生物反馈电刺激治疗女性压力性尿失禁疗效评价（附30例报告）

目的 通过生物反馈电刺激治疗女性压力性尿失禁30例，探讨其疗效，寻找较好的保守治疗女性压力性尿失禁的方法。方法 选择30例Ⅰ～Ⅱ度女性压力性尿失禁的患者，使用生物反馈治疗仪进行生物反馈电刺激治疗，每次20min，隔日1次，10次为1个疗程，疗程结束后3个月开始观察疗效，随访6个月。结果 30例患者中治愈20例（67％），有效7例（23％），无效但未发展的3例（10％），有效率达90％。结论 生物反馈电刺激治疗Ⅰ～Ⅱ度女性压力性尿失禁是一种有效的、治愈率较高的保守治疗方法。     

Sacral transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the treatment of idiopathic faecal incontinence

Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of S3 transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) in the treatment of idiopathic faecal incontinence. Method Seventeen patients were treated by S3 TENS 2 h a day for 3 months. The outcome was evaluated by faecal incontinence severity index (FISI), faecal incontinence quality of life scale (FIQOL), 7‐day bowel diary, anorectal physiology, patients’ self‐reported impression of improvement, bowel control and satisfaction with treatment on a visual analogue scale. Results Seventeen patients (13 women) of mean age 67.2 years (52–80) were followed up for a mean of 19.7 months. The FISI improved in 69% after 3 months of TENS (P < 0.01), and all components of FIQOL improved. The number of incontinent episodes per week fell for incontinence to gas and stool (solid and/or liquid). There was no significant difference in the maximum resting pressure and squeeze pressure, but the mean rectal volume of first sensation (12.1 ml, P = 0.027) and first urge (25.0 ml, P = 0.054) fell, and the maximum tolerable volume (16.0 ml, P = 0.679) rose. The satisfaction score was ≥ 6/10 in all patients. Fifteen (88%) scored ≥ 6/10 for bowel control, and all patients scored ≥ 2 (scale: ?5 to +5) for their impression of improvement. Conclusion S3 transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation seems to be a promising noninvasive method to treat faecal incontinence. However, further study is required.     

Transcutaneous mechanical nerve stimulation using perineal vibration: a novel method for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence

PURPOSE: We defined basic guidelines for transcutaneous mechanical nerve stimulation in modifying pelvic floor responses in women and determined the efficacy of transcutaneous mechanical nerve stimulation in treating stress urinary incontinence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Perineal and clitoral transcutaneous mechanical nerve stimulation was performed in healthy volunteers while measuring changes in peak urethral pressure to determine optimal vibration amplitude and site of stimulation. Perineal transcutaneous mechanical nerve stimulation was then performed weekly for 6 weeks in a cohort of women with stress urinary incontinence (33). Reduction in incontinence episodes and pad use on voiding diary were compared from baseline to 6 weeks. Global efficacy was determined at 6 weeks and 3 months after the completion of the program. RESULTS: In healthy subjects a vibration amplitude of 2.0 mm resulted in the highest urethral pressure increase. Although the increase with perineal transcutaneous mechanical nerve stimulation was lower than that seen with clitoral stimulation (80 vs 115 cm H(2)O), perineal transcutaneous mechanical nerve stimulation was more acceptable to the patient and resulted in a better subjective response. Urethral pressure increases with transcutaneous mechanical nerve stimulation at either site were greater than with voluntary contraction (60 cm H(2)O). After 6 weeks of transcutaneous mechanical nerve stimulation in the subjects with stress urinary incontinence, there was a significant reduction in daily incontinence episodes (2.6 +/- 1.1 vs 0.5 +/- 1.1, paired t test p <0.001) and pad use (3.5 +/- 0.9 vs 0.6 +/- 1.3, paired t test p <0.001). At 6 weeks the cure rate (no incontinence episodes) was 73%, with durability through 3 months with 67% still reporting persistent resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Perineal transcutaneous mechanical nerve stimulation has promise as a noninvasive and well tolerated method of treating stress urinary incontinence.     

生物反馈联合盆底肌训练治疗女性压力性尿失禁的疗效

目的:探讨生物反馈联合盆底肌训练治疗女性压力性尿失禁(Stress urinary incontinence,SUI)的临床效果.方法:2005年11月～2007年3月,对11例女性SUI患者使用生物反馈治疗仪进行生物反馈电刺激联合盆底肌训练治疗.治疗前通过病史、体检、尿动力学检查诊断为尿失禁.治疗每次20 min,每天1次,5次为1个疗程.结果:11例女性SUI患者中,7例症状消失,4例症状减轻.追踪观察6个月,无一例复发.结论:生物反馈联合盆底肌训练是一种安全、有效的治疗女性SUI的方法.     

Efficacy of functional electrical stimulation in treating genuine stress incontinence: A randomized clinical trial

Our objective was to determine the efficacy of functional electrical stimulation as a stand-alone therapy for female stress incontinence. The study was conducted as a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial using subjective and objective outcome criteria. Patients enrolled in this study had stress incontinence consistent with International Continence Society criteria. Patients with significant pelvic prolapse or detrusor instability were excluded. Patients underwent twice-daily treatment sessions for a total of 3 months. Results were analyzed for confounding variables between the treatment and control groups. Statistical analysis was performed utilizing Fisher's exact test and the paired t-test. Of the 54 patients enrolled in this study, 44 completed the program. The dropout rate was similar for both the treatment and control groups. There was no statistically significant difference between the treatment and control groups with regard to age, gravity, parity, previous antiincontinence surgery, menopausal status, or previous hysterectomy. Objective success for the treatment group was 15% and for the control group, 12.5% (NS). The subjective success for the treatment group was 25% and for the control group, 29% (NS). There was no relationship demonstrated between age, parity, previous surgery, hysterectomy, or menopausal status and the successful treatment of genuine stress incontinence with functional electrical stimulation. In this patient population, functional electrical stimulation was no more effective at improving or eliminating the symptoms of genuine stress incontinence than was the daily retention of the control probe. Neurourol. Urodynam. 16:543–551, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Transvaginal electrical stimulation in the treatment of urinary incontinence

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of transvaginal electrical stimulation (TES) in treating urinary incontinence, and to assess the clinical improvement 6 months after ending the treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, 36 women (24 patients and 12 controls) with stress, urge or mixed urinary incontinence were chosen to use TES or placebo (identical equipment but with no electrical current). The patients had their treatment at home twice a day (20-min sessions) for 12 weeks. They completed a voiding diary and had a urodynamic study at the beginning and end of treatment. They were clinically re-evaluated after 6 months. RESULTS: The mean time of use of TES was similar in both groups (approximately 40 h); the treatment group had a significant increase in maximum bladder capacity (P < 0.02), a significant reduction in the total number of voids (over 24 h; P < 0.02), in the number of episodes of voiding urgency (P < 0.001) and, importantly, in the number of episodes of urinary incontinence (P < 0.001). At the first evaluation, after ending the treatment, 88% of the patients had a significant reduction in symptoms or went into remission. At the 6-month re-evaluation, a third of the patients required another therapeutic approach. CONCLUSION: TES is a practical alternative with few side-effects, and is effective for treating the main forms of female urinary incontinence.     

电刺激联合盆底肌训练治疗压力尿失禁的疗效观察

目的探讨观察电刺激联合盆底肌训练治疗压力性尿失禁（SUI）的疗效。方法选取经尿动力学检查证实为SUI患者56例,其中男9例,女47例,平均（46±5）岁。采用盆底生物反馈治疗仪进行电刺激联合盆底肌训练,每次32min,每天1次,6周为1疗程。记录治疗前、后患者排尿日记和尿动力学测定,并随访2个月疗效。结果56例全部完成治疗。其中尿失禁症状完全消失10例（17％）,漏尿点压测定无漏尿发生7例（13％）。治疗后总排尿次数（8±2）次／24h、总漏尿事件次数（7±2）次／24h,显著低于治疗前的（15±4）次／24h、（12±3）次／24h（均P〈0．05）;最大排尿量、正常尿意膀胱压测定容量、最大膀胱压测定容量、漏尿点压和最大尿道闭合压分别为（256±47）L、（260±48）mL、（277±46）mL、（96±10）cmH2O和（62±7）cmH,显著高于治疗前的（143±35）mL、（135±37）mL、（162±33）mL、（79±12）cmH2O和（54±6）cmH2O,差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）。治疗结束时和2个月后有效率为91％和88％,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论电刺激联合盆底肌训练是治疗SUI的一种有效方法。     

Simultaneous perineal ultrasound and urodynamic assessment of female urinary incontinence: Initial observations

Simultaneous perineal ultrasound and urodynamic evaluation was performed in 35 female patients suffering from urinary incontinence of varying etiologies and in 5 healthy continent women. The digitized ultrasound signals and urodynamic curves were simultaneously monitored on a computer screen. During cystometry, urethral pressure profile during stress, and micturition, this simultaneous technique correlates pressure measurements with the behavior of the urethrovesical junction. The influence of intra-abdominal pressure changes (coughing, straining) on the anatomy of the urethra and the urinary bladder, or the effect of pelvic floor and urethral sphincter contractions on the intraurethral and intravesical pressure, thereby becomes evident. The synchronous imaging of pressure variations and structural changes provides valuable information about the functional anatomy of the urethrovesical junction. On the one hand urodynamic phenomena, and on the other hand ultrasound findings, can be better understood than when the techniques are performed separately. With this simultaneous evaluation additional knowledge is acquired about the pathyophysiology of micturition disorders and incontinence. An advantage of ultrasound compared with radiological techniques is that the urethrovesical anatomy and the surrounding tissues are clearly imaged without irradiation and without the need for contrast medium.EDITORIAL COMMENT: The authors describe the simultaneous recording of urodynamic tracings on an ultrasound screen while visualizing the bladder neck, urethra, and bladder by perineal ultrasonography. Although this idea is not entirely new, having first been described by Kohorn et al. (1987) and confirmed by Koelbl et al. (1988), in this pilot study the urodynamic tracing is visualized on the same screen as the ultrasound image in real time. The result may be somewhat overwhelming at first, but may actually clarify functional aspects to the lower urinary tract hitherto unknown. This newest melding of sonographic and urodynamic information also has the distinct advantage of requiring no radiation or contrast medium exposure. With further experience and a larger study population, it will be interesting to see how this technique adds to our understanding and clinical evaluation of female incontinence.     

护理干预联合电针治疗社区成年女性压力 性尿失禁的近期疗效研究

目的 观察护理干预联合电针对社区成年女性压力性尿失禁的近期疗效。方法 选择36例社区成年女性压力性尿失禁患者,分为观察组（18例）和对照组（18例）,对照组给予电针治疗,观察组在此基础上联合护理干预,疗程为6周。比较两组患者尿失禁的临床症状和生活质量的改善效果。结果 可评价病例35例,观察组18例,对照组17例。治疗6周后,与治疗前比较,两组患者尿失禁的临床症状和生活质量均改善明显,观察组较对照组改善更显著,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）。结论 社区成年女性压力性尿失禁患者在电针治疗的基础上,联合护理干预,尿失禁症状的改善和生活质量的提高更明显。     

Urodynamic changes induced by the intravaginal electrode during pelvic floor electrical stimulation

AIMS: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether the intravaginal electrode used to perform vaginal electrical stimulation could induce acute changes on the cystometrograms and urethral pressure profiles (UPP) recordings. METHODS: Three consecutive urodynamic examinations were performed on 30 women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) symptoms. The first exam was performed without the electrode, the second with the electrode inserted into the vagina, but with the stimulator switched off and the third with the stimulator turned on. We used the INNOVA (Empi) stimulator with electrical parameters set at 50 Hz and 60 mA and on an intermittent cycle during the cystometries and a continuous stimulation during the UPP. The data of functional profile length (FPL), maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP), and area of the resting UPP, as well as the filling sensations and its respective bladder volumes during the cystometries, were compared. With regard to the cystometries. RESULTS: No effect of the electrode was observed on cystometry. However, the simple presence of the electrode improved the FPL, MUCP, and areas of the UPP similar to those when the stimulation was applied. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that, the presence of the intravaginal electrode induces changes in the UPP not related to the stimulation itself. The physiotherapeutic effect of the electrode itself is still to be evaluated.     

Urodynamic effect of acute transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation in overactive bladder

PURPOSE: Of the various treatments proposed for urge incontinence, frequency and urgency electrostimulation has been widely tested. Different techniques have been used with the necessity of surgical implantation (S3 neuromodulation or sacral root stimulation) or without requiring surgery (perineal transcutaneous electrostimulation). Recently peripheral electrical stimulation of the posterior tibial nerve was proposed for irritative symptoms in first intention or for intractable incontinence. Clinical studies have demonstrated good results and urodynamic parameters were improved after chronic treatment. However, to our knowledge no data concerning acute stimulation and immediate cystometry modifications have been reported. We verified urodynamic changes during acute posterior tibial nerve stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 44 consecutive patients with urge incontinence, frequency and urgency secondary to overactive bladder were studied. There were 29 women and 15 men with a mean age +/-SD of 53.3 +/- 18.2 years. Of the patients 37 had detrusor hyperreflexia due to multiple sclerosis (13), spinal cord injury (15) or Parkinson's disease (9), and 7 had idiopathic detrusor instability. Routine cystometry at 50 ml. per minute was done to select the patients with involuntary detrusor contractions appearing before 400 ml. maximum filling volume. Repeat cystometry was performed immediately after the first study during left posterior tibial nerve stimulation using a surface self-adhesive electrode on the ankle skin behind the internal malleolus with shocks in continuous mode at 10 Hz. frequency and 200 milliseconds wide. Volume comparison was done at the first involuntary detrusor contraction and at maximum cystometric capacity. The test was considered positive if volume at the first involuntary detrusor contraction and/or at maximum cystometric capacity increased 100 ml. or 50% during stimulation in compared with standard cystometry volumes. RESULTS: Mean first involuntary detrusor contraction volume on standard cystometry was 162.9 +/- 96.4 ml. and it was 232.1 +/- 115.3 ml. during posterior tibial nerve stimulation. Mean maximum cystometric capacity on standard cystometry was 221 +/- 129.5 ml. and it was 277.4 +/- 117.9 ml. during stimulation. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation was associated with significant improvement in first involuntary detrusor contraction volume (p <0.0001) and significant improvement in maximum cystometric capacity (p <0.0001). The test was considered positive in 22 of the 44 patients. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest an objective acute effect of posterior tibial nerve stimulation on urodynamic parameters. Improved bladder overactivity is an encouraging argument to propose posterior tibial nerve stimulation as a noninvasive treatment modality in clinical practice.     

经阴道无张力性尿道中段悬吊术治疗女性压力性尿失禁10例分析

目的：探讨经阴道无张力性尿道中段悬吊术(TVT)在治疗女性压力性尿失禁中的意义。方法：10例患者，年龄45—58岁，平均48．4岁。临床表现为用力、咳嗽等时尿液不自主流出。病史4个月-15年。经详细地尿动力学检查证实为压力性尿失禁。行腹压漏尿点压(abdominal leak-point pressure，ALPP)测定，按照McGuire的方法分型，ALPP＞9．81kPa(I型)2例，ALPP6．38—9．81kPa(Ⅱ型)3例，ALPP＜6．38kPa(Ⅲ型)5例。结果：术后10例均无尿失禁，8例患者拔除导尿管当日即可顺利排尿，1例出现尿潴留，1例膀胱穿孔。结论：TVT手术安全易行，手术时间短，创伤小，患者康复快，治疗压力性尿失禁近期效果确切，远期疗效有待进一步研究。     

Detrusor inhibition on selective pudendal nerve stimulation in the perineum

Selective electrical pudendal nerve stimulation calibrated to achieve a “maximal motor response” as recorded electromyographically in the periurethral sphincter was found to increase the micturition threshold in three neurological patients with detrusor hyperreflexia. Such electrical stimulation (0.2-ms long pulses at 5 Hz and up to 2.0 mA) could conceivably be also supplied by an implanted “vesicoinhibitory” stimulator, and this report is considered as a pilot study towards formulation of such a therapeutic approach.     

Intraoperative nerve stimulation with measurement of urethral sphincter pressure changes during radical retropubic prostatectomy: a feasibility study

PURPOSE: We evaluated the feasibility of using intraoperative nerve stimulation and real-time urodynamic monitoring to identify the intrapelvic innervation of the urethral sphincter during radical retropubic prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using an intraurethral balloon pressure transducer and nerve stimulator changes in urethral pressure were measured in response to stimulation of the neurovascular bundles, pelvic side wall, bladder neck, rectus muscle and other structures in 8 patients undergoing nerve sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy. Intraurethral pressure changes were charted on an urodynamic monitor and correlated with the anatomical location of stimulation. RESULTS: Stimulation of the neurovascular bundles resulted in measurable and significant (greater than 10 cm. H(2)O) increases in intraurethral pressure in all 8 patients. The mean pressure increase was 22 cm. H(2)O. Neither control structure, that is the bladder neck or rectus, resulted in pressure changes with stimulation. In 60% of the subjects pelvic side wall stimulation resulted in urethral pressure increases, while in 40% this stimulation caused pelvic contraction floor but no pressure increase. The mean pressure changes with side wall stimulation was 14 cm. H(2)O. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative stimulation of pelvic neural structures and measurement of changes in urethral pressure in response to stimulation are feasible during radical retropubic prostatectomy. Stimulating the neurovascular bundle consistently results in significant increases in urethral pressure. The finding of an intrapelvic urethral innervation supports the previously published observation that nerve sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy may result in improved continence postoperatively.     

Treatment of fecal incontinence by temporary sacral nerve stimulation

Summary BACKGROUND: Sacral nerve stimulation (SNS) is an option for the treatment of fecal incontinence in patients with morphologically intact, but weak external anal sphincter. METHODS: In ten patients a percutaneous test-SNS was performed. Two patients suffered from fecal incontinence after surgery, one patient after incomplete leg palsy after traumatic spine injury and seven patients from idiopathic incontinence. Incontinence score, anorectal manometry and patient diary were performed before and after test-SNS. RESULTS: Intraoperative response (Bellows action) could be achieved in 90% of patients. Test-SNS was successful in 50% of patients. In these patients, resting pressure was increased by 100.1% and squeeze pressure by 84.5%. CONCLUSIONS: SNS is an effective therapy in a subset of patients with fecal incontinence. Fifty percent of patients tested are eligible for implantation of a permanent stimulation device.