumors detected during duplex scanning for carotid artery disease (8) or MRI (1) were classified as Group 2. The mean size of chemodectomas found on palpation (4.3 ± 1.7 cm) was larger than that of those detected by duplex ultrasound (2.7 ± 1.0 cm; p < 0.05, by paired t test). Preoperative embolization was successfully performed in 5 of 6 instances of large tumors; the remaining patient suffered a procedure-related stroke. Thirty-one carotid body tumors were resected. In one case, the tumor was felt by the primary surgeon to be too small (0.9 × 0.7 cm on duplex scan) to warrant immediate excision; this patient is being followed by periodic duplex scanning. Five neurologic complications were noted in Group 1, one after preoperative embolization and four after surgery. One cranial nerve injury occurred in Group 2. One patient had a large recurrent chemodectoma with clinical evidence of metastatic disease. Conclusion: The increasing use of sophisticated imaging modalities may allow earlier discovery of carotid body tumors before they can be clinically detected. Resection of carotid body tumors of all sizes in appropriate surgical candidates remains the standard of care. Unfortunately, resection of even small tumors is associated with a low but constant incidence of neurologic complications. (J Vasc Surg 1998;28:84-93)     

Carotid body tumors

We present our approach to the management of patients with carotid body tumors, emphasizing the role of magnetic resonance angiography for the identification of these tumors. Medical records of all patients with carotid body tumors who were managed between 1991 and 2001 were retrospectively reviewed. Nine patients with carotid body tumors were identified. There were four males and five females, ranging in age from 28 to 74 years. Duplux scanning, computed tomography (CT) scanning, and angiography were performed for seven patients, whereas Duplux and magnetic resonance angiography were performed for the remaining two patients. Eight patients underwent successful excision of the tumor. Neither postoperative deaths nor strokes occurred. Temporary cranial nerve injury occurred in two patients. One patient developed local recurrence 5 years later. Early diagnosis of carotid body tumors with Duplex and magnetic resonance angiography is possible. Early surgery for carotid body tumors minimizes the risk of complications associated with large tumors.