卵圆核内促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子和神经降压素免疫反应阳性神经元向后部下丘脑外侧区投射——荧光金逆行追踪结合免疫荧光双标记法研究

本实验选用雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠15只,分为3组。第1组5只,将3％荧光金水溶液注入一侧不同平面下丘脑外侧区,检查终纹床核群内逆行标记细胞的分布;第2组3只,免疫酶和免疫荧光法检查终纹床核群卵圆核内促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子和神经降压素免疫阳性神经元的分布;第3组7只,选卵圆核内有逆行标记的切片,进行免疫荧光反应。结果发现,只有当示踪剂注入后部下丘脑外侧区时,卵圆核区域才出现较多的逆行标记细胞。免疫荧光法显示的两种肽能神经元的分布与免疫酶法相似;卵圆核内的逆行标记细胞,有的是促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子免疫阳性,也有的是神经降压素免疫阳性。本实验发现终纹床核群卵圆核内有上述两种肽能神经元投射到后部下丘脑外侧区。     

人胚胎下丘脑—腺垂体系统P物质,生长抑素,亮啡肽和甲啡肽神经元的发…

用免疫组化方法观察了Ｐ物质（ＳＰ），生长抑素（ＳＲＩＦ），亮啡肽（Ｌ－ＥＮＫ），甲啡肽（Ｍ－ＥＮＫ）在１６－２４周胎儿下丘脑及腺垂体内的发育与分布。结果表明：在１６周胎儿下丘脑已出现ＳＰｅＳＲＩＦ－ＥＮＫ和Ｍ－ＥＮＫ阳性神经元，第三脑室室管膜上皮呈阳性染色。下天脑的变化以１６－２４周最为明显，，在１６周阳性细胞多为小神经元，分布疏散，２０－２４周阳性细胞为梭形和多极神经元，主要分布干室周核，室旁核     

大鼠终纹床核向结合臂旁核的投射 Ⅲ.神经降压肽、促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子肽能通路研究

用荧光金逆行束路追踪结合免疫荧光双标记技术及HRP逆行束路追踪结合免疫细胞化学双标记技术证明,在大鼠终纹床核投射至结合臂旁核的神经元中,位于前外侧区卵圆核及其腹侧邻近区中的部分为神经降压肽及促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子免疫反应阳性,双标记细胞分别约占这个部位逆行标记细胞总数的40％及20％;在前腹侧区的梭形核及大细胞核中,部分为促肾上腺皮质激素释放因子免疫反应阳性。     

曲拉通X—100影响脑内递质及合成酶免疫组化定位

目的；研究曲拉通Ｘ－１００是否会改变脑内质及合成酶免疫组织化学定位特征，及是否与其浓度有关。材料与方法：观察了高，低浓度ＴＴＸ预处理脑切片，对胆碱乙酰化酶，Ｐ物质和γ－氨基丁酸样免疫反应神经元胞体及终末，在树Ｑｕ内侧隔核，斜带核及海马，免疫组化定位的影响。并在树Ｑｕ和猫脑探索了缓冲低浓度梯度酒精替代ＴＴＸ的可能性。结果：在树Ｑｕ脑，当ＴＴＸ为０．１％时，内侧隔核，斜带核三类神经元胞体染色变浅，数量     

GLUT3阳性细胞在大鼠脑中的分布及其与脑内葡萄糖监控系统的关系

本文利用抗ＧＬＵＴ３ Ｃ－末端部分合成肽的抗血清对大鼠脑中ＧＬＵＴ３阳性神经细胞的分布进行了免疫组织化学研究。结果表明，除在大脑皮层的广泛区域和海马ＣＡ区存在大量的ＧＬＵＴ３阳性神经元外，皮层下的某些核团和区域的神经元以及第三脑室腹 侧部的ｔａｍｙｃｙｔｅ也表达丰富的ＧＬＵＴ３蛋白。有趣的是，这些核团的大部分参与构成脑内葡萄糖监控系统的神经网络，髭阳性细胞（如下丘脑外侧区，黑质的神经元和ｔａｍｙｃ     

脑啡肽样神经元在人胎儿中脑的分布与发育研究

应用免疫组织化学方法研究了１６～４０周人胎儿中脑甲啡肽（Ｍ－ＥＮＫ）样和亮啡肽（Ｌ－ＥＮＫ）样神经元的发育与分布。结果发现：于１６周时在中脑已出现两者阳性神经元，开始仅在中央灰质和黑质出现散在分布的浅染神经元，随着发育阳性神经元增加，染色加深；２０周后在动眼神经核、滑车神经核及网状核等部位出现阳性神经元，各区域中阳性大多极神经元出现较晚。ＥＮＫ在人胎儿中脑发育主要集中于１６～３２周，且Ｍ－ＥＮＫ强于Ｌ－ＥＮＫ。根据上述结果本文对ＥＮＫ在人胎儿发育中的可能功能进行了讨论。     

胰岛素促进基底前脑胆碱能神经元树突的增生

本实验采用２月龄ＳＤ大鼠３０只，建立隔－海马通路损伤模型，分别存活２和４周．实验用药组给予胰岛素脑室内注射（０．６ｕ／次／３ｄ）．到期动物用Ｇｏｌｇｉ－Ｃｏｘ改良技术染片，并用ＣａｍｅｒａＬｕｃｉｄａ描绘出基底前脑内侧隔核和斜角带核神经元全貌，按Ｓｈｏｌｌ方法分析神经元树突结构．结果显示，基底前脑内侧隔核和斜角带核神经元树突结构在损伤后发生较大变化，神经元树突野明显缩小，但在胰岛素用药组，树突的截点数，总长均大于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）．Ｓｈｏｌｌ线性回归分析结果显示，用药组神经元树突的截距大于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５），斜率小于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０５）．因此，本文认为胰岛素具有减少损伤后基底前脑内侧隔核和斜角带核神经元树突的丢失．促讲其增生的作用．     

树Qu、大鼠、豚鼠视交叉上核加压素免疫阳性神经元分布的差异性比较

目的：观察加压素免疫阳性（VP－IR）神经元在树Qu下丘脑视交叉上核中的分布并与其在大鼠豚鼠视交叉上核中的分布进行比较，探讨VP－IR神经元分布的种属差异性。方法：树Qu、大鼠、豚鼠内固定后恒冷箱冰冻连续切片，免疫组织化学PAP法染色。结果：三种动物的视交叉上核形状不同，VP－IR神经元在三种动物视交叉上核中的分布位置、数量和密度不同，此外，在豚鼠两侧视交叉上核间以及第三脑室底部与视交叉正中背侧之间，还观察到一些散在分布的VP－IR神经元，而树Qu和大鼠相应区域却未见有VP－IR神经元分布。结论：VP－IR神经元在视交叉上核中的分布有较大的种属差异性。     

神经生长因子（NGF）对基底前脑NGF—受体阳性神经元损伤后的保…

切断老年鼠（２４月龄）左侧穹窿海马伞，造成隔海马碱能系统损伤模型。用免疫组方法脑室注射ＮＧＦ对基底前脑神经生长因子受他（ＮＧＦ－Ｒ）阳性神经元损伤的影响。实验证明损伤一个月，损伤对照组损伤测内侧隔核和斜角带核垂直支ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元数量了分别减少了５９．４％和３７．２４％，残存的神经元发生萎缩及表而受体含量增加。ＮＧＦ治疗组，损伤测内侧隔核和斜角带核垂直支的ＮＧＦ－Ｒ阳性神经元数量只减少４．４７     

大鼠脑内代谢型谷氨酸受体1、1α亚型的定位分布

用代谢型谷氨酸受体１和１α亚型（ｍＧｌｕＲ１和ｍＧｌｕＲｌα）的特异性抗体的免疫细胞化学染色技术，研究了其在大鼠脑内的定位分布。结果显示，ｍＧｌｕＲ１阳性神经元密集地分布于Ｃａｌｌｅｊａ岛、伏核、斜角带核、外侧隔核背侧部、齿状回、下丘脑外侧区、内侧视前区、乳头体核、丘脑中线核团、脚周核、脚间核、中脑导水管周围灰质腹外侧区、被盖背外侧核、面神经上核和小脑Ｐｕｒｋｉｎｊｅ细胞层。ｍＧｌｕＲｌα阳性神经元主要分布在嗅球的小球层、副嗅核、斜角带核、外侧隔核背侧部、隔海马核、伏核、苍白球、腹侧苍白球、海马、外侧缰核、底丘脑核、下丘脑内侧核、外侧嗅束核、黑质网状部和小脑分子层。ｍＧｌｕＲ１和ｍＧｌｕＲｌα在大鼠脑内的分布如此广泛，说明ｍＧｌｕＲ１和ｍＧｌｕＲｌα在大鼠脑内谷氨酸能纤维联系通路的兴奋性突触传递方面扮演了重要角色。     

Coexistence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity with neuropeptides in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

Summary The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of male albino rats was analyzed for the presence of glucocorticoid receptor-like immunoreactivity (GR-LI) in neuropeptide containing neurons. Using immunohistochemistry, coronal sections trough the entire PVN were double-stained with a mouse monoclonal antibody against GR and one of the following antisera: rabbit antiserum to corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), neurotensin (NT), enkephalin (ENK), cholecystokinin (CCK), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), galanin (GAL), peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), somatostatin (SOM) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). For comparison the occurrence of GR-LI in NT-, SOM-, NPY- or TH-positive neurons of the arcuate nucleus was also studied. Our results indicate that GR-LI is present in the parvocellular part of the PVN but not in its magnocellular portion. Virtually every parvocellular neuron in the PVN containing one of the above mentioned peptides was also positive for GR, with the exception of SOM neurons, of which only about two thirds showed detectable levels of GR-LI. All TH-positive, presumably dopamine neurons in the PVN were GR-positive. In the arcuate nucleus all TH- and NPY-positive neurons as well as a large proportion of the SOM- and NT-immunoreactive neurons contained GR-LI. The results indicate that in the PVN, in addition to the CRF neurons, certain peptidergic neurons in the parvocellular part of the PVN, without any established role in the control of ACTH synthesis and release, may also be under glucocorticoid control. This seems to be the case also for most arcuate neurons.     

Characterization of peptidergic efferents from the lateral parabrachial nucleus to identified neurons in the rat dorsal raphe nucleus

The peptidergic content of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) efferents to the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) was studied by combining visualization of the anterogradely transported tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin within fibers that were immunocytochemically stained for neurotensin (NT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) or galanin (GAL). The identity of DRN target neurons was determined with simultaneous immunocytochemical labelling for serotonin, the major transmitter within the nucleus. Within the DRN, we estimated that about two-thirds of the anterogradely labelled fibers arising from the LPB also showed peptidergic immunoreactivity. NT was the most commonly observed neuropeptide in LPB neuronal efferents directed to the DRN, followed by CGRP and GAL. The peptidergic afferents in the DRN were oriented preferentially in the dorsoventral plane. Peptidergic fibers from the LPB possessed varicosities (diameters not exceeding 3 microns) and were apposed on serotoninergic neuronal somata. Some of the anterogradely labelled peptidergic fibers were not associated with cells showing immunoreactivity for serotonin. The present results suggest that NT-ergic, CGRP-ergic and GAL-ergic neurons within the LPB are in contact with serotoninergic and non-serotoninergic neurons within the DRN. Since the DRN is known to project to the LPB, it is likely that bi-directional interconnections between these nuclei exist. Such linkages may provide anatomical substrates for coordinated autonomic responses.     

Somatostatin 28 and neuropeptide Y innervation in the septal area and related cortical and subcortical structures of the human brain. Distribution, relationships and evidence for differential coexistence

Somatostatin 28- and neuropeptide Y-containing innervations were mapped in the human medial forebrain (eight control brains) with immunohistochemistry, using the sensitive avidin-biotin-peroxidase method. Peptidergic perikarya and fibers had an extensive distribution: they were densest in the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis) and infralimbic cortex, of intermediate density in the medial septal area and of lowest density in the dorsal and caudal lateral septal nucleus. Somatostatin-like immunoreactive perikarya and fibers were generally more numerous than the neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactive ones, but more faintly labeled. Their pattern of distribution was strikingly similar in some of the limbic structures studied but clearly distinct in others. Excellent overlap of neuropeptide Y and somatostatin-like immunoreactivity was detected in: (1) the medial septal area, where innervation occasionally formed perivascular clusters; (2) the nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle, characterized by dense patchy innervation; and (3) the laterodorsal septal nucleus, scarcely innervated. In the latter structures, most peptidergic neurons were double-labeled. On the other hand, both peptidergic innervations clearly differed in the lateroventral septal nucleus and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis which contained distinct clusters of somatostatin-like immunoreactive neurons devoid of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity. Also, the perineuronal and peridendritic axonal plexuses ('woolly fibers') present in these structures were only labeled with somatostatin. In the infralimbic cortex, the relation between the peptides varied according to the cortical laminae. Coexistence of somatostatin and neuropeptide Y frequently occurred in layer VI and in the subcortical white matter, whereas layer V and particularly layers II and III contained a contingent of neurons labeled only with somatostatin. Dense horizontal terminal networks in layers I and VI however were similar for both peptides. These findings support the existence of two different types of somatostatin-like immunoreactive perikarya as regards colocalization with neuropeptide Y. Their particular topographical segregation within the cortical and subcortical structures analysed suggest that they could have different connections and functional properties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Cholinergic and peptidergic projections from the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to dorsal hippocampus, cingulate cortex and olfactory bulb: a combined wheatgerm agglutinin-apohorseradish peroxidase-gold immunohistochemical study

We have examined the distribution pattern and the density of various neuropeptide, neurotransmitter and enzyme containing neurons in the rat medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca to assess their possible involvement in the septohippocampal, septocortical and septobulbar pathways. Immunohistochemical methods were combined with the retrograde transport of a protein-gold complex injected in the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex or the olfactory bulb. Cholinergic neurons were the most numerous. Galanin-positive neurons were about two or three times less numerous than cholinergic cells. Both these cell types had a similar location though the choline acetyl transferase-like immunoreactive cells extended more caudally in the horizontal limb of the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Immunoreactive cells for other neuroactive substances were few (calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone. [Met]enkephalin-arg-gly-leu) or occasional (dynorphin B, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, somatostatin, neurotensin, cholecystokinin, neuropeptide Y and substance P). No immunoreactive cells for bombesin, alpha atrial natriuretic factor, corticotropin releasing factor, 5-hydroxytryptamine, melanocyte stimulating hormone, oxytocin, prolactin, tyrosine hydroxylase or arg-vasopressin were present. Choline acetyltransferase- and galanin-like immunoreactive cells densely participate to septal efferents. Cholinergic neurons constituted the bulk of septal efferent neurons. Galanin-positive cells were 22% of septohippocampal, 8% of septocortical, and 9% of septobulbar neurons. Galanin containing septohippocampal neurons were found in the medial septum and the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca; galanin-positive septobulbar and septocortical cells were limited to the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca. Occasional double-labellings were noticed with some peptides other than galanin. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were the most often observed; some other projecting cells stained for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide or dynorphin B. Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, calcitonin gene-related peptide and enkephalin were observed in septohippocampal neurons; luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal peptide were observed in septocortical neurons and calcitonin gene-related peptide, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone and dynorphin B were observed in septo-bulbar cells. These results show that, in addition to acetylcholine, galanin is a major cellular neuroactive substance in septal projections to the hippocampus, the cingulate cortex and the olfactory bulb. The presence of septal projecting neurons immunoreactive for other peptides shows that a variety of distinct peptides may also participate, but in a smaller number, to septal efferent pathways.     

8-精加压素免疫反应阳性神经元在兔脑内的分布

用纯种新西兰兔,向侧脑室内注入秋水仙素(300μg/3μl),48h后用免疫组织化学方法观察了加压素(VP)免疫反应阳性神经元在兔脑内的分布。实验结果表明,在室旁核有较密集的VP样免疫反应阳性神经元分布,胞体直径约为15—20μm。在下丘脑另一些部分、视前区、杏仁核和蓝斑均有VP样免疫反应阳性的神经元,但细胞不如室旁核的密集,在蓝斑的阳性细胞则较小。另外,室周灰质和臂旁核也发现有少量VP样免疫反应阳性的细胞。本工作还首次报道了在蓝斑的小血管壁上有VP样免疫反应阳性神经末梢分布,推测这些神经末梢可能参与VP调节血压的中枢机制。     

老龄大鼠内侧隔核TrkB mRNA的表达及人参皂甙的保护作用

目的:探讨人参皂甙对老龄大鼠内侧隔核TrkB mRNA表达的影响,为老年记忆减退性疾病的发病机制及人参皂甙的临床应用提供分子生物学基础。方法:选用Wistar大鼠,分成青年组、老龄组、给药组,采用原位杂交组织化学方法检测大鼠内侧隔核TrkB mRNA含量的变化情况。结果:老龄组内侧隔核TrkB mRNA阳性反应物的平均灰度值与青年组相比呈非常显著增高,而给药组的平均灰度值比老龄组呈显著降低。结论:老龄时内侧隔核TrkB mRNA表达低于青年组,而给药组较老龄组明显增加。说明人参皂甙具有增强TrkB mRNA表达,防止中枢神经系统神经元退行性改变的作用。     

Study of the efferent connections of the enkephalinergic magnocellular dorsal nucleus in the guinea-pig hypothalamus using lesions, retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry: evidence for a projection to the lateral septum

The efferents of enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons in the magnocellular dorsal nucleus of the guinea-pig were studied using different neuroanatomical methods and indirect immunocytochemical technique. Following unilateral implantation of the fluorescent dye 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole in the lateral septal nucleus, retrogradely-labeled perikarya were found in the magnocellular dorsal nucleus. These labeled perikarya reacted with antiserum against enkephalin, demonstrating that enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons in the magnocellular dorsal nucleus project to the lateral septal nucleus. In other experiments, complete bilateral lesions were produced in the magnocellular dorsal nucleus by electrocoagulation. Enkephalin-immunoreactive nerve fibers and terminals were totally depleted in the lateral septal nucleus. This confirms that septal enkephalin-immunoreactive terminals originate in the magnocellular dorsal nucleus and further suggests that this nucleus is the source of all the enkephalin-immunoreactive material found in the septum. Experiments utilizing two different fluorescent dyes, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole and propidium iodide, injected in each side of the lateral septal nucleus, respectively, demonstrated that the magnocellular dorsal nucleus gives off axon collaterals to both sides of the septum, since double-labeling of individual cell bodies was detected in the nucleus. By relating this finding to the results obtained after unilateral destruction of the nucleus, which caused an incomplete loss of enkephalin- immunoreactive material in the lateral septal nucleus ipsilaterally, it is suggested that the enkephalinergic hypothalamo-septal pathway contains unbranching neurons projecting ipsilaterally and branching neurons distributing fibers ipsilaterally and contralaterally. Lesion experiments, and experiments based on the retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase after intravenous injections, demonstrated that the magnocellular dorsal nucleus contributes neither to the tubero-infundibular nor to the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tracts. The lateral septal nucleus receives numerous aminergic and peptidergic projections, indicating the potential importance of this region in physiological and behavioral events. In the guinea-pig, the well-demarcated enkephalinergic pathway demonstrated in this study provides a convenient model for the experimental study of the enkephalinergic innervation of the lateral septal nucleus.     

大鼠脑干一氧化氮合成酶阳性神经元的分布及发育

实验用依赖还原型辅酶Ⅱ的黄递酶酶组织化学方法。研究了一氧化氮合成酶阳性神经元在大鼠脑干的分布及发育。结果；一氧化氮合成酶阳性神经元在各日龄大鼠的分布上没有明显差别。一氧化氮合成酶阳性神经元主要集中在上丘浅灰质层，中脑水管周围灰质背外侧部，中缝背核，被盖背外侧核，中缝大核，三叉神经脊束核等部位。