Visual Acuity Outcomes after Phacoemulsification in Eyes with Good Visual Acuity before Cataract Surgery

Objectiveto analyse cataract surgery outcomes and related factors in eyes presenting with good visual acuity.Subject and MethodsA retrospective longitudinal study of patients undergoing phacoemulsification between 2014 and 2018 in Moorfields Eye Hospital was conducted. Pre- and post-operative visual acuities were analysed. Inclusion criteria were age ≥40 years and pinhole visual acuity ≥6/9 pre-operatively. Exclusion criteria were no post-operative visual acuity data. The visual acuity change variable was also defined according to post-operative visual acuity being above or below the Snellen 6/9 threshold.Results2,720 eyes were included. The unaided logMAR visual acuity improved from 0.54 to 0.20 (p < 0.001), the logMAR visual acuity with glasses improved from 0.35 to 0.05 (p < 0.001), and the logMAR pinhole visual acuity improved from 0.17 to 0.13 (p < 0.001); 8.1% of patients had Snellen visual acuity <6/9 post-operatively. Mean follow-up period was 23.6 ± 9.9 days. In multivariate analysis, factors associated with visual acuity <6/9 post-operatively were age (OR = 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.95, 0.98], p < 0.001), vitreous loss (OR = 0.21, 95% CI [0.08, 0.56], p = 0.002), and iris trauma (OR = 0.28, 95% CI [0.10, 0.82] p = 0.02).ConclusionsVisual acuity improved significantly, although at least 8.1% of them did not reach their pinhole preoperative visual acuity. Worse visual acuity outcomes were associated with increasing age, vitreous loss, and iris trauma. The 6/9 vision threshold may not be able to accurately differentiate those who may benefit from cataract surgery and those who may not.     

High Glucose Concentrations in Peritoneal Dialysate Are Associated with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

♦ Background: The effect of high peritoneal dialysate glucose concentration (PDGC) on all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients is unclear.♦ Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the effect of high PDGC on all-cause and CVD mortality in continuous ambulatory PD (CAPD) patients.♦ Methods: The study enrolled 716 patients newly initiated on CAPD therapy between January 2006 and December 2010. We allocated the patients to low (<1.56%), medium (≥1.56% to <1.74%), and high (≥1.74%) average PDGC groups according to the tertile of average PDGC in the first 6 months after PD initiation. Cox regression and ordinal logistic regression were used to analyze determinants of mortality and of PDGC use respectively.♦ Results: Mean follow-up in the study cohort was 31 ± 15 months. The all-cause mortality was 4.7 events per 100 patient-years, and the leading cause of death was CVD. Patients with a higher PDGC had significantly higher cumulative rates of all-cause (log-rank p < 0.001) and CVD mortality (log-rank p < 0.001). In Cox regression analysis, high PDGC independently predicted higher all-cause (hazard ratio: 2.63; p = 0.004) and CVD mortality (hazard ratio: 2.78; p = 0.01). Compared with a lower PDGC, a higher PDGC was significantly associated with older age [odds ratio (OR): 1.02; p < 0.001], low residual renal function (OR: 0.91; p < 0.001), and high dialysate-to-plasma ratio of creatinine (OR: 28.61; p < 0.001) in ordinal logistic regression.♦ Conclusions: Higher PDGC is associated with higher allcause and CVD mortality in CAPD patients.     

The diagnostic value of the combination of hemoglobin,CA199, CA125, and HE4 in endometriosis

BackgroundWe aimed to analyze the differences in the peripheral blood cells and tumor biomarkers between the patients with endometriosis and healthy people, and establish a more efficient combined diagnostic model.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the differences in the peripheral blood cells and tumor biomarkers between the patients with endometriosis and healthy people. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to establish a combined diagnostic model. We plotted the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve to analyze the diagnostic efficiency of different diagnostic indexes.ResultsCompared with patients in the control group, patients in the endometriosis group had significantly lower eosinophil% (p = 0.045), neutrophil (p = 0.001), lymphocyte (p < 0.001), red blood cells (RBCs) (p < 0.001), and hemoglobin (HGB) (p < 0.001), and had significantly higher monocyte% (p = 0.008), monocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (MLR) (p = 0.001), platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) (p < 0.001), carbohydrate antigen (CA)‐199 (p < 0.001), CA125 (p < 0.001), human epididymis protein (HE)‐4 (p < 0.001), and the risk of ovarian malignancy algorithm (ROMA) (p < 0.001). The combined diagnostic model of HGB, CA199, CA125, and HE4 was established by binary logistic regression analysis. The ROC curve showed that the combined diagnostic model reached a sensitivity of 85.4%, a specificity of 78.83%, and an area under the curve of 0.900, which was significantly higher than that of the individual index in endometriosis diagnosis.ConclusionThe combined diagnostic model of HGB, CA199, CA125, and HE4 may provide a new approach for the early non‐invasive diagnosis of endometriosis.     

Development and Evaluation of an Intravenous Infusion Sequence Annotation System

Objectives  The sequence of intravenous infusions may impact the efficacy, safety, and cost of intravenous medications. The study describes and assesses a computerized clinical decision support annotation system capable of analyzing the sequence of intravenous infusions. Methods  All intravenous medications on the hospital formulary were analyzed based on factors that impact intravenous infusion sequence. Eight pharmacy infusion knowledge databases were constructed based on Hospital Infusion Standards. These databases were incorporated into the computerized sequence annotation module within the electronic health record system. The annotation process was changed from pharmacists'' manual annotation (phase 1) to computer-aided pharmacist manual annotation (phase 2) to automated computer annotation (phase 3). Results  Comparing phase 2 to phase 1, there were significant differences in sequence annotation with regards to the percentage of hospital wards annotated (100% vs. 4.65%, chi-square  = 180.95, p  < 0.001), percentage of patients annotated (64.18% vs. 0.52%, chi-square = 90.46, p  < 0.001), percentage of intravenous orders annotated (75.67% vs. 0.77%, chi-square = 118.78, p  < 0.001), and the number of tubing flushes per ward per day (118.51 vs. 2,115.00, p  < 0.001). Compared with phase 1, there were significant cost savings in tubing flushes in phase 2 and phase 3. Compared with phase 1, there was significant difference in the time nurses spent on tubing flushes in phase 2 and phase 3 (1,244.94 vs. 21,684.8 minutes, p  < 0.001; 1,369.51 vs. 21,684.8 minutes, p  < 0.001). Compared with phase 1, significantly less time was required for pharmacist annotation in phase 2 and phase 3 (90.6 vs. 4,753.57 minutes, p  < 0.001; 0.05 vs. 4,753.57 minutes, p  < 0.001). Conclusion  A computerized infusion annotation system is efficient in sequence annotation and significant savings in tubing flushes can be achieved as a result.     

Red Cell Distribution Width Is Independently Associated with Mortality in Sepsis

BackgroundMortality in sepsis remains high. Studies on small cohorts have shown that red cell distribution width (RDW) is associated with mortality. The aim of this study was to validate these findings in a large multicenter cohort.MethodsWe conducted this retrospective analysis of the multicenter eICU Collaborative Research Database in 16,423 septic patients. We split the cohort in patients with low (≤15%; n = 7,129) and high (>15%; n = 9,294) RDW. Univariable and multivariable multilevel logistic regressions were used to fit regression models for the binary primary outcome of hospital mortality and the secondary outcome intensive care unit (ICU) mortality with hospital unit as random effect. Optimal cutoffs were calculated using the Youden index.ResultsPatients with high RDW were more often older than 65 years (57% vs. 50%; p < 0.001) and had higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV scores (69 vs. 60 pts.; p < 0.001). Both hospital (adjusted odds ratios [aOR] 1.18; 95% CI: 1.16–1.20; p < 0.001) and ICU mortality (aOR 1.16; 95% CI: 1.14–1.18; p < 0.001) were associated with RDW as a continuous variable. Patients with high RDW had a higher hospital mortality (20 vs. 9%; aOR 2.63; 95% CI: 2.38–2.90; p < 0.001). This finding persisted after multivariable adjustment (aOR 2.14; 95% CI: 1.93–2.37; p < 0.001) in a multilevel logistic regression analysis. The optimal RDW cutoff for the prediction of hospital mortality was 16%.ConclusionWe found an association of RDW with mortality in septic patients and propose an optimal cutoff value for risk stratification. In a combined model with lactate, RDW shows equivalent diagnostic performance to Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score and APACHE IV score.     

A comparison of different diagnostic criteria of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients

Introduction

Recently, the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) proposed a new definition and classification of acute kidney injury (AKI) on the basis of the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, and End-stage renal failure) and AKIN (Acute Kidney Injury Network) criteria, but comparisons of the three criteria in critically ill patients are rare.

Methods

We prospectively analyzed a clinical database of 3,107 adult patients who were consecutively admitted to one of 30 intensive care units of 28 tertiary hospitals in Beijing from 1 March to 31 August 2012. AKI was defined by the RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO criteria. Receiver operating curves were used to compare the predictive ability for mortality, and logistic regression analysis was used for the calculation of odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results

The rates of incidence of AKI using the RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO criteria were 46.9%, 38.4%, and 51%, respectively. KDIGO identified more patients than did RIFLE (51% versus 46.9%, P = 0.001) and AKIN (51% versus 38.4%, P <0.001). Compared with patients without AKI, in-hospital mortality was significantly higher for those diagnosed as AKI by using the RIFLE (27.8% versus 7%, P <0.001), AKIN (32.2% versus 7.1%, P <0.001), and KDIGO (27.4% versus 5.6%, P <0.001) criteria, respectively. There was no difference in AKI-related mortality between RIFLE and KDIGO (27.8% versus 27.4%, P = 0.815), but there was significant difference between AKIN and KDIGO (32.2% versus 27.4%, P = 0.006). The areas under the receiver operator characteristic curve for in-hospital mortality were 0.738 (P <0.001) for RIFLE, 0.746 (P <0.001) for AKIN, and 0.757 (P <0.001) for KDIGO. KDIGO was more predictive than RIFLE for in-hospital mortality (P <0.001), but there was no difference between KDIGO and AKIN (P = 0.12).

Conclusions

A higher incidence of AKI was diagnosed according to KDIGO criteria. Patients diagnosed as AKI had a significantly higher in-hospital mortality than non-AKI patients, no matter which criteria were used. Compared with the RIFLE criteria, KDIGO was more predictive for in-hospital mortality, but there was no significant difference between AKIN and KDIGO.     

Safety and efficacy of botulinum toxin injection therapy for esophageal achalasia in Japan

Botulinum toxin injection is an accepted treatment modality for esophageal achalasia in western countries. This pilot study aimed to clarify the effectiveness of botulinum toxin injection for esophageal achalasia in Japanese patients. We enrolled 10 patients diagnosed with esophageal achalasia between 2008 and 2014. A total of 100 U botulinum toxin A was divided into eight aliquots and injected around the esophagogastric junction. We compared the lower esophageal sphincter pressure before and 1 week after treatment. Scores of subjective symptoms for esophageal achalasia were assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) before and after 1 week of follow-up of treatment. Barium passage was improved in barium esophagography and passage of contrast agent was also improved. Mean Eckardt score was reduced from 5.5 to 1.6 after treatment (p<0.001). By esophageal manometric study, mean lower esophageal sphincter pressure was reduced from 46.9 to 29.1 mmHg after treatment (p = 0.002). One week after treatment, mean VAS score was reduced from 10 to 3.9 (p<0.001). There were no side effects in any cases. Botulinum toxin injection for esophageal achalasia was safe and effective with few complications. Therefore, botulinum toxin could be used as minimally invasive therapy for esophageal achalasia in Japan.     

Effect of air filtration on house dust mite,cat and dog allergens and particulate matter in homes

BackgroundIndoor allergens (i.e. from mite, cat and dog) are carried by airborne particulate matter. Thus, removal of particles would reduce allergen exposure. This work aims to assess the performance of air filtration on particulate matter and thus allergen removal in 22 bedrooms.MethodsIndoor air was sampled (with and without air filtration) with a cascade impactor and allergens were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Particulate matter (including ultrafine particles) was also monitored.ResultsThe median of allergen reduction was 75.2% for Der f 1 (p < 0.001, n = 20), 65.5% for Der p 1 (p = 0.066, n = 4), 76.6% for Fel d 1 (p < 0.01, n = 21) and 89.3% for Can f 1 (p < 0.01, n = 10). For size fractions, reductions were statistically significant for Der f 1 (all p < 0.001), Can f 1 (PM_>10 and PM_2.5–10, p < 0.01) and Fel d 1 (PM_2.5–10, p < 0.01), but not for Der p 1 (all p > 0.05). PM was reduced in all fractions (p < 0.001). The allergens were found in all particle size fractions, higher mite allergens in the PM_>10 and for pet allergens in the PM_2.5–10.ConclusionsAir filtration was effective in removing mites, cat and dog allergens and also particulate matter from ambient indoor air, offering a fast and simple solution to mitigate allergen exposome.     

The Role of NGAL in Peritoneal Dialysis Effluent in Early Diagnosis of Peritonitis: Case-Control Study in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

♦ Background:

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is frequently complicated by high rates of peritonitis, which result in hospitalization, technique failure, transfer to hemodialysis, and increased mortality. Early diagnosis, and identification of contributing factors are essential components to increasing effectiveness of care. In previous reports, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), a lipocalin which is a key player in innate immunity and rapidly detectable in peritoneal dialysis effluent (PDE), has been demonstrated to be a useful tool in the early diagnosis of peritonitis. This study investigates predictive value of PDE NGAL concentration as a prognostic indicator for PD-related peritonitis.

♦ Methods:

A case-control study with 182 PD patients was conducted. Plasma and PDE were analyzed for the following biomarkers: C-reactive protein (CRP), blood procalcitonin (PCT), leucocytes and NGAL in PDE. The cases consisted of patients with suspected peritonitis, while controls were the patients who came to our ambulatory clinic for routine visits without any sign of peritonitis. The episodes of peritonitis were defined in agreement with International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis guidelines. Continuous variables were presented as the median values and interquartile range (IQR). Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare continuous variables. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to evaluate the association of biomarkers with peritonitis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to calculate area under curve (AUC) for biomarkers. Finally we evaluated sensitivity, and specificity for each biomarker. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).

♦ Results:

During the 19-month study, of the 182 patients, 80 had a clinical diagnosis of peritonitis. C-reactive protein levels (p < 0.001), PCT (p < 0.001), NGAL in PDE (p < 0.001), and white blood cells (WBC) in PDE (p < 0.001) were all significantly different in patients with and without peritonitis. In univariate analysis, CRP (odds ratio [OR] 1,339; p = 0.001), PCT (OR 2,473; p < 0,001), WBC in PDE (OR 3,986; p < 0,001), and NGAL in PDE (OR 36.75 p < 0.001) were significantly associated with episodes of peritonitis. In multivariate regression analysis, only WBC (OR 24.84; p = 0,012), and peritoneal NGAL levels (OR 136.6; p = 0,01) were independent predictors of peritonitis events. Moreover, AUC for NGAL in peritoneal effluent was 0,936 (p < 0.001) while AUC for CRP, PCT, and WBC count in peritoneal effluent were 0,704 (p = 0.001), 0.762 (p = 0.039), 0,975 (p < 0.001), respectively. Finally, combined WBC and peritoneal NGAL test increased the specificity (= 96%) of the single test.

♦ Conclusions:

These results identify NGAL in peritoneal effluent as a reliable marker of peritonitis episodes in PD patients. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that the use of peritoneal NGAL cooperatively with current clinical diagnostic tools as a prognostic indicator, presents a valuable diagnostic tool in PD-associated peritonitis.     

Time trends in the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcer disease: a single-center retrospective study in Shanghai

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to investigate the recent trends in Helicobacter pylori infection associated with peptic ulcer disease in a large population in Shanghai.MethodsWe analyzed the medical records of all patients who had undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (EGD) for uninvestigated dyspepsia at Ren Ji Hospital between 2013 and 2019 to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with peptic ulcers.ResultsPeptic ulcers were found in 40,385 of the 383,413 patients who underwent EGD during the study period. Over the 7-year study period, the annual prevalence of H. pylori among patients receiving EGD declined from 32.2% to 26.5%. H. pylori was present in 60% of ulcers and the incidence was higher (66.9%) in duodenal compared with gastric ulcers (48.5%). The proportion of H. pylori-associated gastric ulcers declined from 52.2% to 49.3% and that of H. pylori-positive duodenal ulcers declined from 70.0% to 63.9%.ConclusionThe prevalence of H. pylori-positive peptic ulcers, mainly duodenal ulcers, fell from 2013 to 2019. However, the proportion of non-H. pylori-associated peptic ulcer disease increased, especially in elderly people, possibly due to the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.     

Fremanezumab in the prevention of high-frequency episodic and chronic migraine: a 12-week,multicenter, real-life,cohort study (the FRIEND study)

BackgroundFremanezumab has demonstrated to be effective, safe, and tolerated in the prevention of episodic or chronic migraine (CM) in randomized, placebo-controlled trials (RCTs). Real-life studies are needed to explore drug effects in unselected patients in routine circumstances and to provide higher generalizability results. This study explores the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of fremanezumab in a real-life population of individuals affected by high-frequency episodic (HFEM: 8–14 days/month) or CM.MethodsThis is a 12-week multicenter, prospective, cohort, real-life study. We considered all consecutive patients affected by HFEM or CM visited at 9 Italian headache centers from 28/07/2020 to 11/11/2020. Eligible patients were given subcutaneous fremanezumab at the doses of 225 mg monthly or 675 mg quarterly, according to their preference. Primary study endpoints were the change in monthly migraine days (MMDs) in HFEM and monthly headache days (MHDs) in CM patients at weeks 9–12 compared to baseline. Secondary endpoints encompassed variation in monthly analgesic intake (MAI), Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), HIT-6 and MIDAS scores, and ≥ 50%, ≥ 75% and 100% responder rates at the same time intervals.ResultsSixty-seventh number migraine patients had received ≥ 1 subcutaneous fremanezumab dose and were considered for safety analysis, while 53 patients completed 12 weeks of treatment and were included also in the effectiveness analysis. Fremanezumab was effective in both HFEM and CM, inducing at week 12 a significant reduction in MMDs (-4.6, p < 0.05), MHDs (-9.4, p < 0.001), MAI (-5.7, p < 0.05; -11.1, p < 0.001), NRS (-3.1, p < 0.001; -2.5, p < 0.001), and MIDAS scores (-58.3, p < 0.05; -43.7; p < 0.001). HIT-6 was significantly reduced only in HFEM patients (-18.1, p < 0.001). Remission from CM to episodic migraine and from MO to no-MO occurred in 75% and 67.7% of the patients. The ≥ 50%, ≥ 75% and 100% responder rates at week 12 were 76.5%, 29.4% and 9.9% in HFEM and 58.3%, 25% and 0% in CM. Younger age emerged as a positive response predictor (OR = 0.91; 95% CI 0.85–0.98, p = 0.013). Treatment-emergent adverse events were uncommon (5.7%) and mild. No patient discontinued fremanezumab for any reason.ConclusionsFremanezumab seems more effective in real-life than in RCTs. Younger age emerges as a potential response predictor.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10194-022-01396-x.     

Universal Subsidized Continuous Glucose Monitoring Funding for Young People With Type 1 Diabetes: Uptake and Outcomes Over 2 Years,a Population-Based Study

OBJECTIVEContinuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is increasingly used in type 1 diabetes management; however, funding models vary. This study determined the uptake rate and glycemic outcomes following a change in national health policy to introduce universal subsidized CGM funding for people with type 1 diabetes aged <21 years.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSLongitudinal data from 12 months before the subsidy until 24 months after were analyzed. Measures and outcomes included age, diabetes duration, HbA_1c, episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia, insulin regimen, CGM uptake, and percentage CGM use. Two data sources were used: the Australasian Diabetes Database Network (ADDN) registry (a prospective diabetes database) and the National Diabetes Service Scheme (NDSS) registry that includes almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes nationally.RESULTSCGM uptake increased from 5% presubsidy to 79% after 2 years. After CGM introduction, the odds ratio (OR) of achieving the HbA_1c target of <7.0% improved at 12 months (OR 2.5, P < 0.001) and was maintained at 24 months (OR 2.3, P < 0.001). The OR for suboptimal glycemic control (HbA_1c ≥9.0%) decreased to 0.34 (P < 0.001) at 24 months. Of CGM users, 65% used CGM >75% of time, and had a lower HbA_1c at 24 months compared with those with usage <25% (7.8 ± 1.3% vs. 8.6 ± 1.8%, respectively, P < 0.001). Diabetic ketoacidosis was also reduced in this group (incidence rate ratio 0.49, 95% CI 0.33–0.74, P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONSFollowing the national subsidy, CGM use was high and associated with sustained improvement in glycemic control. This information will inform economic analyses and future policy and serve as a model of evaluation diabetes technologies.     

Clinical Significance of Serum Kallistatin and ENOX1 Levels in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease

BackgroundKallistatin and ENOX1 are regulators of inflammation and oxidative stress which are typical pathological reactions in atherosclerosis. However, there is limited information of kallistatin and ENOX1 in coronary heart disease (CHD).MethodsFifty healthy controls, 56 stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients, and 47 acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients were included in this study. Levels of kallistatin and ENOX1 in serum were measured by ELISA. χ² test was performed to analyze categorical data. ANOVA, Pearson correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression were performed to analyze the numerical data. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to assess the diagnostic value of kallistatin in CHD.ResultsAmong the 153 participants, 59.5% were male and the average age was 63.8 ± 11.39 years. Compared with the control group, kallistatin expression was decreased in the SAP and ACS groups while expression of ENOX1 was increased in the ACS group (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the kallistatin level was negatively correlated with the Gensini score (r = −0.210, p < 0.01), white blood cell (WBC) count (r = −0.283, p < 0.001), and triglyceride levels (r = −0.242, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with age (r = 0.353, p < 0.001) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r = 0.310, p < 0.001). ENOX1 expression was positively correlated with WBC count (r = 0.244, p < 0.01), international normalized ratio (r = 0.177, p < 0.05), and Gensini score (r = 0.201, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression showed that Cr, alanine transaminase, glucose, and kallistatin are independent predictors for Gensini score. The ROC curve showed that kallistatin had the highest diagnostic significance (p = 0.007) when the area under curve was 0.636, with a sensitivity of 0.735 and a specificity of 0.495.ConclusionExpression of kallistatin was decreased in CHD patients and that of ENOX1 was increased in ACS patients. Kallistatin and ENOX1 were closely connected with the severity of CHD, and kallistatin may be helpful in the diagnosis of CHD.     

Adequate antibiotic therapy prior to ICU admission in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock reduces hospital mortality

IntroductionIn patients with severe sepsis and septic shock as cause of Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission, we analyze the impact on mortality of adequate antimicrobial therapy initiated before ICU admission.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study enrolling patients admitted to the ICU with severe sepsis or septic shock from January 2008 to September 2013. The primary end-point was in-hospital mortality. We considered two groups for comparisons: patients who received adequate antibiotic treatment before or after the admission to the ICU.ResultsA total of 926 septic patients were admitted to ICU, and 638 (68.8%) had available microbiological isolation: 444 (69.6%) received adequate empirical antimicrobial treatment prior to ICU and 194 (30.4%) after admission. Global hospital mortality in patients that received treatment before ICU admission, between 0-6h ICU, 6–12h ICU, 12–24h ICU and after 24 hours since ICU admission were 31.3, 53.2, 57.1, 50 and 50.8% (p<0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that urinary focus (odds ratio (OR) 0.20; 0.09–0.42; p<0.001) and adequate treatment prior to ICU admission (OR 0.37; 0.24–0.56; p<0.001) were protective factors whereas APACHE II score (OR 1.10; 1.07–1.14; p<0.001), septic shock (OR 2.47; 1.57–3.87; p<0.001), respiratory source (OR 1.91; 1.12–3.21; p=0.016), cirrhosis (OR 3.74; 1.60–8.76; p=0.002) and malignancy (OR 1.65; 1.02–2.70; p=0.042) were variables independently associated with in-hospital mortality. Adequate treatment prior to ICU was a protective factor for mortality in patients with severe sepsis (n=236) or in septic shock (n=402).ConclusionsThe administration of adequate antimicrobial therapy before ICU admission is decisive for the survival of patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Our efforts should be directed to assure the correct administration antibiotics before ICU admission in patients with sepsis.     

3042例上消化道出血患者病因分析及护理对策

目的 探讨3042例上消化道出血患者的病因,并提出护理对策.方法 回顾性分析本院1991年3月～2009年3月3042例上消化道出血住院患者的病因,并提出对策.结果 消化性溃疡出血为上消化道出血的主要病因,占46.96％,其中十二指肠溃疡呈下降趋势;急性胃黏膜病变为上消化道出血的第2病因,占28.76％,呈上升趋势;年龄＜60岁组患者十二指肠溃疡是上消化道出血的主要病因(占44.35％),年龄≥60岁组患者急性胃黏膜病变为上消化道出血的主要病因(41.21％).结论 消化性溃疡出血与急性胃黏膜病是上消化道出血的主要病因,其中十二指肠溃疡呈下降趋势,其也是年龄＜ 60岁组患者的主要病因;急性胃黏膜病变呈上升趋势,其也是年龄≥60岁患者的主要病因.在护理工作中,应针对不同年龄患者病因与疾病谱变化情况,开展针对性的健康教育,促进患者行为改变,从而达到防病、治病的目的.     

Prognostic value of admission blood glucose level in patients with and without diabetes mellitus who sustain ST segment elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock

Introduction

Admission blood glucose (BG) level is a predictor of mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, limited data are available relating admission BG to mortality in patients with STEMI complicated by cardiogenic shock, and it is not known whether diabetic status has an independent effect on this relationship.

Methods

Between November 2005 and September 2010, 816 STEMI patients with cardiogenic shock were enrolled in a nationwide, prospective, multi-center registry; 239 (29.3%) had diabetes mellitus (DM). Patients were categorized according to BG levels at admission: <7.8, 7.8–10.9, 11.0–16.5 and ≥ 16.6 mmol/L. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. The added values of BG to the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) and Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) scores were assessed by receiver operating characteristic curves and integrated discrimination improvement analyses.

Results

Thirty-day mortality was higher in patients with higher admission BG (20.4%, 23.3%, 39.8%, and 43.1% p < 0.001). Among non-diabetic patients, 30-day mortality was predicted by TIMI scores with a c-statistic of 0.615 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.561–0.662) and GRACE scores with a c-statistic of 0.652 (95% CI, 0.604–0.695). Incorporation of admission BG increased the c-statistic for TIMI score to 0.685 (95% CI, 0.639–0.720, p < 0.001) and GRACE score to 0.708 (95% CI 0.664–0.742, p < 0.001). Additional predictive values for BG were not observed for diabetes. Integrated discrimination improvements (TIMI vs. additional BG and GRACE vs. additional BG) were 0.041 (p < 0.001) and 0.039 (p < 0.001) in non-diabetic patients.

Conclusions

In a cohort of patients with STEMI complicated by cardiogenic shock, admission BG was an independent predictor of increased risk of mortality only among patients without DM.     

Incidence of and risk factors for severe cardiovascular collapse after endotracheal intubation in the ICU: a multicenter observational study

IntroductionSevere cardiovascular collapse (CVC) is a life-threatening complication after emergency endotracheal intubation (ETI) in the ICU. Many factors may interact with hemodynamic conditions during ETI, but no study to date has focused on factors associated with severe CVC occurrence. This study assessed the incidence of severe CVC after ETI in the ICU and analyzed the factors predictive of severe CVC.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of a prospective multicenter study of 1,400 consecutive intubations at 42 ICUs. The incidence of severe CVC was assessed in patients who were hemodynamically stable (mean arterial blood pressure >65 mmHg without vasoactive drugs) before intubation, and the factors predictive of severe CVC were determined by multivariate analysis based on patient and procedure characteristics.ResultsSevere CVC occurred following 264 of 885 (29.8 %) intubation procedures. A two-step multivariate analysis showed that independent risk factors for CVC included simple acute physiologic score II regardless of age (odds ratio (OR) 1.02, p < 0.001), age 60–75 years (OR 1.96, p < 0.002 versus <60 years) and >75 years (OR 2.81, p < 0.001 versus <60 years), acute respiratory failure as a reason for intubation (OR 1.51, p = 0.04), first intubation in the ICU (OR 1.61, p = 0.02), noninvasive ventilation as a preoxygenation method (OR 1.54, p = 0.03) and inspired oxygen concentration >70 % after intubation (OR 1.91, p = 0.001). Comatose patients who required ETI were less likely to develop CVC during intubation (OR 0.48, p = 0.004).ConclusionsCVC is a frequent complication, especially in old and severely ill patients intubated for acute respiratory failure in the ICU. Specific bundles to prevent CVC may reduce morbidity and mortality related to intubation of these high-risk, critically ill patients.

Trial registration

clinicaltrials.gov {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01532063","term_id":"NCT01532063"}}NCT01532063; registered 8 February 2012.