Developmental toxicity study of CBLB502 in Wistar rats

CBLB502 is a derivative of a microbial protein that binds to Toll-like receptor 5. It is demonstrated to reduce inflammatory response from acute stresses, such as radiation in animal models. We determined the potential developmental toxicity of CBLB502 in rats. Four groups of 25 time-mated female Wistar rats/group received subcutaneously 0, 30, 100, or 300 μg/kg/day of CBLB502 from Gestation Days (GD) 6 to 17 at a dose volume of 1.0 mL/kg. Toxicokinetic evaluation was performed on GD 6 and 17. On GD 20 C-section was performed for uterine evaluation and blood samples collected from each dam for immunogenicity assay.Significant decrease in gestation body weight, weight changes and food consumption indicative of maternal toxicity were observed in all dose groups. Also adjusted body weight and weight changes were seen at 300 μg/kg/day. No external, visceral and skeletal abnormalities were observed. The NOAEL for developmental toxicity was estimated to be ≥300 μg/kg/day.     

Sixty-day repeated dose toxicity of sinafloxacin in rats and dogs.

Sinafloxacin is a new quinolone antibacterial agent. The present study was conducted to determine its toxicity at low flow rate intravenous infusion doses of 0, 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day in rats and at 0, 25, 50, and 100mg/kg/day in dogs 6 days per week for 60 days. A 20-day recovery period was included at the end of the study to evaluate the reversibility of the toxic effects. During the treatment and recovery periods, the effects of the test agent on mortality, body weight, food consumption, hematology, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, electrocardiogram (ECG), organ weights, bone marrow, and histopathology were examined. There were no treatment-related mortalities. Dysphoria and local irritation were observed in rats during administration, but the rats recovered soon after administration. Dysphoria, dermal rubeosis, salivation, vomiting and local irritation were observed in dogs receiving 50 or 100mg/kg/day during administration, but all dogs also recovered within 30 min after infusion. Significant increases in total bilirubin and glucose, and a significant decrease in total protein were observed in rats receiving the 60 mg/kg/day dose at the end of treatment period, but the levels returned toward normal during the 20-day recovery period. The most apparent toxicity was the digestive system of both rats and dogs, with irritation also occurring in the vein used for infusion. There were also notable effects on the endocrine system in rats and the central nervous system (CNS) in dogs. However, these toxic effects of sinafloxacin were transient and were reversible. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in rats and dogs was 30 mg/kg/day and 25 mg/kg/day, respectively.     

Embryo-fetal development toxicity of prenatal exposure to penequine hydrochloride intramuscularly in rats.

The potential for penequine hydrochloride to induce maternal and embryo-fetal developmental toxicity was evaluated in Wistar rats. The drug was administered intramuscularly (i.m.) at dose levels of 0, 10, 30 or 50mg/kg/day to groups of pregnant rats from day 6 to 15 of gestation. All dams were observed for maternal body weights, food consumption and any abnormal change, and subjected to caesarean-section on gestation day (GD) 20; all fetuses obtained from caesarean-section were assessed by external inspection, visceral and skeletal examinations. In the 50mg/kg/day group, maternal toxicity included an increase in the incidence of abnormal clinical signs, and decrease in the body weight and body weight gain. Developmental toxicity included an increase in the postimplantation loss, a decrease in the litter size, and a reduction in the gravid uterus weight. In addition, a statistically non-significant increase in the incidence of fetal external, visceral, and skeletal alterations including malformations and variations were seen in high-dose group. There were no treatment-related findings in maternal clinical and intrauterine observations, and fetal morphological examinations in mid-, low-dose and control groups. Thus, under the conditions of this study, the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect-level (LOAEL) of penequine hydrochloride for both maternal and embryo-fetal toxicity in the Wistar rats were considered to be 30mg/kg/day and 50mg/kg/day, which are approximately 900 and 1500 above the therapeutic dosage, respectively.     

幼龄SD大鼠重复给药毒性试验背景数据的建立

目的:对本研究室幼龄SD大鼠4周重复给药毒性试验中正常对照组的各项指标进行统计整理,建立本研究室的数据背景资料,为儿科药物非临床安全性评价提供参考.方法:从本研究室2015-2019年进行的儿科药物重复给药毒性试验中,选取全部正常对照组幼龄SD大鼠的数据,包括体重、摄食量、生殖发育(龟头包皮腺裂开和阴道张开时间)、骨骼...     

人脐带间质干细胞对大鼠的免疫毒性研究

目的:研究人脐带间质干细胞(UCMSC)对Wistar大鼠的免疫毒性作用。方法:SPF级Wistar大鼠112只分为4组:溶媒组(给予溶媒5 ml/kg)、低剂量组(给予人UCMSC 1×107个/kg)、高剂量组(给予人UCMSC 5×107个/kg)和对照组(给予大鼠UCMSC 1×107个/kg)。每组28只大鼠,雌雄各14只。大鼠尾静脉注射给药,2周1次,共注射4次。给UCMSC后每周进行受体鼠临床移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)评分,末次注射UCMSC后1、13周检测血IgG、IgM含量,CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T细胞数量,并对大鼠淋巴结、胸腺、脾脏进行脏器系数计算和组织病理学检查。结果:给予UCMSC后,各组大鼠的GVHD评分值均为0。末次给予UCMSC后1周,低、高剂量组雌性大鼠IgG[(0.65±0.12)、(0.63±0.14)g/L]和IgM含量[(0.06±0.01)、(0.06±0.01)g/L]明显高于溶媒组雄性大鼠[(0.41±0.17)g/L、(0.04±0.01)g/L,P<0.01或P<0.05];高剂量组雄性大鼠IgM含量[(0.05±0.01)g/L]明显高于溶媒组雄性大鼠[(0.03±0.01)g/L,P<0.01];对照组雌性、雄性大鼠IgM[(0.06±0.02)、(0.05±0.02)g/L]也明显高于溶媒组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。末次给予UCMSC后13周,各剂量组雌、雄性大鼠IgG、IgM与溶媒组相比差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。末次给予UCMSC后1周,低、高剂量组雌性大鼠的脾脏系数[分别为(0.274±0.016)%、(0.294±0.019)%]明显高于溶媒组[(0.232±0.012)%,P<0.01];高剂量组雄性大鼠的脾脏系数[(0.242±0.027)%]明显高于溶媒组[(0.202±0.012)%,P<0.01];对照组雌、雄性大鼠脾脏系数[分别为(0.261±0.019)%、(0.236±0.014)%]也明显高于溶媒组(P<0.05或P<0.01)。末次给予UCMSC后13周各组大鼠的脾脏和胸腺系数差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。各组大鼠CD3+、CD4+、CD8+T细胞百分比及CD4+/CD8+比值均在正常范围内。各组大鼠胸腺、脾脏和肠系膜淋巴结组织病理学检查均未见明显异常。结论:人脐带间质干细胞可引起正常Wistar大鼠免疫球蛋白含量和脾脏系数的升高,该作用具有一过性和可逆性。     

南五味子软胶囊对大鼠长期毒性的实验研究

目的观察南五味子软胶囊连续灌胃给药13周对大鼠产生的毒性反应。方法南五味子软胶囊分别以1.2、0.438、0.16g.kg-1.d-1灌胃给药,每周给药6 d,试验周期为13周,各试验组剩余的1/2动物观察4周恢复期变化。按中药新药长期毒性试验要求观察动物的一般状况、体重变化、血液细胞学及生化学指征、解剖及组织病理学检查。结果各剂量药组与对照组大鼠比较,白天自发活动减少,高剂量组减少最为明显,但夜间活动无明显差异。血液及生化指标与对照组相比无明显差异,脏器未出现给药相关的病变。结论南五味子软胶囊长期灌胃服用未见毒性反应,长期服用安全。     

Developmental toxicity of benzyl benzoate in rats after maternal exposure throughout pregnancy

The maternal and fetal toxicity of benzyl benzoate, commonly used as antiparasitic insecticide, was evaluated in pregnant rats after a daily oral dose of 25 and 100 mg/kg. Biochemical, histopathological, and morphological examinations were performed. Dams were observed for maternal body weights and food and water consumption and subjected to caesarean section on (GD) 20. Maternal and fetal liver, kidney, heart, brain, and placenta were examined histopathologically under light microscope. Maternal and fetal liver and placenta were stained immunohistochemically for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Morphometric analysis of fetal body lengths, placental measurements, and fetal skeletal stainings was performed. Statistically significant alterations in biochemical parameters and placental and skeletal measurements were determined in treatment groups. In addition to histopathological changes, considerable differences were observed in the immunolocalization of VEGF in treatment groups. These results demonstrated that benzyl benzoate and its metabolites can transport to the placenta and eventually enter the fetuses. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 29: 40–53, 2014.     

Comparative cardiopulmonary toxicity of exhausts from soy-based biofuels and diesel in healthy and hypertensive rats

Abstract

Increased use of renewable energy sources raise concerns about health effects of new emissions. We analyzed relative cardiopulmonary health effects of exhausts from (1) 100% soy biofuel (B100), (2) 20% soy biofuel?+?80% low sulfur petroleum diesel (B20), and (3) 100% petroleum diesel (B0) in rats. Normotensive Wistar–Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats were exposed to these three exhausts at 0, 50, 150 and 500?μg/m³, 4?h/day for 2 days or 4 weeks (5 days/week). In addition, WKY rats were exposed for 1 day and responses were analyzed 0?h, 1 day or 4 days later for time-course assessment. Hematological parameters, in vitro platelet aggregation, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) markers of pulmonary injury and inflammation, ex vivo aortic ring constriction, heart and aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction, thrombosis and atherogenesis were analyzed. The presence of pigmented macrophages in the lung alveoli was clearly evident with all three exhausts without apparent pathology. Overall, exposure to all three exhausts produced only modest effects in most endpoints analyzed in both strains. BALF γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity was the most consistent marker and was increased in both strains, primarily with B0 (B0?>?B100?>?B20). This increase was associated with only modest increases in BALF neutrophils. Small and very acute increases occurred in aorta mRNA markers of vasoconstriction and thrombosis with B100 but not B0 in WKY rats. Our comparative evaluations show modest cardiovascular and pulmonary effects at low concentrations of all exhausts: B0 causing more pulmonary injury and B100 more acute vascular effects. BALF GGT activity could serve as a sensitive biomarker of inhaled pollutants.     

Citrinin and endosulfan induced maternal toxicity in pregnant Wistar rats: pathomorphological study

Dietary exposures to environmental food pollutants such as mycotoxin(s) or pesticide(s) have gained immense significance due to their adverse effects on production and reproduction in animal and human populations. The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the maternal toxicity of citrinin (CIT) and endosulfan administered per os either alone or in combination in pregnant rats during gestational days 6-20. CIT (group I, 10 mg kg(-1) feed, through diet) and endosulfan (group II, 1 mg kg(-1) body weight, by oral intubation) when administered either alone or in combination (group III) in Wistar rats caused clinical signs of toxicity and pathomorphological changes in all the toxin treated groups, the severity being more pronounced in the combination treatment compared with that observed in the control (group IV). The rate of fetal resorptions was highest (22.22%) in the combination treatment followed by endosulfan (16.48%) and CIT (12.50%) treatment groups compared with the control group (3.86%). The histopathological changes such as engorged vasculature, vacuolar degeneration and karyomegaly in liver; congestion, tubular degeneration and cast formation in kidneys; vascular changes and hemosiderosis in uterus and lymphocytic depletion and apoptosis in the lymphoid organs were recorded in the animals of the toxin treated groups. The lesions were consistent and more severe in the combination treatment group compared with the individual treatment groups, suggesting an additive interaction of CIT and endosulfan in inducing maternal toxicity in Wistar rats.     

阿比朵尔对大鼠的长期毒性

目的:观察阿比朵尔对大鼠的长期毒性反应。方法:96只Wistar大鼠,雌雄各半,随机分成4组,即1200,350和100 mg·kg-1剂量组和对照组,连续灌胃给药4周,按常规方法观察动物一般状况、体重、摄食量、血液学、血液生化、脏器重量系数及组织病理学改变。结果:阿比朵尔未引起动物死亡。给药期:高剂量组雌鼠第1-4周体重明显低于对照组,并有6只动物陆续出现明显掉毛;高剂量组雄鼠第2-4周体重明显低于对照组,并有4只动物陆续出现明显掉毛;其他指标与对照组比较无明显差异。低剂量组和中剂量组各项指标与对照组比较均无明显差异。恢复期:高剂量组雌鼠第1周体重仍明显低于对照组,其他各剂量各项指标与对照组比较均无明显差异。结论:大鼠口服阿比朵尔4周,350 mg·kg-1为安全剂量,1 200 mg·kg-1对大鼠生长有可逆性抑制作用。     

Ninety-day oral toxicity study of lycopene from Blakeslea trispora in rats

Lycopene, as a suspension in sunflower oil (20% w/w), was tested for subchronic toxicity by administration at dietary concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0% to groups of 20 male and 20 female Wistar rats for a period of 90 days. The lycopene examined in this study was derived from a fungal biomass (Blakeslea trispora). Lycopene intake was calculated to be 0, 145, 291, and 586mg/kg body weight/day in control through high-dose males and 0, 156, 312, and 616mg/kg body weight/day in control through high-dose females. The results from this study do not provide any evidence of toxicity of lycopene at dietary levels up to 1.0% as demonstrated by the findings of clinical observations, neurobehavioral observations, motor activity assessment, body weight and food consumption measurements, ophthalmoscopic examinations, hematology, clinical chemistry, urinalysis, organ weights, gross pathology, or histopathology. The No-Observed-Effect Level (NOEL) was 1.0% in the diet, the highest dietary concentration tested.     

纤维蛋白封闭剂对SD大鼠连续腹腔注射给药14天的毒性研究

目的 评价SD大鼠连续腹腔注射纤维蛋白封闭剂的安全性。方法 SD大鼠雌雄分别按体质量随机分4组,即空白对照组、纤维蛋白封闭剂低剂量组、中剂量组和高剂量组,每组20只,雌雄各半。3个给药组的给药剂量分别为85.5、171.0和342.0mg/kg,每天腹腔注射给药,连续14d,恢复期28d,进行一般症状、血液学、血液生化和病理组织学等指标检测。结果 与空白对照组相比,纤维蛋白封闭剂中、高剂量组大鼠第14天的白细胞计数显著升高,纤维蛋白原显著降低,中、高剂量组大鼠脾脏的脏器重量有增加趋势。组织病理学检查发现部分高剂量动物腹腔出现残留药物引起的纤维肉芽组织包裹。上述变化指标在恢复期结束时基本可恢复。结论大鼠腹腔注射纤维蛋白封闭剂85.5~342.0mg/kg,安全剂量为85.5mg/kg,毒性剂量为171.0mg/kg。毒性靶系统或靶部位为血液系统、免疫系统和给药局部,毒性作用可逆。     

3D organotypic HepaRG cultures as in vitro model for acute and repeated dose toxicity studies

Predictive in vitro models alternative to in vivo animal will have a significant impact in toxicology. Conventional 2D models do not reflect the complexity of a 3D organ resulting in discrepancies between experimental in vitro and in vivo data. Using 3D HepaRG organotypic cultures we tested four drugs (aflatoxin B1, amiodarone, valproic acid and chlorpromazine) for toxic effects and compared the results with 2D HepaRG and HepG2 cultures. We show that 3D HepaRG cultures are more sensitive than the other tested cultures to aflatoxin B1 which is only toxic upon metabolic activation in the liver. We observed that CYP3A4 activity is higher in the 3D HepaRG cultures compared to the 2D HepaRG cultures. Furthermore, we investigated repeated dose toxicity of chlorpromazine and assessed its effects on glucose and lactate metabolism. Sub-toxic concentrations of chlorpromazine induced significant metabolic changes in both 2D and 3D HepaRG cultures upon acute and repeated dose (3 doses) exposure. In summary, our data support the hypothesis that 3D cell culture models better mimic the in vivo tissue and improve cellular functionality. The 3D HepaRG organotypic cultures represent a high throughput system for drug toxicity screening. This system is therefore a promising tool in preclinical testing of human relevance which can allow reducing and/or replacing animal testing for drug adverse effects.     

One-generation reproductive toxicity study of epichlorohydrin in Sprague-Dawley rats

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential reproductive toxicity of epichlorohydrin in a one-generation reproduction toxicity study in compliance with OECD Test Guideline 415. Twenty-four male and female rats per group were given epichlorohydrin by gavage at 0, 3.3, 10, and 30?mg/kg/day. Males were dosed for 10 weeks prior to and during mating. Females were dosed from 2 weeks before mating to day 21 of lactation. At 30?mg/kg, an increase in the incidence of clinical signs (i.e., nasal discharge, soft feces, depression, and piloerection), gross necropsy findings (i.e., cystic pustule of the epididymidis and enlargement of the kidney) and the weights of heart, liver, and epididymidis, a decrease in male fertility, and an increased incidence of histopathological changes of the testis, epididymidis, and kidney were observed. At 10?mg/kg, decreased male fertility and increased kidney weight and incidence of histopathological changes of the epididymidis were found. There was a slight, but nonsignificant, reduction in the male fertility index at the dose of 3.3?mg/ kg. Under these experimental conditions, the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level of epichlorohydrin was 3.3?mg/kg/day for parent animals and their offspring. The absolute toxic dose for parent animals and their offspring was estimated to be 10?mg/kg/day.     

Thirteen-week repeated dose toxicity of Siraitia grosvenori extract in Wistar Hannover (GALAS) rats.

Siraitia grosvenori extract has been used as a food additive. As a part of the safety assessment of the extracts, a 13-week repeated dose toxicity study was performed in Wistar Hannover (GALAS) rats. Male and female rats were divided into five groups consisting of eight animals each and given diet containing 0%, 0.04%, 0.2%, 1%, and 5% of S. grosvenori extract for 13 weeks. During the experiment, no deaths were observed in any groups, and there were no remarkable changes in general appearance, body weight, food and water consumption, hematological and serum biochemical parameters, organ weight and histopathological findings between the control and treated groups. On the basis of these data, the no-observed-adverse effect level (NOAEL) of S. grosvenori extract in Wistar Hannover rats was considered to be 5% (2520 mg/kg/day in males and 3200 mg/kg/day in females) or more.     

雷诺嗪对大鼠的长期毒性试验*

目的:考察反复给予雷诺嗪{N-(2,6二甲基苯基)-2-4-[2-羟基-3-(2-甲氧苯氧基)丙基]-1-哌嗪乙酰胺}对大鼠产生的毒性反应。方法:SD大鼠随机分为雷诺嗪高、中、低剂量(400,150和50 mg.kg-1.d-1)组和溶媒对照(0.5%羧甲基纤维素钠)组,每组32只大鼠,雌雄各半。各组均灌胃给予等体积的药物或溶媒(20 mL.kg-1),每周给药7 d,连续给药4周。停药后每组留12只动物(雌雄各半)再饲喂2周进行恢复性观察。观察动物一般状况、体重、进食量、饮水量、血液学、血液生化学、脏器重量系数及组织病理学改变。结果:雷诺嗪400 mg.kg-1组大鼠给药初期出现活动减少、呆滞和抽搐,体重增加值低于对照组,饮水量、丙氨酸氨基转换酶(ALT)、尿素氮(BUN)、总胆固醇(T-Cho)及肝、肾系数高于对照组。雷诺嗪50和150 mg.kg-1组各项指标与对照组比较均无统计学差异。恢复期各剂量的各项指标与对照组比较均无统计学差异。结论:雷诺嗪150 mg.kg-1为安全剂量,400 mg.kg-1有短时神经系统毒性并对动物生长,肝、肾功能和脂代谢产生可逆性影响。     

Protective effect of the ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Madhuca longifolia against diclofenac-induced toxicity in female Wistar albino rats

BackgroundDiclofenac is commonly prescribed Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAIDs) as it has anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-pyretic properties. Long term usage and over-dosage of diclofenac is associated with adverse effects like drug-induced liver injury, gastrointestinal and renal toxicity. The therapeutic uses of medicinal plants have gained a prominent role in recent years. Madhuca longifolia is a tree found throughout India, which is known to have several pharmacological activities. The aim of our study is to investigate the potential effect of the ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of M. longifolia against diclofenac-induced toxicity.MethodsThe rats used for the experiment were divided into seven groups. Group-1 was the normal control. Group-2 was administered with diclofenac (50 mg/kg b.w./day/ip) on the 4^th and the 5^th day. Group-3 was treated with diclofenac and ELEML (500 mg/kg b.w./day/po) on all 5 days. Group-4 was treated with diclofenac and MLEML (500 mg/kg b.w./day/po) on all 5 days. Standard drug silymarin (25 mg/kg b.w./day/po) was given to the rats of group-5 along with diclofenac. Group-6 and group–7 were treated with ethanolic leaf extract and methanolic leaf extract of M. longifolia respectively. After the study period, the rats were evaluated for parameters like liver and renal markers, antioxidants and histopathological changes.ResultsThis study has proved the beneficial effect of ethanolic and methanolic leaf extract of M. longifolia against diclofenac-induced toxicity wherein ethanolic leaf extract showed a better result than methanolic leaf extract.ConclusionOur study has concluded the beneficial effect of ethanolic and methonolic leaf extract of Madhuca longifolia against DFC-induced toxicity. This study proves that it has potential effect on hepato, renal and gastro toxicity in female Wistar albino rats. It can further be studied to understand its mechanism in treating toxicity.     

匹多莫德的生殖毒性实验研究

目的研究匹多莫德(pidotimod,PDM)对实验大鼠在致畸敏感期的生殖毒性。方法健康Wis-tar雌性受孕大鼠,于受孕后5~15d灌胃给予200、4008、00mg/kg的匹多莫德,至受孕后20d处死动物,检测各项指标,对匹多莫德的致畸敏感期生殖毒性进行评价。结果口服匹多莫德200、4008、00mg/kg后,匹多莫德对受孕大鼠的黄体数、着床率、胎儿数、胎儿体重及性别、胎儿内脏及骨骼检查等各项检测指标均无明显变化,同对照组比较差异无统计学意义。结论匹多莫德在本实验所用剂量时无致畸作用,这种用于大鼠的剂量,相当于该药的人用最大剂量的8倍、16倍、32倍,所以人用此药是安全的。     

Short term toxicity study in rats dosed with pulegone and menthol

Pulegone and menthol, components of peppermint oil, were investigated in rats. The substances were administered by gavage for 28 days at 0, 20, 80, 160 mg pulegone and 0, 200, 400, 800 mg menthol/kg body wt./day, respectively. At the two highest doses, pulegone induced atonia, decreased blood creatinine content, lowered terminal body weight and caused histopathological changes in the liver and in the white matter of cerebellum. For menthol at all dose levels a significant increase in absolute and relative liver weights and vacuolisation of hepatocytes was found. No sign of encephalopathy was observed in rats given menthol.The no effect level for pulegone was 20 mg/kg body wt./day and for menthol < 200 mg/kg body wt./day.     

大鼠灌胃驱白巴布期片重复给药毒性研究

目的 研究大鼠灌胃给予驱白巴布期片13周重复给药的毒性。方法 选取SD大鼠120只,雌雄各半,分为溶媒对照组及驱白巴布期片1.5、3.0、6.0 g·kg^-1 3个剂量组,每天给药1次,给药容积为10 mL·kg^-1,连续给药13周,停药恢复4周。试验期间,每天进行一般状态观察,给药期及恢复期每周测定1次体重,给药结束取20只和恢复期结束取10只动物安乐死,进行血液学、血液生化学、脏器系数和病理组织学检查。结果 驱白巴布期片灌胃给药13周后,大鼠一般状态正常、血液学和血液生化学等指标与溶媒对照组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05),大鼠主要脏器系数均在正常范围内,病理组织学检查未见明显异常。结论 驱白巴布期片≤6 g·kg^-1剂量下灌胃给予大鼠未见明显毒性反应,其最大无毒反应剂量（NOAEL）≥6 g·kg^-1。