Supplementation of hydrogen-rich water improves lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance

Oxidative stress is recognized widely as being associated with various disorders including diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. It is well established that hydrogen has a reducing action. We therefore investigated the effects of hydrogen-rich water intake on lipid and glucose metabolism in patients with either type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study in 30 patients with T2DM controlled by diet and exercise therapy and 6 patients with IGT. The patients consumed either 900 mL/d of hydrogen-rich pure water or 900 mL of placebo pure water for 8 weeks, with a 12-week washout period. Several biomarkers of oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and glucose metabolism, assessed by an oral glucose tolerance test, were evaluated at baseline and at 8 weeks. Intake of hydrogen-rich water was associated with significant decreases in the levels of modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (ie, modifications that increase the net negative charge of LDL), small dense LDL, and urinary 8-isoprostanes by 15.5% (P < .01), 5.7% (P < .05), and 6.6% (P < .05), respectively. Hydrogen-rich water intake was also associated with a trend of decreased serum concentrations of oxidized LDL and free fatty acids, and increased plasma levels of adiponectin and extracellular-superoxide dismutase. In 4 of 6 patients with IGT, intake of hydrogen-rich water normalized the oral glucose tolerance test. In conclusion, these results suggest that supplementation with hydrogen-rich water may have a beneficial role in prevention of T2DM and insulin resistance.     

Postprandial glucose response to Chinese foods in patients with type 2 diabetes

The objective of this study is to examine the glycemic response to common Chinese foods in patients with type 2 diabetes. Twenty-four Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes participated. Subjects were allocated to eat a pair of test meals in random order. Test meals included plain porridge with lean pork (meal 1A), plain porridge and Shrimp Shao Mai (Doll Brand, Winner Food Products Limited, Hong Kong) (meal 1B), boiled rice with boiled egg white (meal 2A), fried rice with whole egg (meal 2B), plain noodles in clear soup (meal 3A), and Pickled Vegetable and Pork-flavored Instant Bowl Noodles (Doll Brand, Winner Food Products Limited) (meal 3B). Nutritional content of the meals was calculated from the nutritional label on the food package and the food composition table. Plasma glucose was checked before the meal and in 30-minute intervals for up to 4 hours after the meal. Significant differences in the area under the curve of glucose up to 2 hours after the meal were detected between meal 1A and 2A (P=.044), 1A and 3A (P=.001), and 3A and 3B (P=.017). The results suggest that fat alone does not alter the glycemic response to rice or porridge. Porridge produces a higher glycemic response than rice and noodles despite similar carbohydrate contents, and different noodles lead to differences in glycemic excursion, suggesting that the glycemic index of common Chinese foods is affected by cooking methods and food processing.     

Dietary magnesium intake in type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: Magnesium deficiency is common in type 2 diabetes and may have a negative impact on glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance, as well as on the evolution of complications such as retinopathy, thrombosis and hypertension. OBJECTIVE: To assess the dietary magnesium intake of patients with type 2 diabetes in Zurich, Switzerland and to compare the magnesium intake of diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. DESIGN: The magnesium intake of 97 randomly selected patients with type 2 diabetes and 100 healthy, non-diabetic controls matched for age and sex was estimated using a diet history method. During winter and summer periods, mean daily magnesium intakes were calculated from detailed information given by the test subjects about their eating habits over the previous 2 months. The calculations were performed using EBIS, a computer program based on a German nutrient data base (BLS 2.3), with food items specific to Switzerland added or directly analysed when necessary. RESULTS: The mean+/-s.d. daily magnesium intake of the male diabetic and male control subjects was 423.2+/-103.1 and 421.1+/-111.0 mg, respectively. The mean daily magnesium intake of the female diabetic and female control subjects was 419.1+/-109.7 and 383.5+/-109.7 mg, respectively. There were no significant differences in daily magnesium intake between the diabetic and the non-diabetic subjects and mean intakes in both groups exceeded Swiss recommended dietary intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary intake of magnesium appears sufficient in Swiss adults with type 2 diabetes and is unlikely to contribute to the aetiology of magnesium deficiency. SPONSORSHIP: The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.     

晨起空腹运动对2型糖尿病患者血糖的影响

目的 探讨晨起空腹运动对2型糖尿病患者血糖的影响.方法 20例2型糖尿病患者,晨起空腹运动(散步)30 min,1周3次,分别检测运动前后的即刻指血血糖,取平均值,应用自身对照法进行分析比较.结果 与女性比较,男性的年龄、血糖控制水平无差异.空腹运动后血糖(6.20±0.58) mmol/L明显高于运动前(5.90±0...     

生物素对2型糖尿病大鼠血糖的影响

目的探讨生物素对2型糖尿病大鼠血糖以及糖代谢关键限速酶葡萄糖激酶(GCK)和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶1(PCK1)基因表达的影响。方法 90只健康Wistar大鼠根据血糖随机分为5组(正常对照组,模型组,生物素低、中、高剂量组)。正常对照组给予普通维持饲料,蒸馏水灌胃;模型组给予高脂高糖饲料,蒸馏水灌胃;生物素各剂量组给予高脂高糖饲料同时分别给予生物素0.6、3.0和6.0 mg/kg BW灌胃。在高脂高糖饲料喂养2月后,应用小剂量链脲佐菌素腹腔注射的方法建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型。于造模第10周进行OGTT实验后,处死大鼠。检测血糖、血清胰岛素、肝糖原、肌糖原等指标,用RT-PCR方法检测糖代谢关键限速酶GCK、PCK1基因的表达。结果与模型组相比,生物素各剂量组对空腹血糖、血清胰岛素没有影响,但生物素高剂量组血糖曲线下面积明显下降(P<0.05),餐后30 min血糖值也显著降低(P<0.05)。生物素中剂量组和高剂量组肌糖原含量明显下降(P<0.05)。生物素对糖代谢关键限速酶GCK、PCK1的表达有影响,分别出现了明显的基因表达上调和下调(P<0.05)。结论生物素可能通过影响糖代谢关键酶GCK和PCK1的活性,促进糖酵解和糖原合成而抑制糖异生,从而影响餐后血糖应答。     

情景式健康教育在2型糖尿病患者血糖控制中的应用

目的 探讨情景式健康教育对2型糖尿病患者血糖控制的影响.方法 将98例2型糖尿病患者按随机数字表法分成试验组和对照组各49例,试验组男19例,女30例,平均年龄（49.6±15.8）岁;对照组男23例,女26例,平均年龄（50.5±14.7）岁.试验组接受情景式教育模式,对照组接受糖尿病常规教育,比较两组患者干预前和干预后1年空腹血糖（FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2 hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）等反映糖尿病疗效的代谢指标以及自护行为能力的变化.采用配对t检验进行统计学分析,以成组t检验进行组间指标的比较.结果 干预前两组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c及自护行为评分差异均无统计学意义;干预1年后,两组FPG、2hPG、HbA1c均较干预前有显著下降,试验组FPG（6.5±1.6）mmol/L、2hPG（7.9±2.0）mmol/L、HbA1 c（6.7±1.2）％都显著低于对照组[（7.8±2.4）mmol/L,（10.6±3.5）mmol/L,（7.5±1.4）％;t=2.71,3.35,2.90;P=0.03,0.02,0.04];试验组饮食控制（22.6±2.8）,规律运动（14.8±2.3）,遵医嘱服药（15.6±1.6）,血糖监测（15.7±1.7）,足部护理（17.2±2.1）,高低血糖处理（16.9±1.7）,患者的各项白护行为能力评分均高于对照组（19.7±3.2,11.9±2.4,13.5±1.6,12.5±2.0,15.6±1.6,14.6±1.9; t=7.36,6.51,5.24,5.07,6.57,6.77;P均＜0.05）.结论 情景式健康教育可促进2型糖尿病患者糖尿病自我管理能力提高,改善其血糖控制.     

Pinitol from soybeans reduces postprandial blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

The effect of 3-O-methyl-D-chiro-inositol (D-pinitol), purified from soybean, on the postprandial blood glucose response in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was examined. Fifteen Korean subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (seven men, eight women; 60.3 +/- 3.1 years old) ingested cooked white rice containing 50 g of available carbohydrate with or without prior ingestion of soy pinitol. Pinitol was given either as a 1.2 g dose at 0, 60, 120, or 180 minutes prior to rice ingestion, or as a 0.6 g dose at 60 minutes prior to rice ingestion. Capillary blood glucose levels were monitored for 4 hours after rice consumption. The ingestion of 1.2 g of pinitol 60 minutes prior to rice consumption controlled postprandial capillary blood glucose most effectively, significantly diminishing the postprandial increase in plasma glucose levels measured at 90 and 120 minutes after rice consumption (P < .05). The incremental area under the plasma glucose response curve for subjects who consumed both pinitol and rice was significantly lower than that for subjects who consumed only rice (P < .05), but pinitol had no apparent effect on postprandial insulin levels. Therefore, soybean-derived pinitol may be useful in controlling postprandial increases in blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes.     

Increased sucrose intake is not associated with a change in glucose or insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes

BACKGROUND: Debate continues over the role of sucrose and sucrose-containing food in the diet for people with type 2 diabetes. Traditionally, dietary recommendations have suggested sucrose be reduced to a minimum level to improve glycaemic control. More recently the American Diabetes Association evidence-based guidelines have suggested a more liberal approach. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether a 50 g increase in sucrose given as three slices of cake a day over a period of 24 days (88 +/- 7.5 g total sucrose/day) in combination with an increased monounsaturated fat intake (20% E) in line with current American Diabetes Association recommendations has an effect on glycaemic control or insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes. DESIGN: We re-examined results from a larger study that investigated the type of fat in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes. Nine overweight people with type 2 diabetes received a high-sucrose, high-monounsaturated-fat isocaloric diet for 24 days. Results Weight and glycaemic control remained stable throughout the study. There was no significant change in HbAlc over the study period. There was no change in insulin sensitivity, measured by the short insulin tolerance test. There was no change in fasting or postprandial incremental area under the curve in response to an identical standard test meal for glucose or insulin. CONCLUSIONS: Over the 3-week intervention period, an isocaloric increase in the dietary intakes of sucrose to 13% of total energy per day in people with type 2 diabetes was not associated with a decline in glycaemic control or insulin sensitivity.     

Increased sucrose intake is not associated with a change in glucose or insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes

Background Debate continues over the role of sucrose and sucrose-containing food in the diet for people with type 2 diabetes. Traditionally, dietary recommendations have suggested sucrose be reduced to a minimum level to improve glycaemic control. More recently the American Diabetes Association evidence-based guidelines have suggested a more liberal approach.

Objective To investigate whether a 50 g increase in sucrose given as three slices of cake a day over a period of 24 days (88±7.5 g total sucrose/day) in combination with an increased monounsaturated fat intake (20% E) in line with current American Diabetes Association recommendations has an effect on glycaemic control or insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes.

Design We re-examined results from a larger study that investigated the type of fat in the diet of people with type 2 diabetes. Nine overweight people with type 2 diabetes received a high-sucrose, high-monounsaturated-fat isocaloric diet for 24 days.

Results Weight and glycaemic control remained stable throughout the study. There was no significant change in HbA1c over the study period. There was no change in insulin sensitivity, measured by the short insulin tolerance test. There was no change in fasting or postprandial incremental area under the curve in response to an identical standard test meal for glucose or insulin.

Conclusions Over the 3-week intervention period, an isocaloric increase in the dietary intakes of sucrose to 13% of total energy per day in people with type 2 diabetes was not associated with a decline in glycaemic control or insulin sensitivity.     

Low-carbohydrate and high-fat intake among adult patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: This study examined baseline dietary intake, body weight, and physiologic status in patients enrolled in a dietary intervention for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Dietary, physiologic, and demographic information were collected at baseline from 40 adult patients with poorly controlled T2DM (glycosylated hemoglobin >7%) who participated in a clinical trial at an academic medical center in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. RESULTS: The average age at enrollment was 53.5 y (SD 8.4), average body mass index was 35.48 kg/m(2) (SD 7.0), and glycosylated hemoglobin was 8.3% (SD 1.2). Participants were predominantly white, married, and employed full time. Forty-eight percent were men. Seventy-eight percent had hyperlipidemia, and 68% had hypertension. Reported baseline daily average energy intake was 1778 kcal (SD 814), daily carbohydrate was 159 g (SD 71.5), and dietary fiber was 11.4 g (SD 5.2). The dietary composition was 35% carbohydrate, 45% fat (15% saturated fat), and 20% protein. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines recommends 45-65% of energy from carbohydrate, 20-35% from fat (<7% saturated), and 20% from protein. CONCLUSION: These patients reported a low-carbohydrate, low-fiber, high-fat (especially saturated) diet, although they stated they are not following any of the popular low-carbohydrate diets. Patients with T2DM may find the current trend toward reducing weight through low-carbohydrate diets attractive for control of blood glucose, despite ADA recommendations. This dietary pattern may represent a popular trend that extends beyond our particular study and, if so, has serious cardiovascular implications in this vulnerable population of T2DM patients.     

维吾尔族糖尿病及糖调节受损患者膳食结构分析

目的 了解维吾尔族糖尿病及糖调节受损患者膳食摄入状况,为制定相关干预措施提供科学依据.方法 采用整群抽样的方法,横断面调查乌鲁木齐市6个社区维吾尔族40岁～常住居民中选择随机血糖值≥7.0 mmol/L191例,通过进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验将其分成2型糖尿病组、糖调节受损组和正常糖耐量组,采用24 h膳食回顾法进行膳食结构调查.结果 糖调节受损组3大生热营养素、维生素、矿物质的摄入量均高于糖尿病组(P<0.05),3组人群中钙、维生素A(VA)、核黄素、维生素C(VC)摄入不足,以钙缺乏最明显,占适宜摄入量(AI)的百分比均<50%;而磷、铁、维生素E(VE)摄入量均高于推荐摄入量.结论 维吾尔族糖尿病患者膳食模式不甚合理,应加强糖尿病人的营养教育及饮食指导.     

Impact of treatment with oral calcitriol on glucose indices in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is a major public health problem. Recent epidemiological evidence also points to a potential association of vitamin D insufficiency with adverse metabolic risks, including that for type 2 diabetes. Subjects and method: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial was carried out. Seventy subjects with type 2 diabetes, age 30-75 years old, were randomly assigned in a double-blind fashion to two groups. One group received two capsules of calcitriol (0.25 μg 1,25-dihydroxy cholecalciferol per each capsule) per day. The second group received placebo tablets. At the beginning, middle and the end of the 12 week supplementation trial, serum glucose, insulin, calcium and phosphorous, HbA1c and 25(OH) vitamin D were measured. Results: There was no significant difference between two groups at baseline. At the end of the study, fasting plasma glucose increased in the control group (p=0.038), while it remained unchanged in calcitriol group. Level of insulin and HbA1c increased significantly in both groups (p=0.013 and 0.0004 in treatment and control group). Regarding insulin resistance indices, there was a significant change in HOMA-IR and QUICKI in both groups (p=0.023 and 0.002 in treatment and 0.001 and <0.001 in control group respectively). Insulin secretion as assessed by HOMA-%β, remained relatively unchanged in the control group, while it increased significantly in the treatment group at the end of study (p=0.009). Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation attenuated the increase in glycemia, and increased insulin secretion, but had no effect on insulin resistance.     

中心性肥胖与糖调节受损、2型糖尿病的关系

目的探讨以腰臀比(waist-to-hip ratio,WHR)为指标的中心性肥胖与空腹血糖受损、糖耐量异常和2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes,T2DM)发病的关系。方法采用队列研究,对684名社区居民追踪随访3年后,运用单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析中心性肥胖与糖调节受损(impaired glucose regulation,IGR)及T2DM发病的关系。结果WHR异常者发生IGR和T2DM的风险分别是正常者的2.32(95%CI:1.65~3.26)倍和2.48(95%CI:1.09~5.63)倍;控制混杂因素后,WHR异常组发生IGR(RR=1.60,95%CI:1.14~2.23)和T2DM(RR=1.89,95%CI:1.21~2.36)的风险仍然比WHR正常组高。结论中心性肥胖是IGR及T2DM发病的危险因素。     

Validation of dietary intake data in black women with type 2 diabetes

The validity of baseline dietary intake data in women participating in a culturally competent intervention study for black women with type 2 diabetes was assessed. The relationship of sociodemographic and physiologic factors with underreporting of dietary intake was determined. Criterion validity of dietary intake, which had been assessed using the Nutritionist Five Collection Form, a combination of a standard 2-day dietary recall and a modified, culturally appropriate food frequency questionnaire, was determined. Data were analyzed using First Data Bank Nutritionist Five (version 2.3, 2000, First Data Bank, San Bruno, CA) software. Validation of baseline dietary data in 109 women was performed by calculating the ratio of energy intake to resting metabolic rate. Chi(2) and t tests were used to assess relationships between underreporting and sociodemographic and physiologic factors. Mean ratio of energy intake to resting metabolic rate was 1.46 (+/-0.4). Using a lower limit of 1.35, the prevalence of underreporting was 46.8%. Underreporting was significantly associated with body mass index (P< or =0.001) and waist circumference (P<0.001). Use of this combined dietary recall and modified food frequency questionnaire might, therefore, provide more accurate dietary assessment in this population. Additional modification and validity testing is warranted in this and other populations.     

糖调节受损与新诊断2型糖尿病患者氧化应激与抗氧化状态研究

目的 通过对糖调节受损(IGR)和新诊断2型糖尿病(NDD)患者氧化应激水平的检测探讨氧化应激与2型糖尿病(T2D)的关系.方法 纳入78名IGR患者,113名NDD患者和92名血糖正常(NGT)对照,进行问卷调查、体格检测和基本的生化、抗氧化指标检测.结果 与NGT对照相比,IGR患者红细胞过氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性降低.NDD患者血浆丙二醛(MDA)水平较NGT对照升高,但血浆总抗氧化能力(TAC)和红细胞SOD活性降低.关联性分析显示胰岛素抵抗与血浆MDA浓度有较强的正相关性,但与血浆TAC水平和红细胞SOD活性负相关.对于β细胞功能,与血浆TAC水平显著正相关,而与红细胞谷胱甘肽(GSH)浓度负相关.结论 IGR状态的高血糖导致的氧化应激可能促进β细胞功能受损,胰岛素抵抗和更明显的高血糖.     

2型糖尿病患者行为依从性及血糖控制达标现状调查

目的 调查2型糖尿病患者行为依从性及血糖控制达标现状,为2型糖尿病患者血糖控制及行为干预提供参考资料。方法 2020年10月至2021年12月以与某三甲医院合作的社区卫生服务中心登记在册的2型糖尿病患者作为研究对象,以调查问卷方式获取其基本资料及行为依从性情况,检测血生化指标评估血糖控制达标情况,分析2型糖尿病患者行为依从性对血糖达标的影响。结果 共纳入研究对象1 949例,有效研究对象1 872例,有效率96.05%。血糖控制达标1 021例,达标率54.54%。不同年龄、文化水平、病程、其他基础疾病的2型糖尿病患者血糖达标率比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）。遵医嘱用药、控制饮食种类、按时进餐、经常参加体育锻炼、戒烟、戒酒、保证睡眠时间、血糖监测依从性良好率分别为64.37%、52.67%、58.49%、49.79%、82.43%、78.69%、76.87%、48.13%。多因素Logistic回归分析提示年龄（OR=0.779）、文化水平（OR=2.257）、病程（OR=0.689）、其他基础疾病（OR=0.483）、遵医嘱用药（OR=3.543）、控制饮食种类（OR=2.675）、按时进餐（OR=1.988）、经常参加体育锻炼（OR=2.054）、戒酒（OR=2.208）、血糖监测（OR=1.960）是2型糖尿病患者血糖控制达标率的影响因素。结论 2型糖尿病患者行为依从性有待提升,尤其遵医嘱用药、控制饮食种类、按时进餐、经常参加体育锻炼、戒酒、血糖监测依从性与血糖控制达标率密相关,应加强针对性干预对策,提高患者行为依从性,控制2型糖尿病病情发展。